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ELLIOTT'S FRUIT BOOK ; 



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ORCHARD AND GARDEN. 



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BEING A COMPEND OF THE HISTORY, MODES OP PROPAGATION, CULTURE, &C, OP 

FRUIT TREES AND SHRUBS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEARLY ALL THE 

VARIETIES OF FRUITS CULTIVATED IN THIS COUNTRY: NOTES 

OF THEIR ADAPTATION TO LOCALITIES AND SOILS, 

AND ALSO A COMPLETE LIST OF FRUITS 

WORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 




BY F. Rf^ELLIOTT. 






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C. M. SAXTON, AGRICULTURAL BOOK PUBLISHER, 

No 152 Fulton Street. 

1854. 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1854, by 

C. M. SAXTON, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, in and for 
the Southern District of New York. 



E. 0. Jenkins, Bbainabd & Bueridge, 
ijprtntrr anti Stereotjiper, lEngrabcvs, 

114 Nassau Street, HeraldBlock, 

NKW YORK. CLEVELAND. 



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56 



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TO 
PKOF. JAKED P KIRTLAND, 

%\n $.n\km n §tMtutt)a, 

BY HIS FRIEND, 

THE AUTHOR. 



PREFACE. 



Few objects are more engaging than the culture of fruit. Hope, 
with all her pleasing fancies, encircles every planter of a fruit tree ; 
while year after year, as it is nurtured and advanced to a bearing 
state, Hope yet remains entwined with prospective reality ; until at 
last its branches, loaded with ripe, ruddy, delicious fruits, bear out the 
goddess in sustaining the efforts of man to gratification of taste and 
feeling, as well as profit pecuniary. 

Fortunate is it for the author of a work on fruits in this practical 
age, that no excuse is required for presenting himself before the pub- 
lic, or crowding upon ground apparently now so fully occupied. 

Hazardous as the thought may appear, after so much of matter 
upon the subject has been prepared and published, minutely, practi- 
cally, and theoretically explanatory, by such writers as Coxe, Lind- 
ley, Downing, Thomas, and others, I yet have imagined there was 
room for another work • at least it may induce an extended interest 
in the subject ; and in a country so broad of extent — so prolific of 
fruits and men — composed of such great diversity of soil and cli- 
mate as ours, there may possibly be garnered some little items that 
heretofore have escaped the vision of my brother lovers of the sub- 
ject. 

Pleasantly, therefore, during the past ten years, have I been nur- 
turing of trees and noting their products ; gradually have I drawn 
in from the stores of my many friends, the votaries of Pomona, 
specimens of their skill and trust. These I have carefully examined 
and compared, and have meted to them in the following pages such 
award as seemed to me just. 



VI PREFACE. 

That I have trodden upon the favorites, and therefore the views 
of some of my friends, I shall not pretend to deny ; but that I have 
so done in aught but a true feeling of interest to the cause, I beg 
they will not for the moment believe. 

Such is the vast variety of garden and orchard fruit — such the 
diversity of circumstances which affect the growth of trees, the size 
and qualities of the fruit — such the great number of new sorts, and 
new modes of treatment discovered, that one book, however care- 
fully prepared, cannot embrace all the knowledge of the subject ; 
but each lover of Pomona and her gifts must cherish and examine, 
each for himself, relying only on the book as a guide comparative ; 
and looking on the pages of this present, as the result of an inten- 
tion to create a plain, practical work, to classify and describe fruits 
in such order, to embody their history, and the best modes of cul- 
ture, in such manner, that the amateur or extensive orchardist may 
gather at a glance most of the requisite information to success 

The mere test of quality, it is well known, does not render a fruit 
worthy or unworthy of general cultivation ; therefore, the classifica- 
tion of the National Pomological Society was imperfect as a guide 
to fruit-growers ; but by changing or modifying this to first, second, 
and third class, and explaining in many of the texts descriptive of 
varieties, the reasons for position given, I trust to have somewhat 
improved the matter. 

New fruits are daily being brought to light ; the soils of the West 
producing them almost spontaneously ; the science of the East creat- 
ing them with rapidity and certainty ; pomological meetings and 
Horticultural Societies are monthly recording and describing them ; 
it is, therefore, generally conceded requisite that some order of classi- 
fication be carried out, if we expect any limit or bounds to our 
cause. 

The classes adopted in the following pages, corresponding with 
those of the National Society, have therefore seemed to me well 
adapted to the end in view. There are some varieties now placed 
in the second class, that will undoubtedly, when more generally 
known and distributed, become worthy a place in the first class ; 
but those now placed in the third class, I feel confident will never 



PREFACE. Vii 

advance from their present position, if their friends have reasonable 
opportunities of comparing them with first-class varieties ripening 
at the same time. That the number of the first class could now 
readily be increased, will, I am aware, appear apparent to many po- 
mologists ; but, as it already embraces a sufficient number to meet 
all wants, I have preferred rather to add hereafter, than to retract. 

Believing that in fruits, the seeds, cores, and stones are often as, or 
perhaps more, sure guides to indicate a variety than the outward 
form, I have made my drawings from specimens of medium size, 
(discarding both the largest as well as smallest for such purpose,)* 
representing the appearance of the fruit when halved, except in the 
cherry, where the pit is shown whole. In my drawings illustrative 
of form, I have followed the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 

" Of the descriptions of fruit, some explanation may be necessary. 
First, is given the standard name in capitals. Below this are placed, 
in smaller type, the various synonymes, or local names, by which the 
same fruit is known in various countries or parts of the country." 

The names of authors previously having described many of the 
fruits, I have omitted, as not essential to the value of description 
or fruit, nor necessary to the practical purposes for which I intend 
the work. 

The text descriptive has been, in almost the entire work, made 
either anew or revised from those already published, with specimens 
of the fruit before me ; and, following the established rules of pri- 
ority in description, I have (while retaining so much of the original 
that it may at once be recognized ) endeavored to reduce and Ame- 
ricanize. In a few cases I have preferred continuing an erroneous 
name, because of its being now generally known. Where a de- 
scription is given written by another, and the fruit not seen by my- 
self, I have endeavored to give, if of importance, the initials of the 
author, or abbreviation of title of the work from whence such de- 
scription was drawn, for which see pages 13, 14. 

Of the importance of fruit culture, it is deemed superfluous to 



* A friend who lias carefully examined these drawings and descriptions, says 
I have represented them all, or nearly all, rather below, than of, medium size. 



Vlll PREFACE. 

more than remark, that the interest evident in the establishment of 
journals devoted almost wholly to its cause ; the fact that no news- 
paper is now counted of value without being more or less occupied 
with matter relating to the orchard ; the universal growing desire of 
every one who has ground of his own to plant thereon trees and vines 
productive of luscious fruits — all speak volumes illustrative of the 
extent which the subject holds in the minds of our energetic, ambi- 
tious, persevering people. 

And here I must be permitted to record my tribute to the memory 
of A. J. Downing, to whom the pomologists, the fruit-growers, the 
nation, owe more than to any one man yet existent ; by and through 
whose work on the " Fruits of America," the advocates of nomencla- 
ture received the first bold stand, and in a way which has led to extri- 
cation of much that was previously in state of confusion ; to whose 
graceful, easy, attractive, yet bold manner of writing, is owing 
much of the care and attention, culture and embellishment, of and 
through tree, plant, and flower, of the homes of Americans. 

This work has been commenced and completed more at the sug- 
gestion and request of friends than from any feeling of my own 
ability ; and, while I have endeavored to avoid error, I yet feel that 
numerous corrections will have, in subsequent editions, to be made ; 
this, partly, from omission and commission, consequent on one's first 
work, and partly from the constant state of advancement in pomo- 
logy. And as it is intended to revise and correct it as soon as the 
cause demands, I shall consider myself, and the cause, indebted to 
those gentlemen who in reviewing it may observe errors, if they 
will communicate the same to me. 

To the following gentlemen, who have kindly furnished me with 
notes, descriptive of their experience, or of varieties or specimens 
of fruits, by which I have the better been enabled to prepare this 
work, I sincerely tender my acknowledgments : 

In Massachusetts, to Messrs. M. P. Wilder and C. M. Hovey, 
Boston ; Samuel Walker, Roxbury ; B. V. French, Braintree ; 
Robert Manning and J. M. Ives, Salem. 

In New York, to Messrs. Chas. Downing, Newburg ; S. B. Parsons, 
Flushing; P. Barry and Geo. Ellwanger, Rochester; John J. 



PKEFACE. ix 

Thomas, Macedon; David Thomas, Aurora; Benj. Hodge, Buffalo; 
Herman Wendell and B. P. Johnson, Albany. 

In Pennsylvania, to Doctor W. D. Brinckle, Philadelphia. 

In New Jersey, to Mr. Thomas Hancock, Burlington. 

In Ohio, to Geo. Hoadley, Esq., and Professor J. P. Kirtland, 
Cleveland ; Messrs. A. H. Ernst, J. A. Warder, and R. Buchanan, 
Cincinnati ; M. B. Bateham, Columbus ; Charles Carpenter, Kelly 
Island ; D. C. Richmond, Sandusky. 

In Michigan, to Daniel Cook, Esq., Jackson. 

In Indiana, to Mr. John C. Teas, Raysville. 

In Kentucky, to Messrs. H. P. Byram, Louisville ; James Allen, 
Nelson Co. 

Doctor J. A. Kennicott, The Grove, Northfield ; 
Adna Williams, Galesbury. 

In Wisconsin, to Mr. F. K. Phoenix, Racine. 

In Mississippi, to Doctor M. W. Phillips, Log Hall. 

F. R. E. 

Pomona Gardens, near Cleveland. 



ABBREVIATIONS AND BOOKS QUOTED. 



Of these we enumerate here those only that we have used most freely in 
the forming of our pages, either "by extract,, or as serving for authority to our 
decisions. 

Allen. A practical Treatise on the Culture and Treatment of the Grape Vine. 

By J. Fisk Allen. 1852. 
Arboretum Britannicum, or the Trees and Shrubs of Britain, pictorially and 

botanically delineated, and scientifically and popularly described, by J. 

C. Loudon. London, 1845. 
Annates de la Societl d' Horticulture de Paris. Paris. In monthly Nos. 8vo., 

from 1827 to 1845. 
Adlum. A Memoir on the cultivation of the Vine in America, and the best 

mode of making Wine. By John Adlum. Washington, 1828. 
Buchanan. A treatise on the Grape. By R. Buchanan. Cincinnati, 1852. 
Bon Jard. Le Bon Jardinier, pour l'Annee 1844. Contenant des principes 

generaux de culture, etc. Par A. Poiteau et M. Vilmorin. Paris. 

Yearly volume. 
Bridgeman. The Young Gardener's Assistant. By Thomas Bridgeman. Tenth 

ed. New York, 1844. 
Baumann's Cat. Catalogue des Vegetaux en tout genre dispanible dans l'Eta- 

blissement des Freres, a Bolwiller, 1842. 
Cole. American Fruit Book. By S. W. Cole, 1851. 
Coxe. A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Frees in the United States, and of 

the Management of Orchards and Cider. By William Coxe. Philadel- 
phia, 1817. 
Chaptal. Chemistry applied to Agriculture. By John Anthony Chaptal, 

American ed. Boston, 1835. 
Cobbett. The American Gardener. By Wm. Cobbett. London, 1821. 
Coleman. Reports on the Agriculture of Massachusetts. By Henry Coleman. 

Boston, 1840-41. 
Cultivator. The Cultivator, a monthly journal of Agriculture, &c„ edited by 

Luther Tucker. Albany, continued to the present time. 
Downing. Downing's Fruit and Fruit Trees of America. 1845. 
JDom. Gard. The Domestic Gardener's Manual. By John Towers. London, 

1839. 



12 ABBREVIATIONS, ETC. 

Duhamel. Traite des Arbres Fruitiers, par M. Duhamel Dumonceau. Paris, 

1768, 2 vols. 
Dec. Physiologic Vegetale, ou Exposition des Forces et des Fonctions 
vitales des Vegetaux. Par A. P. De Candolle. Paris, 1832, 3 
vols. 
Ernst Mans. Manuscript Notes on Fruits. By A. H. Ernst, Esq., Cincin- 
nati. 
Forsyth. A Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit Trees. By 

William Forsyth, 7th ed. London, 1824. 
Floy. Lindley's Guide to the Orchard. American ed., with additions by 

Michael Floy. New York, 1845. 
Fessenden. New American Gardener, containing practical directions for the 
culture of Fruits and Vegetables. By Thos. E. Fessenden. Boston, 1828. 
Gard. Mag. The Gardener's Magazine, conducted by J. C. Loudon, in monthly 

nos., 19 vols, to 1844, London. 
Sort. The Horticulturist, a monthly journal of Horticulture, &c. Pub- 
lished by Luther Tucker, and edited by A. J. Downing, from 1846 to 
1852, and continued to the present time. By Jas. Wick, jr., publisher, 
and P. Barrey, ed. 
Hoare. A Practical Treatise on the cultivation of the Grape Vine on open 

walls. By Clement Hoare. London, 1840. 
Hort. Soc. Cat. See Thompson. 
Harris. A Report on the insects of Massachusetts injurious to Vegetation. 

By Dr. T. W. Harris. Cambridge, 1852. 
Hov. Mag. or H. M. The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and Rural Af- 
fairs. Conducted by C. M. Hovey. Boston, 8vo. monthly nos., 1834 to 
the present time. 
Johnston. Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry and Geology. By Jas. W. F. 

Johnston. American ed., New York, 2 vols. 1842. 
Jard. Fruit. Le Jardin Fruitier, par Louis Noisette. 2 ed. Paris, 1839, 2 

vols. 
Knight. Various articles in the London Horticultural Society's Transactions. 

By Thomas Andrew Knight, its late President. 
Kenrick or Ken. The new American Orchardist. By William Kenrick, Bos- 
ton, 1844. 
Kollar. A Treatise on Insects injurious to Gardeners, Foresters, and Farmers. 

By Vincent Kollar ; notes by Westwood. London, 1840, 12mo. 
Loudon. An Encyclopedia of Gardening. By J. C. Loudon. London, 1835, 
1 thick vol. 

An Encyclopedia of Plants. By the same. London, 1836, 1 thick voL 

. An Encyclopedia of Agriculture, By the same. London, 1831, 1 

thick vol. 



ABBREVIATIONS, ETC. 13 

Loudon. Hortus Britannicus. A Catalogue of all the plants in Britain, by the 
same. London. 

. The Suburban Horticulturist. By the same. London, 1842. 

• . The Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion. By the same. Lon- 
don, 1838, 1842. 

. Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum. By the same. London, 1838. 

Liebig. Organic Chemistry in its application to Agriculture and Physiology. 

By Justus Liebig. American ed., Cambridge, 1844. 
Lind. A Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden, or an account of the 
Fruits and Vegetables cultivated in Great Britain. By George Lindley. 
London, 1831. 
Lindley. An Introduction to Botany. By John Lindley. London, 1832. 

. An introduction to the Natural System of Botany. By John Lindley. 

London, 1835, 2d ed. 

. British Fruits. See Pomological Magazine ; it is the same work. 

. The Theory of Horticulture, or an attempt to explain the Operation 

of Gardening upon Physiological Principles. By John Lindley. Lon- 
don, 1840. 

. The same work, with Notes by A. Gray and A. J. Downing. New 

York, 1841. 
L. or Linnceus. Species Plantarum, 5th ed. Berlin, 1810, 5 vols. 
Mass. Hort. Society. .Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 

1842 to the present time. 
Man. The New England Fruit Book. By R. Manning, 2d ed. enlarged by 

John M. Ives, Salem, 1844. 
Man. in H. M. Manning's articles in Hovey's Magazine. 
Michaux. The North American Sylva, or Descriptions of the Forest Trees of 
the United States, Canada, &c. By A. F. Michaux. Paris, new edition, 
Philadelphia, 1852. 
M'Intosh. The Orchard and Fruit Garden. By Charles M'Intosh. London, 

1819. 
N. Y. Trans. Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society, 

from 1842 to present time. 
Nois. See Jardin Fruitier. 

New England Farmer. A weekly periodical, devoted to Agriculture, Horti- 
culture, &c. Boston, continued to the present time. 

0. Duh. See Duhamel. 

* 
Pom. Mag. or P. M. The Pomological Magazine, or Figures and Descriptions 

of the most important varieties of Fruit cultivated in Great Britain. 

London, 1828. 

Pom. Man. The Pomological Manual. By William R. Prince. New York, 

1831, 2 vols. 



14 ABBREVIATIONS, ETC. 

Prince. A Treatise on the Vine. By William R. Prince. New York, 1830. 

Prince. A short Treatise on Horticulture. By William Prince. New York, 
1828. 

Poit. or Poiteau. Pomologie Franchise. Recueil des plus beaux Fruits, 
cultives en France. Par Poiteau. Paris, 1838, and continued in 4to 
nos. 

divers. A Descriptive Catalogue of Pears, cultivated by T. Rivers. Saw- 
bridgeworth. 

Hon. or Ronalds. Pyrus Malus Brentfordienses ; or. a concise description of 
Selected Apples, with a figure of each sort By Hugh Ronalds, Lon- 
don, 1831. 

Revue Horticole. Journal des Jardiniers et Amateurs. Audot, Editeur. 
Paris, 1844, et chaque mois. 

Torrey & Gray. A Flora of North America, containing abridged descriptions 
of all the known plants growing North of the Gulf of Mexico. By 
John Torrey, M. D., and Asa Gray, M. D., New York. 

Thomp. A Catalogue of the Fruits Cultivated in the Garden of the Horticul- 
tural Society of London. 3d ed., London, 1845. [Prepared with great 
care by Robert Thompson, the head of the Fruit Department.] 

Thacher. The American Orchardist. By James Thacher, M. D., Boston, 1822. 

Wilder, MSS. Manuscript Notes on Fruits. By M. P. Wilder, Esq. 

W. D. B. Doct. W. D. Brinckle, in ad interim Reports of Pennsylvania Horti- 
cultural Society. 

W. R. P. Articles and Descriptions by Wm. R. Prince, in various Horticul- 
tural Journals. 

Warder Review. Western Horticultural Review. J. A. Warder, editor and 
publisher. A Monthly Journal of Horticulture, etc. Cincinnati, 1850, 
to the present time. 

Wilder in Hort. Articles and Descriptions written by Hon. M. P. Wilder, and 
published in Horticulturist. 



CHAPTER I. 

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS — HISTORY AND ADVANCEMENT OF 
FRUITS IN OHIO AND THE WEST— VALUE AS FOOD. 

A subject so boundless, in a country of such extent and capacity 
of soil and climate as ours for the production of all the finer fruits ; 
in a country which, until within a few years, was but a wilderness — 
a wild, uncultivated-tract, now yielding, with the most common, or 
rather with no care, immense quantities of luscious ripe fruits for 
transportation to countries where the arts of culture were fully 
known and understood before we were, filling our store-houses with 
food, our hearts with gladness, adding to our wealth while contribu- 
ting to the blessings of others ; (for what meets the eye or gladdens 
the heart more pleasantly than the sight of the perfect fruits of the 
earth 1 ?) — a subject, we say, then so boundless, merits more of 
enwreathing plaudit than our limits here may allow, though our 
fancy picture it. Nor have we space, although especially applicable 
to the practical use of our work, to more than commend the study 
and practice, in a scientific view, of man to perfection of that de- 
picted in the following stanza : 

" The heaven-taught gardeners wondrous skill 

Shall wreath the earth with flowers, 
While new and luscious fruits shall grow 
Throughout her Eden howers." 
■ ■ 
As yet the western soils present comparatively little toward the 
inducement of study and practice ; for so freely does every variety 
of fruit grow, that man has only to plant in order to reap. Soon, 
however, the grower will learn that skill and care only will reward 
him with product from his trees — skill, in the thorough understand- 
ing of the principles of vegetable physiology ; the care and practice, 
necessary in applying the same. 

Rapidly as the West has grown from a tract of country only 
inhabited by the red man and beasts, to the presenting almost, at 
this day, of the " Garden of America ;" her prairies, her limestone- 
hills and broad levels ; her sandy alluvial bottoms, located in almost 
as many different climates as positions, abound with all of nature's 
food, stored for years in the production of tree, fruit, and flower, to 

15 



16 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 

such extent that she may yet be said to be in her infancy. And no 
one who has not visited and traversed her wide borders — no one 
reared and trained on soils where four-sixths is rock — can have, but 
by traveling over it, any conception of the wealth stored up in the 
soil of the West. 

We speak here more of this from believing, that while the East 
may yield her supplies liberally, attended by the care and expense 
of supplying fresh food annually, the West will ere long far outstrip 
all ; as she only needs among her sons more study of the nature of 
plant and tree to bear the palm in producing any fruit. 

It is for the West then, more especially, that our work is destined. 
Although ourself, reared at the East, and all our life familiar with her 
fruits, her soils and capabilities, we shall yet endeavor to blend the 
one with the other, that our work may be applicable there as here, 
even as we cherish at this day our "loved old home," with her 
rough, rocky surroundings, incentive only to the greater perfection 
and action of mind ; in that, self-dependence is made apparent from 
day to day. 

Before the West was, i. e., settled by white man, the impression 
prevailed, among other errors connected with fruit culture, that " he 
who plants pears, plants for his heirs ;" and we well recollect being 
told when a boy, on planting out a young pear-tree, that possibly 
our children might eat of it, but we, never. Such prophecy, how- 
ever, failed in our case, as nearly all others, for we have eaten often 
of it. And now, whether we attribute it to the locomotive age, to 
the active minds of our eastern brethren, or the spontaneous growth 
of the West — aided by her industrious denizens — we hardly wait 
for the season to come around ere we eat of the fruit ; our own 
experience having been to receive trees and plant them in March, 
and eat of the fruit in November following. Let this be attributable 
to what it may, such is now the impress, that no one buys a city 
lot, intending to keep it over one year, but he plants trees upon it, 
expecting and reaping the fruit thereof. 

All this is encouraging ; but there is also a dark side in fruit cul- 
ture gradually coming on us, to be met only by the general diffusion 
of knowledge on this subject; a knowledge that, as before remarked, 
will enable us to compete skilfully with deficiencies or over-luxu- 
riance in soil ; to know the insects destructive, and their habits, that 
we may secure our products from their ravages ; and a just appreci- 
ation of the nature of trees, that we may know how to shape them to 
the withstanding of our changeful climate. 

As under each appropriate head we give somewhat of the olden 
history of fruits, our remarks here will relate mainly to their intro- 
duction and advancement to Ohio and the West. Previous to 1796, 
there was very little other than the natural fruit of the soil culti- 
vated in Ohio ; and not until about 1820 or '22, was there any con- 



ADVANCEMENT OF FRUITS, ETC. 17 

siderable introduction and planting of " grafted fruits " in the north 
part of the State. At that time the nursery of William Coxe, Esq., 
Burlington, New Jersey, seemed the nearest from which to obtain 
trees ; and therefore from thence came most of the first plantations 
of good fruits. Later, the nurseries of Prince, Kenrick, and Buel, 
supplied our northern pioneers ; and from these, with the liberal 
hand which always characterizes a fruit culturist, a lover of the Cre- 
ator's best gifts, grafts were distributed freely to whoever would. 
As early as 1796 or 1797, Israel Putnam introduced and propa- 
gated many of the older and best eastern varieties on the borders 
of the Ohio river, and there cultivated both trees and fruits, from 
whence most of the older orchards of southern Ohio, and probably 
Indiana, were procured. Gov. Worthington, at an early clay, 1808, 
or previous, introduced many fine varieties of fruits into central Ohio. 
In 1820, Prof. Kirtland imported, from New Jersey to Trumbull 
County, Ohio, some two hundred sorts of the best fruits then 
known ; and in 1827, or '28 Geo. Hoadley, Esq., sent about one 
hundred kinds to Cleveland. Alfred Kelly also introduced many 
fine eastern varieties ; and, as before mentioned, grafts from all 
these were liberally distributed, followed by additional introductions 
of new varieties, in succeeding years. Add to these, that nearly every 
pioneer brought with him seeds of the best fruits known in the vicinity 
of his former residence East, which he planted and grew with care, and 
we have the heads of the principal introduction of varieties up to 
about 1832. Since that period, not only have importations of 
extended varieties been largely made and planted from eastern nur- 
series, but the nurseries of trees grown for sale have so multiplied 
in the whole West, that millions of trees are now annually grown 
and planted. 

For the history that follows, relating to Illinois and Wisconsin, we 
are indebted to the zeal, enthusiasm, and courtesy of Doctor J. A. 
Kennicott : 

u The Grove, Northfield, Cook Co., Illinois, 
October, 4, 1853. 

" The first permanent settlements in Illinois were made by the 
French about 1682, in and about Kaskaskia and Cahokia ; and it is 
said, that ' the first generation of fruit trees, there planted, had done 
good service, and gone the way of all the living,' long before the ad- 
vent of the present race who people ' Lower Egypt.' The Rev. John 
M. Peck (whom I quote from memory) affirms, that he ate most 
luscious fruits, some twenty or thirty years ago, the product of the 
second generation of these old French trees, even then of almost 
forest size. 

From many sources I gather the fact, that among these old trees 
were, and still are, perhaps, individuals producing very desirable 



18 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 

fruit ; all, doubtless, of mature growth, though some may have been 
brought from Canada, whence the seeds very evidently came, in their 
route from the old world. 

From this you perceive, that Illinois is one of the oldest fruit- 
growing states ; and it is very certain, that our seedling trees gener- 
ally yield better fruit than the mass of chance varieties in the East ; 
though, good sooth, I have been unable to trace any of our cele- 
brated varieties in cultivation, to those glorious old trees, so graph- 
ically described by the Rev. Mr. Peck ; and yet, I am by no 
means certain, that some of our most valuable local varieties did not 
originate in that classic fruit-land of Southern Illinois. 

It is very probable, also, that, in Central and Northern Illinois, 
there may now be native varieties, surpassing in value a large ma- 
jority of the sorts named in the books, for local cultivation, at least. 
Analogy would lead to such a conclusion; for, as a general rule here, 
of fifty seedling trees, in almost any orchard, at least five will be 
found worthy of notice, and worth preserving in their natural state, 
though not desirable for propagation. 

From personal observation you are already aware, that some fruits 
of high repute East, are nearly worthless here ; and that others are 
wonderfully improved by the peculiarities of our soil and climate. It 
is thought, too, that many old fruits have become so changed as to 
be no longer easily recognized ; and, as their history has been lost, 
and several local synonyms have been used to designate them, much 
difficulty and doubt attend our western nomenclature. 

Perhaps these difficulties will soon be removed, and the doubts 
cleared up, as in Ohio, by the re-fruiting of our celebrated varieties 
East, from scions obtained here, or by further observation on the 
fructification here, under the true names. 

Many of our varieties, of the first trees transplanted in western Illin- 
ois, and southern Wisconsin, were disseminated by tree pedlars from 
the region of the Wabash, in Indiana, and central-eastern Illinois ; 
and I am only aware that some of their sorts came from Ohio, and 
others from Kentucky, Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina, and 
a few, doubtless, from the Eastern States ; though what proportion, 
or what varieties of those brought us by these tree pedlars, I am un- 
able to determine. Very few were sold under eastern names, how- 
ever, and, now and then, a variety is, doubtless, of native origin. 

Among these pedlars' trees, the Red June is decidedly the most 
valuable, and the Milam the most abundant. 

Here-away, I know the origin of four-fifths of the trees planted out 
in the last ten or twelve years, apart from the pedlars' trees, which 
continued to arrive up to three or four years ago. The Buffalo nur- 
series and your Cleveland dealers have furnished the most. The 
nurseries of Chautauque County sent some early, and the Rochester 
establishments a great many more recently, and a few ten or twelve 



ADVANCEMENT OF FRUITS, ETC. 19 

years ago. The Flushing nurseries are also represented in our or- 
chards, and, quite lately, those of Michigan and Northern Indiana; 
and, in fact, there is scarce an eastern establishment which has not 
sent trees to the lake region of Illinois and Wisconsin." 

Similar to those named, is that of most Western States, in the his- 
toric _ introduction and origin of fruits. Chance seedlings, of value 
sufficient to retaining of the original tree, are abundant, while those 
meriting a first place are rare. The character of " very good" will 
apply to probably one-tenth of the fruit, while that of " best" will 
hardly apply to one-thousandth. 

Of the value of fruits as food, of their free use and tendency to 
health of system and morality of character, much has been written ; 
but the following, by Doctor Kennicott, sums up all in few words : 

" The free use of ripe fruits not only prevents disease, but their reg- 
ulated enjoyment helps to remove that which already exists. All 
ripe fruits are, also, more 01 less nutritious. Professsor Salisbury 
has clearly demonstrated that the apple is superior to the potato, 
in the principles that go to increase the muscle and the brain of man, 
and in fattening properties, it is nearly equal, when cooked, for 
swine, or fed raw to other domestic animals." 

Eipe grapes have cured Epidemic dysentery. Physicians have, 
occasionally, advised the use of " cooling acid fruits ;•" and the ear- 
liest writers have directed the sugary ones, as " figs," for food in con- 
valescence. Families, where fruit is most plentiful and good, and 
prized as an article of daily food, are most free from disease of all 
kinds, and more especially from fevers and "bowel complaints." 
Most fruits aid digestion, some directly, some indirectly, and lessen 
the desire for alcoholic or stimulating drinks. The juicy ones act as 
" diluents," and all as " diureties ;" the free acids neutralizing, or 
rendering soluble the earthy matters in the blood, and carrying them 
off rapidly through the natural channels. 



CHAPTER II. 

ORIGINATING OF VARIETIES — THEIR PROPAGATION, BY 
BUDDING, GRAFTING, LAYERS, CUTTINGS, RUNNERS AND 
SUCKERS. 

• 

"Our garden varieties of fruits are not natural forms. They are 
the artificial productions of culture. Seedlings from them have 
always a tendency to improve, but they have also another and a 
stronger tendency to return to a natural or wild state.' 1 '' Of this, we 
have here a strong evidence, in the production of seedling cherries by 
Prof. Kirtland, where from several hundred grown from seed 
gathered from the same tree, only about one tenth have surpassed, 
and two tenths equaled, the parent ; the remainder mostly falling 
back toward the original mazzard. 

Most of our choicest varieties cultivated, are from seeds of chance 
cross-impregnation : few have been the result of artificial skill and 
care ; cross breeding and hybridizing are too often confounded, and 
while we are constantly in the production of new varieties from 
cross breeding, none are known in fruits from hybridizing. Lindley 
says : " If the pistils of one species be fertilized by the pollen of an- 
other species, which may take place in the same genus, or if two 
distinct varieties of the same species be in like manner intermixed, 
the seed which results from the operation will be intermediate be- 
tween its parents, partaking of the qualities of both. In the first 
case, the progeny is hybrid or male ; in the second, it is simply cross- 
bredP Although of the same genus, no hybrid has ever yet been 
created between the apple and the pear, or the gooseberry and cur- 
rant. These cross-breds, when closely resembling the female 
parent, are termed sub-varieties. 

This practice of producing new varieties by cross fertilization was 
advocated by Thomas Andrew Knight, a distinguished horticulturist 
of England : while that of Dr. Van Mons of Belgium, was the re- 
production of seedlings from seedliugs in succession ; selecting each 
time those of the seedlings to procure the seed, which proved the 
best in the fruit. At the eighth generation, in growing from the 
pear, his seedlings produced fruit at four years old, while at the com- 
mencement it required twelve to fifteen years. This he regarded 
as the correct course to pursue in the amelioration of varieties ; and 
to this theory, this fruiting at an early stage, according as the parent 
is far removed from its original state, may we not attribute much 
of the habits of many of our pears % The Frederic of Wurtemburg, 

(20) 



PROPAGATION BY BUDDING, GRAFTING ETC. 21 

originating by Prof. Van Mons in this way, it is well known pro- 
duces its fruit often in the nursery at two years from the bud ; while 
the Dix, a seedling from we know not what variety, requires twelve 
or fifteen years. This process however, if taken, as by Van Mons, 
from the commencement, i.e., a wildling, would require a life-time ; 
but our people have all around them seedlings which at an early age 
are producing fruit ; if, therefore, seed be taken from the best of 
them, and the choicest again selected, it is not probable that more 
than ten years would elapse to produce something very superior. 

On the other hand, the process of Mr. Knight, of producing by 
crossing, gives the grower the choice of selecting and growing to 
whatever form, size or character he may desire, and this with an 
almost absolute certainty of success. This process being fully 
described by Thomas in his Fruit Culturist, we extract therefrom : 

" A familiar instance of cross-impregnation in plants occurs in the 
Indian corn. The pistillate or seed-bearing flowers covering the 
young ear, are remotely situated on the plant from the staminate or 
fertilizing flowers on the summits, or tassels. Hence, from this re- 
mote position, the pollen or fertilizing dust from the summits may 
not certainly fall on the ear ; and if different sorts grow near, a mix- 
ture will probably result. It is well known to farmers, that if dif- 
ferent sorts, as white, yellow, and purple, are planted in the same 
field ; or, if common and sweet corn are planted together, each sort 
no longer remains distinct, but each ear, the second year, is speckled 
with a promiscuous assemblage of white, yellow, and purple, and of 
common and sweet corn, of various grades. In fruit trees, the 
stamens and pistils are in the same flower, and the chances of acci- 
dental mixture from other trees, become very small, unless affected 
by insects, which becoming thickly dusted with powder from one 
flower, plunge into the recesses of another, and affect a cross-fertiliza- 
tion. Where many varieties grow in one garden, in close proximity, 
cases of promiscuous intermixture are constantly occurring, which can 
be developed only by raising fruit from the seedlings. 

In the annexed figure of the pear blossom (fig. 1), the five 
central organs a t are the pistils; the 
upper extremity of each is the stigma. The 
surrounding thread-like organs, b, are the 
stamens, surmounted by the anthers. The 
anthers are little bags or cases rilled with 
the pollen or fertilizing dust. When the 
flowers open, the anthers burst, and dis- 
P^T charge the pollen on the stigma, which 

operates on the embryo fruit at its base. 
The production of new varieties is greatly facilitated by cross-im- 
pregnation, or by fertilizing the pistil of one variety with the pollen 
of another. This was performed with great success by Knight. 





22 OEIGINATING OF VAKIETIES. 

Selecting two varieties, while yet early in flower, and before the 
anthers had burst and discharged the pollen, he 
cut out with a fine pair of scissors all the 
stamens, leaving the pistils untouched (fig. 2). 
When the stigma became sufficiently mature, 
which was indicated by its glutinous surface, he 
transferred the pollen of the other sort, on the 
point of a camel's-hair pencil. The fruit, thus 
yielded, was unchanged ; but its seeds partook 
variously of the nature of both parents, and the trees growing from 
them bore new and intermediate varieties. 

For the success of such experiments,, several precautions are req- 
uisite. The flower must be deprived of its stamens before it has 
fully expanded, or before the anthers have already burst and 
scattered their dust ; the pollen must be procured from a bursting 
or fully matured anther, when it will be dry and powdery ; the 
stigma must be inoculated as soon as it becomes adhesive or glu- 
tinous, otherwise it may be fertilized from another source, and then 
the intended pollen cannot possibly take effect. For a stigma once 
inoculated, cannot be inoculated again. It is safest, where practi- 
cable, to force the trees by artificial heat into flowering a few days 
earlier than others, so as to be secure from accidental inoculations 
of pollen floating in the air ; and to prevent its spread by bees, to 
apply a temporary covering of gauze. A want of attention to these 
minutiae, has led some experimenters to fancy they had obtained 
crosses, when they had only natural seedlings." 

Budding. — This mechanical process, in connection with that of 
grafting, layers, and cuttings, is performed for the purpose of 
increasing the number of trees or plants of any one variety ; and is 
performed on stocks of the same or closely allied species. These 
are designated under each particular head of Apples, Pears, &c, on 
other pages. The process and practice is also one, which, although 
well and truly described in all fruit works and most of the leading 
journals, is nevertheless too often attended with so much of failure, 
that while we here repeat descriptions, we at same time advise 
every new beginner to visit the leading nursery-man or successful 
amateur grower in his immediate neighborhood, and learn more in 
half a day from practical example than could be told him were one 
to write a month. In order to be successful, it is requisite that the 
stock on which it is intended to operate should be in a thrifty, 
healthy state, not too early or late in the season, but the best time 
is usually just when the terminal bud is forming. Various modes 
of budding are known and described ; but that most successful, most 
rapid, and in common use, is the one termed incorrectly, American 
shield budding, described by Forsyth in 1802 — which differs from the 



PROPAGATION BY BUDDING, GRAFTING, ETC. 



23 




Fig. 3 

bandage 



common shield budding, only in leaving a small piece of wood at base 
of the bud inserted, instead of taking all out. An incision is made 
lengthwise through the bark of the stock, and a small cut at right 
angles at the top, the whole somewhat resembling the letter T., fig. 3. 

A bud is then taken from a shoot 
of the present year's growth, by 
shaving off the bark an inch or 
an inch and a half in length, with 
a small part of the wood directly 
beneath the bud, fig. 4. The ed- 
ges of the bark, at the incision 
in the stock, are then raised a 
little, fig. 5, and the bud pushed 
downward under the bark, fig. 6. A 
woolen-yarn, or other substance, is then 
wrapped around, commencing at the bottom and passing the bud, re- 
turning again and tying just below, covering all but the bud, fig. 7. 
The pressure should be just sufficient to keep the inserted portion 
closely to the stock, but not such as to bruise or crush the bark. In 
about ten days or two weeks after insertion, the strings will 
require to be loosened, and at expiration of three weeks removed 
altogether. The ensuing spring, as soon as the buds begin to swell 
strongly, cut off" the stock about six inches above the bud ; and as 
the shoot or bud grows, tie it to the piece of stock above its inser- 
tion until about midsummer, when it will be time to cut away the 
piece of stock above the bud, leaving a sloping cut downward from 
the top of insertion of bud. An improper practice with some -is to 
place the buds in water ; this so saturates them with moisture, that 
they have no attractive force left to imbibe the sap of the stock, and 
hence often fail to grow. In cutting the shoot containing buds in- 
tended to be inserted, the leaf should immediately be cut off to 
within half an inch of the bud, otherwise the evaporation will 
exhaust and injure its vitality. If buds are wanted to be kept a 
number of days, they should be wrapped in damp moss or wet 
cloths ; or if desired to send any distance, the whole wrapped in oiled 
silk. In this way they will keep without injury ten days or more. 
u Annular budding is applicable to trees of hard wood, or thick 
or rigid bark, as the walnut and magnolia. A ring 
of bark is removed from the^ stock, and another cor- 
responding ring, containing the bud, slit open on one 
side, is made to fit the denuded space. Fig. 8. 

" Trees which have been girdled in winter by mice, 
may be preserved by a process similar to annular bud- 
ding, by cutting away evenly the gnawed portions, 
and applying one or more pieces of bark peeled from 
the branch of another tree, so as to restore the con- 




24 



ORIGINATING OF VARIETIES. 



nection between the two severed portions. This is done as soon as 
the bark will separate ; the same end may, however, be accom- 
plished early in spring by cutting away portions of the sap-wood 
with the bark, and connecting the two parts by several pieces of a 
branch, care being taken that they coincide accurately, as in graft- 
ing. The whole, in either case, is then covered with wax." 

Grafting, like budding, has numerous modes and forms, all 
resolving into the same thing — that of transferring one variety onto 
another. The modes most regarded, and in most common prac- 
tice, we describe. 

Whip or tongue grafting. This is most generally practised when 
the stock and scion are nearly of equal size. The whole gist of it 
lays in so forming the graft and stock that the two outer surfaces of 
albumen, or wood of last year's growth, match one with the other, 
or if the stock is too large that they match on one side. See fig. 9. 
The tongue is a notch cut in the stock corresponding with one cut 
in the graft, and when put together, to serve as support in steady- 
ing the graft until the circulation of sap has united it with the stock. 
This is practised to a large extent by nursery-men on pieces of 
roots, and is then termed " root-grafting." 

Splice Grafting is similar to tongue grafting, except that no slit 



is made in either stock or graft. 



See fig. 10. 



Crown Grafting is performed in the same manner, only that it 
is done on small stocks standing in the ground, at a point near the 
upper rootlet or fibre. See fig. 11. 

Saddle Graf ling. In saddle grafting, the stock is pared obilquely 
on both sides, till it becomes an inverted wedge, 
and the scion is slit up -the centre, when its sides 
are pared down till they fit the sides of the stock. 
See fig. 12. This is the best mode to pursue with 
the cherry and other stone fruits. 




Side Grafting, as seen in the cut, fig. 9, is per- 
formed by cutting a notch or slit of about one inch 
long in the side of the stock, paring the outer por- 
tion, splitting the graft and paring the inner por- 
tion, tnen inserting it so as to give a union of the 
barks and woods — leaving meanwhile the top of 
the stock to carry on the circulation of sap until the 
graft becomes united, when it is to be cut away. This is the best for 
the magnolia and for the hickory, ash, &c. ; and also when scions 
may have been received late in the spring, or the work of grafting 
unavoidably delayed. 



Fig:. 9. 



PROPAGATION BY BUDDING, GRAFTING, ETC. 25 



ft m 




Fig. 13. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 10. 

Cleft Grafting is an easy though clumsy mode, rarely prac- 
tised, except on limbs or branches too large for whip grafting. In 
this the scion is cut like a wedge, sloping on both sides. The stock 
is split with a grafting chisel or large knife,which is drawn to one side 
and holds open the split while the scion is pressed in, so that the albu- 
men or inner barks match, when the chisel or wedge is drawn away. 

Wrapping or Tying. After the Operation of grafting is per- 
formed, bass bark, or bass matting, or soft woolen, or cotton yarn, 
is then wrapped around to retain them perfectly in their places. 
Where small trees or roots are engrafted, and to be planted in nur- 
sery-rows, this is all that is necessary ; but when grafting is performed 
on standard trees, it is best to cover the matting with a wax, made in 
the following manner : 

Grafting Wax. 4 parts rosin, 3 parts beeswax, 3 parts lard. 
This should be well incorporated together, while warm, strips of cot- 
ton cloth dipped into it, and when cold, cut to the length and width 
required for the size of limbs you are to engraft, will facilitate the 
labor, and when this is done, the first tying of bass mat or woolen 
string, may be dispensed with. 

Grafts which have become dry, maybe restored if the moisture is 
applied so gradually that its absorption may require several weeks. 
In one instance shoots cut early in autumn, and subjected to tho- 
rough drying, were restored to perfect freshness by the next spring, 
by wrapping them well in moss and burying them in a dry spot of 
ground ; and being set, they all grew. 

Scions for sending to a distance, are usually packed in damp 
moss, saw-dust, or fibrous peat. They may be sent by mail, within a 
very small compass, with great safety, by enwrapping them with 
oil-silk or thin oil-cloth, drawing it closely round them to include 
the moisture, by means of small thread. 



26 



ORIGINATING OF VARIETIES. 



Layers. This is practised in low shrubs and vines, as the quince 
and grape. It consists in bending down carefully without breaking 
a branch, cutting a notch or slit on the under side, and pegging it 

securely, so that the centre 
will be about four inches 
under ground, see fig. 14. 
With the grape trailing the 
vine on the surface, as shown 
in fig. 15, and after buds 
have started a few inches, 
cover with soil, the vine; 
each bud will throw out 
roots, and if the operation 
be performed in spring, they may be taken up and separated in the 
fall. 





Fto. 



Cuttings. 




Fig. 16. 

saw-dust, etc. 



Propagation by cuttings is the simplest mode of mul- 
tiplying a variety. It consists simply in the insertion 
of a shoot of one year's growth into the soil ; the 
moisture of the soil renews the supply of sap, the buds 
swell, the leaves expand, and the descending juices ex- 
pend themselves in the production of new roots, which 
shoot downwards into the soil, fig. 16. Under ordi- 
nary circumstances, or in open ground, this mode is 
only applicable to such species as readily throw out 
roots, as the currant, gooseberry, quince, and grape. 
The cutting should be made from eight inches to a 
foot long, and have all the lower buds cut out, in order 
to prevent its throwing up suckers. Wood of the last 
year's growth is used, and the lower end cut square 
across at the base of a bud. They should be inserted 
perpendicularly, or when long enough, curved, as see, 
under the head of grapes ; the earth should be pressed 
securely at the bottom, and lightly at the top, and 
when possible, a mulch of two inches of tan bark, 
, thrown over them to preserve moisture. 



Runners, are the mode of self-propagation in the strawberry ; as 
soon as well rooted they are suited to be removed. 



PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 27 

Suckers, are underground runners — often the result of careless 
cultivation in breaking off roots. They should always be destroyed, 
but never replanted, not even the Frost Gage plum, proving healthy 
when so propagated. 



CHAPTER III. 

TRANSPLANTING TREES HOW, WHEN; PACKING, CARE OF WHEN RE- 
CEIVED ; PRUNING TIME WHEN, HOW, THE TOPS, THE ROOTS ; LABELS 

FOR ; PROTECTION FROM SHEEP, RABBITS, ETC. ; TRAINING J FORM OF 
YOUNG TREES. 

Notwithstanding our people are, as a nation, " planters of trees," 
yet how few, comparatively, ever succeed in carrying the existence 
of trees planted, beyond the first season ; or if a second year, only 
with a puny sickly habit, anything but satisfactory. The first thing, 
in the removal of trees, should be care not to destroy the roots in 
digging. Small trees are less liable to injury from such cause than 
large ones, but too often have we seen them wrenched out of the 
ground, by the strong arm of man, apparently not to injury of roots, 
but really they were cracked through every portion, and all the 
pores through which the circulation of sap is had, broken and in- 
jured, often as much or more to injury of tree, than if one half the 
roots had been cut off. Again, have we seen trees cut out with 
spades, leaving only about four to six inches of main root, and a few 
small fibres. Such trees require a whole year's nursing, with severe 
shortening-in of limbs, to recover anything like their native vigor, 
and are not worth, to the planter, over one-half price of trees well 
and carefully dug, with roots nearly entire. 

Preparing the Soil. If an orchard is to be planted, and on soil 
retentive of moisture, or, in other words — level clayey soil — it 
should first be thoroughly subsoiled, at least twenty-two inches deep ; 
it should then have sufficient number of under drains, that no sur- 
plus water would ever remain on it over forty-eight hours. Digging 
deep holes should never be practised, but the whole soil should be 
made of fine tilth, and if the ground is well drained, or naturally 
dry, dig broad spaces, four feet diameter, and one foot deep. If the 
ground is not drained and naturally wet — a location and condition 
which should never be adopted — let the planting be made by plac- 
ing the tree on the level ground, and earthing up around it. Upon 
the level prairies this course has been found most successful, and at 
times, without even removing the sod beneath the tree. 

Many suppose, that a tree grown in nursery on sandy soil, will not 



28 



TRANSPLANTING TREES. 



succeed on clay and the reverse ; this, if they will only use reason, 
and study the nature of obtaining food by the tree, they will see, 
at once, has no foundation in fact ; but a tree taken from the rich 
ground of a well kept nursery, and placed in a barren, half-starved 
soil, amid grass and weeds, has no more chance of continuing in 
vigor and health, than an animal raised upon the rich pastures of our 
western country would have, transplanted to some of the bleak, bar- 
ren hills of New England. Food for the plant is therefore requi- 
site, and this should be prepared, in a well and previously cultivated 
and enriched soil, and not expected to be supplied in a raw state, by 
application of animal manures immediately to the roots ; this should 
never be done ; but, Prof. Lindley says, " that a small quantity of 
super-phosphate of lime, as it is called, that is to say, a mixture of 
oil of vitriol and burnt bones, mixed with dry mould, and thrown 
in round the roots of a newly-transplanted tree, will generally aid 
in the formation of root fibres, and, consequently, assist very much 
in establishing the plant in its new situation ; or, if scattered over 
the soil next the roots, the rains will distribute it to the places where 
most required." 

How to Plant. Having prepared the place and the soil, we next 

proceed to plant the tree. 
Supposing that the roots, 
in removing, have been 
carefully preserved, our 
tree will present, when 
placed in the hole pre- 
pared for it, the appear- 
ance represented in our 
fig. 17, the upper root 
being about four inches 
lower than the level of 
the surrounding soil. If 
the roots are broken, 
prune, bv a cut from the 
.under side of each end. 
■Now, one man should 
scatter carefully in the 
Fi s- 17 - fine earth, while another 

holds the body of the tree with one hand, and with the other care- 
fully presses the earth around and beneath every root, taking care 
to keep the small roots and fibres, each in its place, lifting them 
as the work progresses, so that their ends are horizontal with their 
base. Leave the earth, if the planting be done in Spring, level 
around the tree, and with the surrounding surface ; if planted in the 
Tall, earth up a little mound around the stem-end, and over the 







PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION", ETC. 29 

entire circle of roots, to be drawn away again in the Spring. Avoid 
treading or other pressure around the tree, other than that made by 
the hand in firmly placing the earth among the roots, in the process. 

Time When. With nearly all trees and all locations, Fall is the 
best time to transplant ; new granulations have to be made, ere the 
roots broken by the process can again supply themselves, or the 
plant, with food. This process, if trees are removed in Fall, will 
often be found to have taken place during winter, and ere the ex- 
haustion by the leaves by growth in Spring, of their food laid up in 
bud and bark the year previous, the roots are again furnishing their 
support as nature orders. If, however, trees are removed in Spring, 
it often happens, especially with cherries, that the supply of food 
previously laid up is exhausted, ere new rootlets are formed. Mul- 
ching, and other cares, are often, therefore, more requisite, in order 
to keep the roots, and prevent too rapid exhaustion in Spring-planted 
trees, than those of Fall planting. 

Packing. Amateurs, as well as nurserymen, often have occasion 
to forward trees to a distance, and it is desirable they be so packed, 
as to ensure success when received. In order to this, they should 
be made into a bundle with damp moss liberally mingled among 
the roots, the larger trees upon the outside of the bundle, and the 
small within ; band securely with twisted straw bands, then take 
long straw, lay it down about two inches thick, with its butts near 
the center of the roots of bundle ; lay another layer, with the butts 
four inches below the tops of the last, and so on, until yon have the 
length of bundle. Now, lay down the bundle, and carefully lay straw 
over it, in same manner as underneath, only commencing at top, 
so that when cords are around it, all will be covered ; proceed with 
one end of cord, first lashed to a strong root, to bind it around, 
once in about ten inches, all the way to the top. If intended to 
go any considerable distance, with risk of rough handling, a stout 
stick should be packed in centre of each bundle, extending about 
four inches beyond the tops of the trees. Next, lay down a strong 
bass mat, or strong cloth, scatter on it straw, then moss, and placing 
the roots of bundle upon it, draw it up carefully over, and secure it 
by strong pack-thread. If moss is not obtainable, let the roots be 
well puddled, as it is termed, that is, dipped in a thick clayey mud, 
but avoid packing leaves, grass, etc., among them. 

Care of, when received. Trees are often lost by not knowing how 
to care for them when received after long voyages. If dry, or 
withered, or frozen, they should be unpacked and immediately bu- 
ried, roots and tops, underneath the earth, and there left for some 
days ; or, if late in fall, and buried where the water drains off readily, 
let the roots be buried deep, while the tops have only a couple of 
inches upon them. Trees received dry in spring, may be immedi- 



30 



TRANSPLANTING TREES. 



ately immersed in a running stream of water, and after the buds are 
swollen, planted out in some location for the season, where the mid- 
day sun will not strike them, and where the earth can be always 
kept moist by mulching, etc. 

Pruning. That certain principles of the nature and habits of a 
tree, must ever be borne iti mind in pruning, to ensure success, is 
evident ; but that the cutting away of small branches, or twigs, if 
correctly made, will materially affect the health and longevity of a 
tree, whether made in spring, just before midsummer, in fall or win- 
ter, we do not believe. In pruning an old tree, long neglected, 
where it is requisite to cut away many large branches, attention to the 
circulation of sap, the new formation of wood, &c, &c, should, by 
all means, be the guide. Experience, as well as theory, teaches, 
that the most healthy formation of wood commences in July ; that 
all growth previous is imperfect, and, were it not for that and ensu- 
ing months, would rapidly decay ; that while wood is not made as 
rapidly at that time, and afterward, as previous, it is of a firmer, 
closer, and more healthy character. If, therefore, large limbs are to 
be removed, let the time from July to September, inclusive, be se- 
lected. A subject so liberally treated upon as this has been, from 
the earliest authors down, it would seem should be better understood 
than appears from the quantity of ill-shapen, malformed trees, to be 
seen in almost every orchard. Barry says : 

" It is not only necessary to know what and why, but also how 
to prune. Theory is only useful as it serves to guide in practice. 

The great point to be observed in making incisions on the stems 
and branches of trees, is to provide for the speedy and perfect heal- 
ing of the wounds or cut surfaces. In removing a portion of a branch 
or stem, if we cut between two joints, and thus leave a portion of 

wood above the bud 
intended to be cut to, 
as in fig. 18, this wood 
dies, and we have the 
trouble of another 
pruning to remove it. 
If we cut too close to 
the bud, and thus re- 
move a portion of the 
wood with which it is 
connected, as in fig. 
19, the bud will either 
die or disappoint us 
by producing a very 
feeble growth. The 
proper way is to take 
the branch to be operated on in the left hand, place the edge of the 




20 
Figs, to Pruning. 
too far above the bud. Fig. 19, cutting too 
20, the cut as it should be. Fig. 21, re- 
moval of a branch, the cross line indicating the proper 
place for the cut. 



Fig. 18, cuttin, 
close. Fig. 



PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. SI 

knife on it, opposite the lower part of the bud to be out to, and then 
make a firm,' quick, smooth draw-cut, sloping upwards, so that the 
knife will come out on a level with the point of the bud, as in fig. 
20. In soft-wooded, pithy trees, like the grape vine, for example, 
half an inch of wood ought to be left above the bud. The 
cut should also be made, as much as possible, on the lower 
side of the branch, to prevent rain from lodging in the centre. The 
position of the bud cut to, is also worthy of consideration in pruning, 
to produce or modify certain forms. When we wish the new shoot 
of a lateral branch to take as much as possible, an upright direction, 
we prune to a bud on the inside ; and if we wish it to spread, we 
choose one on the outside. In the annual suppression, or cutting back 
young trees, to form a stem or side branches, the bud selected to form 
the leader is chosen on opposite sides every successive year, in order to 
maintain the growth in a straight line. If cut every year to a bud 
on the same side, it would, in two or three seasons, show an inclina- 
tion to that side injurious to the symmetry of the tree. 

The Removal of Large Branches, where they are to be entirely 
separated from the tree, is often very clumsily performed. In orchards 
it is not at all uncommon to see them chopped off with a common 
axe ; and even lit gardens there seem to be few persons who either 
know how, or take the proper care in this matter. They are either 
cut so that a portion of. the base of the branch remains, and sends 
out vigorous shoots, defeating the objects of the pruning, or they are 
cut so close that a portion of the wood of the main branch or stem 
is taken with them, and a wound made that years are required to 
heal up. Both these extremes ought to be avoided. 

The surface of th* cut made by the removal of a branch, should 
in no case be larger than the base of the branch. Where a branch 
is united to another, or to the main stem, we notice, both above and 
below the point of union, a small projection or shoulder, as at the 
cross line in fig. 21. The knife must enter just below that shoulder, 
and, by being° drawn upwards in a straight line, the base is so com- 
pletely removed that no shoots can be produced there; and yet the 
cut surface on the stem is no larger than the base of the branch. 
When the saw is used, the surface of the cut should be pared smooth 
with the knife, to prevent water lodging on it, and facilitate the 
healing of the wound." 

Pruning at the time of Transplanting. This is performed, not 
only to remove bruised and broken roots and branches, but to re- 
store the tree to a proper balance. As trees are ordinarily taken 
from the ground, the roots are bruised, broken or mutilated, to a 
greater or less extent. This obviously destroys the natural balance 
or proportion that existed between the roots and stem, and in such 
a condition the tree is unable to grow. The demand upon the roots 



32 TRANSPLANTING TREES. 

must, therefore, be lessened, by reducing the stem and branches in 
length or number, or both ; and the more the roots have suffered, 
the greater must be the reduction of the stem and branches, to bring 
them to a corresponding condition. 

" Pruning the Roots. This is practised as well to promote fruit- 
fulness as to lessen the dimensions of trees. The roots are the organs 
that absorb from the ground the principal food of the tree, and in 
proportion to their number, size, and activity, other things being 
equal, are the vigor and growth of the stem and branches. Hence, 
when a tree is deprived of a certain portion of its roots, its supply of 
food from the soil is lessened, growth is checked, the sap moves 
slowly in its channels, is better elaborated in the leaves, and the 
young branches and buds begin to assume a fruitful character. 

Roots are also pruned to prevent them from penetrating too deeply 
into the earth, and induce the formation of lateral roots near the sur- 
face, similar to the cutting back of a stem to produce lateral branches. 
The principle is the same. 

The work is performed by opening a trench around the tree, just 
at the extremities of the roots : the distance from the tree will, there- 
fore, depend on its size, and the spreading character of the roots. 
The trench should be the width of a common garden spade, and deep 
enough to admit of an inspection of all the roots of the tree. If the 
lateral roots are to be shortened, this is done first. The knife should 
be placed on the lower side of the root, and the part separated with 
a clean draw cut, such as would be performed on a branch. If the 
tree has vertical, or tap roots, they are most easily operated on with 
a sharp spade, prepared and kept for the purpose. A smart stroke 
with such a spade, in as nearly a horizontal direction as possible, will 
separate a pretty strong root. The extent to which root pruning 
may be performed, depends on the character of the species, the con- 
dition of the tree as regards growth, and the object aimed at. Those 
practising it for the first time should go to work with great caution. 
It will be better to operate too lightly than too severely. As re- 
gards the season, it may be performed either at the end of the first 
growth, in July or August, or in the autumn or winter, when vege- 
tation is quite suspended. We have operated on cherry trees, with 
complete success, in August, in a .dry time when little growth was 
going on. At this season, a copious vratering should be given after 
the pruning is performed." 

Pruning, to form particular shapes, to promote the formation of 
blossom buds, to enlarge the fruit, to cure disease, to increase or 
lessen bulk, are all treated of at length by Loudon and others ; but 
all seems to us summed up in the following, written by M. Dubreuil, 
in France, and first published in this country in Barry 's " Fruit 
Garden." It is more especially applicable to training of trees in 
gardens, than of standards in orchards. He says : 



PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 33 

" The theory of the pruning of fruit trees rests on the following 
six general principles : 

"1. The vigor of a tree, subjected to pruning, depends, in a great 
measure, on the equal distribution of sap in all its branches. 

" In fruit trees abandoned to themselves, the sap is equally dis- 
tributed in the different parts without any other aid than nature, 
because the tree assumes the form most in harmony with the natural 
tendency of the sap.* 

" But in those submitted to pruning, it is different ; the forms im- 
posed on them, such as espalier, pyramid, vase, &c, change, more or 
less, the normal direction of the sap, and prevent it from taking the 
form proper to its species. Thus nearly all the forms given to trees 
require the development of ramifications, more or less numerous, 
and of greater or less dimensions at the base of the stem. And, as 
the sap tends by preference towards the summit of the tree, it hap- 
pens that, unless great care be taken, the branches at the base become 
feeble, and finally dry up, and the form intended to be obtained, dis- 
appears, to be replaced by the natural form, that is, a stem^ or a 
trunk with a branching head. It is then indispensable, if we wish to 
preserve the form we impose upon trees, to employ certain means, 
by the aid of which the natural direction of the sap can be changed 
and directed towards the points where we wish to obtain the most 
vigorous growth. To do this, we must arrest vegetation in the parts 
to which the sap is carried in too great abundance, and, on the con- 
trary, favor the parts that do not receive enough. To accomplish 
this, the following means must be successively employed : 

" 1. Prune the branches of the most vigorous parts very short, and those 
of the weak parts long. We know that the sap is attracted by the leaves. 
The removal of a large number of wood-buds from the vigorous parts, 
deprives these parts of the leaves which these buds would have pro- 
duced ; consequently, the sap is attracted there in less quantities, and 
the growth thereby diminished. The feeble parts being pruned long, 
present a great number of buds, which produce a large surface of leaves, 
and these attract the sap, and acquire a vigorous growth. This principle 
holds good in all trees, under whatever form they may be conducted. 

"2. Leave a large quantity of fruit on the strong part, and remove 
the whole or greater part from the feeble. We know already that the 
fruit has the property of attracting to it the sap from the roots, and 
of employing it entirely to its own growth. The necessary result of 
this is, what we are about to point out, viz., that all the sap which 
arrives in the strong parts, will be absorbed by the fruit, and the 

* This is not in all cases true. Peach trees, we know, left to themselves, ex- 
hibit a very striking example of the unequal distribution of the sap. The ends 
of the branches attract nearly the whole, leaving the lateral shoots and lower 
parts to die out. In other species, similar instances might be quoted, and, as a 
' general thing, the proposition is unsound, except in a comparative sense. 
2* 



34 TRANSPLANTING TREES. 

wood there, in consequence, will make but little growth, while on the 
feeble parts, deprived of fruit, the sap will all be appropriated by the 
growing parts, and they will increase in size and strength. 

" 3. Bend the strong parts and keep the weak erect. The more 
erect the branches and stem are, the greater will be the flow of sap 
to the growing parts ; hence, the feeble parts being erect, attract 
much more sap than the strong parts inclined, and, consequently, 
make a more vigorous growth, and soon recover their balance. This 
remedy is more especially applied to espalier trees. 

" 4. Remove from the vigorous parts the superfluous shoots as 
early in the season as possible, and from the feeble parts as late as pos- 
sible. The fewer the number of young shoots there are on a branch, 
the fewer there are of leaves, and, consequently, the less is the sap 
attracted there. Hence, in leaving the young shoots on the feeble 
parts, their leaves attract the sap there, and induce a vigorous growth. 

" 5. Pinch early the soft extremities of the shoots on the vigorous 
parts, and as late as possible on the feeble parts, excepting always 
any shoots which may be too vigorous for their position. By thus 
pinching early the strong parts, the flow of sap to such points is checked, 
and naturally turns to the growing parts that have not been pinched ; 
this remedy is applicable to trees in all forms. 

" 6. Lay in the strong shoots on the trellis early, and leave the fee- 
ble parts loose as long as possible. Laying in the strong parts ob- 
structs the circulation of the sap in them, and, consequently favors 
the weak parts that are loose. This is only applicable to espaliers, 

" 7. In espalier trees, giving the feeble parts the benefit of the light, 
and confining the strong pa,rts more in the shade, restores a balance, 
for light is the agent which enables leaves to perform their functions 
and their actions on the roots, and the parts receiving the greater 
proportion of it acquire the most vigorous development. 

2. " The sap acts with greater force and produces more vigorous 
groioth on a branch or shoot pruned short, than on one pruned long. 
This is easily explained. The sap acting on two buds must evidently 
produce a greater development of wood on them, than if it were 
divided between fifteen or twenty buds. 

" It follows from this, that if w T e wush to obtain wood branches, 
we prune short, for vigorous shoots produce few fruit buds. On the 
contrary, if we wish to obtain fruit branches, w r e prune long, because 
the most slender or feeble shoots are the most disposed to fruit. 

" Another application of this principle is to prune short for a year 
or two, such trees or parts as have become enfeebled by overbear- 
ing. (This principle deserves especial attention, as its application is 
of great importance.) 

3. " The sap tending always to the extremities of the shoots causes 
the terminal bud to push with greater vigor than the laterals. Ac- 
cording to this principle, when we wish a prolongment of a stem or 



PACKING, PRUNING,. PROTECTION, ETC. 35 

branch, we should prune to a vigorous wood-bud, and leave no pro- 
duction that can interfere with the action of the sap on it. 

4. " The more the sap is obstructed in its circulation, the more 
likely it will be to produce fruit buds. This principle is founded on 
a fact to which we have already had occasion to refer, viz. — that the 
sap circulating slowly is subjected to a more complete elaboration 
in the tissues of the tree, and becomes bettei adapted to the forma- 
tion of fruit buds. 

"This principle can be applied to produce the following result ■: 
when we wish to produce fruit buds on a branch, we prevent a free 
circulation of the sap by bending the branches, or by making annular 
or circular incisions on it ; and on the contrary, when we wish to 
change a fruit branch into a wood branch, we give it a vertical posi- 
tion, or prune it to two or three buds, on which we concentrate 
the action of the sap and thus induce their vigorous development. 

5. " The leaves serve to prepare the sap absorbed by the roots for 
the nourishment of the tree, and aid the formation of buds on the 
shoots. All trees, therefore, deprived of their leaves are liable to 
perish. This principle shows how dangerous it is to remove a large 
quantity of leaves from trees, under the pretext of aiding the growth 
or ripening of fruits, for the leaves are the nourishing organs, and 
the trees deprived of them cannot continue to grow, neither can the 
fruit; and the branches so stripped will 'have feeble, ill-formed 
buds, which will, the following year, produce a weak and sickly 
growth. 

6. " Where the buds of any shoot or branch do not develop before 
the age of two years, they can only be forced into activity by a very 
close pruning, and in some cases, as the peach, this even will often fail. 
This last principle shows the importance of pruning the main branches 
of espaliers particularly, so as to ensure the development of the 
buds of their successive sections, and to preserve well the side shoots 
thus produced, for without this, the interior of the tree will become 
naked and unproductive, and a remedy will be very difficult." 

" If these principles and practices of pruning be carefully studied 
in connection with the habits of growth and bearing of the different 
fruit trees, pruning will be comparatively an easy matter. The 
mode of obtaining any particular form or character cannot fail to be 
perfectly plain and simple ; yet no one need hope to accomplish, in 
all things, the precise results aimed at, for even the most skilful 
operator is sometimes disappointed ; but those who give constant 
attention to their trees, will always discover a failure in time to 
apply a remedy." 

Training. We give the accompanying fig. 22. taken from 
" Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Gardening" merely as illustrative of 
the varied modes of training trees in England. Our more favored 



36 



TRANSPLANTING TREES. 



land requiring no such practice to enable trees to produce abundantly ; 
the forms are only seen in some small gardens, or when the useful 
and ornamental are attempted to be combined, in training a tree to 
hide some out-building or unsightly prospect. As the foregoing 
principles are sufficient, connected with the illustration, to enable 
almost any one to practice, we add only the terms by which each 
form is known ; a, the herring-bone fan ; 6, the irregular fan ; c, the 
stellate fan ; c?, the drooping fan ; e, the wavy fan ; /, the horizontal ; 
<7, the horizontal with screw stem ; A, the vertical with screw or 
wavy shoots ; i, same with upright shoots. 




Labels. For nursery rows, the best are stakes of red cedar or 
pine about eighteen inches long, and four wide, having one side 
smooth, painted with white paint, or even oiled, and written on with 
a soft lead pencil, and driven down one foot into the ground, at the 
commencement of each variety. 

For standard trees, slips of wood three inches long and half 
an inch wide, and either painted and written on as above — or, 
having the name burned in with iron type, which is better, then 
secured to a side branch by strong copper wire ; are those most in 
use. Labels are also made of sheet zinc, written upon with a mix- 
ture of two parts (by weight) of verdigris, two of sal-ammoniac, 
one of lamp-black, and thirty of water. The ingredients are to be 
mixed in a mortar with a small portion of water at first, and the 
whole added afterwards. Preserve the mixture in a well corked 
bottle, shaking it repeatedly at first, and keep the cork downwards 
to prevent the escape of ammonia, and it will remain fit for use for 
years. 

If the pieces of zinc are suspended by copper wire it should be 
firmly twisted round the zinc so as not to remain loose, or else the 



PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 37 

constant motion from wind, will soon wear off the wire. The wire 
should be nearly as large as a small knitting-needle, to prevent 
cracking off by long use. The loop should be large, and pass round 
a side-shoot, instead of a main branch to prevent the danger of 
cutting in by the growth of the tree; and should be. attached below 
a small fork, to prevent its blowing off the end of the branch. 

The wire may be wholly dispensed with by the following con- 
trivance : cut the zinc into long triangular strips, half an inch wide 
and six to ten inches long. Draw the narrow or slender end round 
the twig, bring it through a hole punched mid- way between the ends, 
and clinch or twist it with the fingers or a small pair of pincers. 
These labels may be punched by a tinman at a cheap rate. 

Sheet tin may be used instead of zinc, using a sharp awl to write 
the name, and being particular to cut through the tin coating. 
Oxidation soon renders the letters distinct. 

Protection. It often happens that young orchard trees are injured 
by sheep and rabbits. A simple method for protection, is to take 
three strips of common lath, set them up around the tree, and with 
strong wire secure them one to another. If closely placed, they will 
also serve to protect in a great measure from mice ; but for protec- 
tion from the latter, strong "hardware paper" as it is termed, 
secured around the tree by fine wire, and coated with coal tar 
is best. 

The form of young trees most desirable to be obtained for planting, 
are those so grown as to present a regular tapering form of stem 
from the root to the terminal bud. This is only obtained by per- 
mitting the side branches to grow, and be regularly shortened in in 
the nursery, so that not only the stem but the whole tree presents 
the form of a pyramid. One tree so grown, is worth more to the 
planter, than ten grown with long slender stems of uniform size six 
or seven feet high. A tree rightly (or as first described), grown, 
will have double the quantity of roots, and when removed will need 
no staking, while the latter will require staking four or five years, 
and then never make a fine tree. 



CHAPTER IV. 

DEGENERACY OF VARIETIES LIMITED AGE, ETC. INFLUENCE OF 

SOILS CLIMATE — STOCKS. 

The theory of degeneracy of varieties at certain periods of exist- 
ence in the parent-tree, once had strong supporters ; but we have 
never been able to reconcile it with any known laws existent in 
vegetable life, beyond theory. That all cuttings taken from a seed- 
ling plant, no matter how propagated, are but the continuation of a 
single plant, having existence in a healthy state only so long as the 
original exists in vigor and health, although advocated, and with con- 
siderable of reason to support, is a proposition we cannot accede to. 
Not only is this adduced as correct, but also that no variety can be 
procured of a healthy origin except grown on the principle of Van 
Mons, from seed of a wildling. The failure of varieties to produce 
fruit on trees of advanced age, and without care, of size equal to its 
first appearance when the trees were young, is often cited as evi- 
dence of the " running out " of that variety ; those so citing seeming 
not to know, that fruit is being produced elsewhere on younger trees, 
under good treatment, fully equal or surpassing the original. All 
seedlings are not equally vigorous and healthy, whether grown from 
a wildling or cultivated variety ; and varieties are undoubtedly 
under propagation unhealthy ; but that they are more so on account 
of the term of years they have been continued, admits of doubt. 
That every tree has its natural limit of life, and this natural limit 
shortened or lengthened as the tree is over stimulated or evenly 
treated, we do not question ; but that every bud taken from a tree, 
propagated in various sections of soil and climate, on seedling stocks, 
or otherwise, must decay at or near the time of the original tree, is 
a point of belief to which we have not yet arrived. The white 
Doyenne Pear, the Pennock Apple, the Golden Pippin, have all 
been cited as evidence to sustain the theory, and yet we have grown 
all in as perfect state as could be desired by the most critical. 

The influence of soils, on both tree and fruit is now too well 
known among horticulturists, and the exhaustion thereof too often, 
unwittingly, accepted to support the theory of exhaustion of vari 
eties. We have repeatedly written that, at no very distant day, 
will it be requisite for the orchardist to fully understand the nature 
of soil requisite for each distinct variety. We do not believe a fruit 
originating in soil abundantly supplied w r ith lime will preserve 



FRUIT ROOM FOR KEEPING. 39 

the same character and quality when grown in one utterly devoid 
of that material. Analysis has shown us somewhat of this, while 
practical experience is teaching it yearly, in the evidence of rot, &c, 
exhibited in varieties grown on trees long unsupplied with aught 
but the natural ingredients of the soil. As under the head of each 
variety of fruit we give the analysis belonging thereto, we shall not 
extend remarks here on a subject too well understood and accepted 
to require argument in its support. The influence of climate on 
varieties has, we think, only this effect, viz. : to create more or less 
rapid growth of both tree and fruit as we go north or south, causing 
in the tree a coarser, more spongy, soft wood, and more subject to 
injury from sudden changes of atmosphere, when grown south ; and 
in the fruit, greater size, more open and coarser texture of flesh, and 
corresponding depreciation in flavor, with earlier maturity in apple 
and pear ; but in the peach, apricot, and nectarine, additional charac-' 
ter and sweetness, as the juices are more elaborated. 

The influence of Stocks on varieties seems one not easily ex- 
plained; for while all know that to propagate a strong growing 
variety upon a slow growing stock has a tendency at once to 
reduce its growth of wood and create a producing habit ; and vice 
versa, when a slow grower is placed on one of vigorous habit. Yet 
the reason why a fruit is better or worse in quality when grown on 
varied stocks and subject to like soil, has not been explained. Seed- 
ling stocks, as most used by nursery-men, are not all alike vigorous 
or hardy ; hence the apparent difference in trees propagated on 
them and removed to various locations. Under each general head 
of varieties of fruits, we give such information as we have been ena- 
bled to gain of the adaptation of certain stocks to the variety, and 
refer thereto for further remark. 



CHAPTER V. 

GATHERING FRUIT TIME WHEN FRUIT-ROOM FOR KEEPING AND 

RIPENING. 

The gathering of hardy fruits, such as apples, pears, quinces, 
grapes, etc., should be performed in the middle of a dry day, not in 
the morning before the dew is evaporated, nor in evening when it is 
depositing; neither should they be gathered immediately after a 




40 GATHERING FRUIT. 

rain. All fruits should be left until the full size is acquired ; but 
under our clear sun, most varieties of pears are improved if they 
are gathered and permitted to mature their juices in the house. If 
on raising the fruit level with the foot-stalk it 
separates, it may be accounted ripe ; or, if one be 
cut open, and the seeds found well colored brown 
or blackish, it is time to pull them. Gathering 
with " fruit gatherers " is esteemed most perfect, 
but if we could induce all our orchard farmers 
to gather by the hand, we should consider we had 
accomplished very much. Step-ladders, as seen 
in fig. 23, are used to facilitate the operation. 

The delicate thin-skinned varieties of winter 

apples should be gathered some ten days earlier 

than the thick-skinned varieties, if it is intended 

rig. 23. to have them keep well. 

Of the quality of pears being varied by the process of ripening, 

much has been said, and often with good reason and truth. 

The following description of a fruit room, is from a foreign jour- 
nal, and regarded as valuable. Hon. M. P. Wilder, of Boston, has 
a house built after this manner, except, that in place of the cavity 
between the inner and the outer walls, the space is filled with char- 
coal, as a non-conductor, and deemed an improvement, in that it 
produces a cooler temperature in Summer. 

" Experience has shown that fruit will not keep well on the tree, 
after the latter has ceased to grow ; nor will its flavor be so good, 
because the stoppage of vegetation implies a corresponding fall of the 
temperature ; consequently, the elaboration of the fluid in their tis- 
sues cannot be effected. On the contrary, we commonly see fruit 
become shrivelled and dry, if gathered too soon. Hence, the neces- 
sity of gathering fruit at two different periods from one and the 
same tree. First from the lower half of the tree, where vegetation 
ceases first, and eight or ten days later from the upper half, or ex- 
tremities of the tree. For this reason, fruits are sooner fit for gath- 
ering from espalier trees than from standards ; and likewise, sooner 
from old trees than from young and luxuriant ones. The best guide 
for ascertaining whether they are fit for gathering, is their easy part- 
ing from the tree. The different kinds of nuts, walnuts, chestnuts, 
etc., are better in flavor, and preserve best, if left on the tree until they 
drop of themselves. Grapes, destined for either immediate consump- 
tion, or to be preserved, must first have attained complete maturity. 
The longer grapes are allowed to hang, the more their saccha- 
rine properties will be enriched. In localities where grapes ripen in 
the open air, they should be kept from those ripened in houses or 
on espaliers. In storing fruit, fine dry weather should be chosen, 
as then it is charged with less humidity, consequently, in the best 



FRUIT ROOM FOR KEEPING. 



41 



condition for being laid on the shelves of the fruit room. The best 
method of gathering fruit is to pluck it off singly with the hand, care 
being taken not to cause the least pressure, which would produce a 
brown speck, and, ultimately, decomposition. Various contrivances 
have been introduced for the purpose of gathering fruit without the 
aid of a ladder ; but practically, they require too much time, and 
therefore, a common ladder is, perhaps, the most convenient after all. 
Long, shallow and wide cross-handled baskets, having a piece of car- 
pet at the bottom, are in general us« about Montreuil. In these 
baskets the fruit is placed in layers — three layers — separated by 
leaves, being the usual contents of each basket, which, as they are 
filled, are carried gently to the fruit room on the head. The fruit, 
we shall now suppose, having been gathered with due care and at the 
proper time, the first condition necessary to preserve it during the 
winter, is perfect immunity from frost. The process of ripening 
should also be promoted or retarded, according to circumstances, so 
as to have only a certain number ready for dessert at one time, thus 
keeping up a succession from the time they are gathered till the 
succeeding year's fruit come in. For this purpose, the fruit room 
should have the temperature uniform and equal ; for frequent change 
of temperature absorbs the fluids, and fermentation soon follows. 
The temperature should be from 46 to 48 deg. Fahr. A higher 
temperature would accelerate the process of ripening too much, and 
a lower would retard it. If fruit is placed in a room or cellar where 
the temperature is very low — say an ice-house — it will keep a lono- 
time, if not destroyed by moisture ; but, before it is wanted for 
dessert, it should be exposed for some time in a higher temperature 
to attain complete maturity. Light is found unfavorable to the 
keeping of fruit, and therefore, it should be excluded. The atmos- 
phere should be kept 
rather dry than humid, 
and the fruit should be 
placed separately, so as 
not to touch one another. 
We would select a 
northern aspect, and dry 
place, sheltered if pos- 
sible, by high evergreen 
trees, fer the purpose 
of building the fruit 
room ; the quantity of 
fruit to be preserved 
must determine its di- 
mension. The annexed 
plan is fifteen feet long 
bv twelve feet wide, and 




Fig. 24. Ground Plan of a Fruit Room. 



42 



GATHERING FRUIT. 



nine feet high (inside measure). In a room, of this size, 8,000 fruit 
can be conveniently preserved. It is surrounded by two walls (fig. 
24, a and b). .A body of air is interposed between the two walls, 
at c, and which serves to keep the interior from exterior atmospheric 
influence. The walls are one foot and a half thick, and are built 
of wood, clay, and straw, which on account of being bad conductors, 
are preferable to common masonry. The ground (or floor), both 
in the interior, and at c, are made of the same material as the 
walls. The entrance door is at the north side. In the exterior wall is a 
double door, d, one to open at the outside, and the other in the in- 
side. The door e, which is a single one, opens direct into the fruit 
room, and in severe weather, it is filled up with straw. Four wooden 
shutters, /, two in the interior, and two at the exterior wall, are 
placed four feet off the ground, and level, for the purpose of clean- 
ing and airing the fruit room, before fruit is put into it. The ceil- 
ing is composed of a layer of moss, maintained and covered with 
laths ; the outside is thatched, projecting beyond the exterior walk 

In the interior, benches, or shelves, (fig. 
25,) from the bottom up to the ceilings, 
are placed a foot above one another. To 
facilitate the inspection of the fruit, the 
shelves above four feet from the ground 
are placed at an angle of 45 cleg., a, in 
the form of a stage ; the lower ones are 
fixed horizontally, b. To ensure the 
circulation of air between the shelves, 
they are divided in five parts, and a 
space of an inch left between each of 
them ; those in front, c, are provided with 
aledgeboard. The centre of the fruit room 
is reserved for a table ( fig. 24), of about six feet long by three feet 
broad, for the purpose of receiving the fruit previously to being ar- 
ranged upon the shelves. Such, then, is the mode of constructing a 
fruit room, by the aid of which we are enabled to furnish the table 
with an equal quantity of dessert fruit every day throughout the 
year. When the fruit is brought into the fruit room, they are at 
first placed upon the central table, which is provided with a quantity 
of dry moss or cotton ; and after having been sorted, all the bruised 
ones are removed ; the sound ones are left for three or four days, 
to throw off the superabundant moisture ; when this has been effected, 
the shelves are covered with a thin layer of perfectly dry moss or 
cotton. The fruit are wiped with a piece of flannel, and placed one 
by one upon the shelves, not touching one another. Grapes can, 
also, be preserved for a length of time in this place, having been 
gathered as described above, and taken to the fruit room. Every 
branch is examined, and the injured berries cut out carefully with a 




Fig. 25. Section showincr the arrange 
ment of the Shelves. 



FRUIT-ROOM FOR KEEPING. 



43 




Fig. 26. Method of sus 

pending clusters of 

Grapes. 



pair of scissors, and 
fixed the reverse way 
to a metalic hook, of 
the form of an S, {fig. 
26.) Attached thus, 
they are less likely to 
rot, because the ber- 
ries are placed in a 
freer position, and do 
not touch each other. 
They are hooked to 
one or two hoops, as 
shown at fig. 27, and 
suspended with a cord 
cord to the ceiling, and 
thus 




Fig. 27. Movable frame for sus- 
pending the Grapes. 



made movable with two 
pulleys. Having thus all the fruit disposed in the fruit room, the 
doors and shutters are opened during eight or ten days, to deprive 
the fruit of the superabundant moisture ; and after this has been 
done, a fine dry day is chosen to close the fruit, room hermetically. 
The doors are no more opened, except for the work necessary to be 
done in the interior. Until now, no other mode was known of dry- 
ing-up superabundant moisture in fruit rooms during winter, except 
by permitting a greater or less current of air to pass through the 
apartment. The inconveniences this plan presents are obvious ; the 
interior temperature will change according to the exterior; and, bad 
as this plan is, if the thermometer stands under freezing point, no 
use can be made of it at all ; hence, the fruit must be abandoned to 
chance, and disappointment will soon follow. In this case we recom- 
mend the use of chlorine of calcium. This substance has the prop- 
erty of absorbing about double its own weight of moisture, when it 
becomes liquid after being exposed for a certain length of time to a 
humid atmosphere, produced by the moisture emitted by the fruit. 
It is thus suited to maintain the atmosphere in the best condition. 

To use chlorine of calcium, a wooden 
box is made {fig. '28, a,) one foot and a 
half square by three inches deep, and 
placed upon a table 6, which is at the 
side, c, an inch lower than on the other. 
Xhe chlorine of calcium, after having 
absorbed a certain quantity of moisture, 
becomes liquefied, and runs into the 
earthenware vase, d, placed underneath 
for the purpose. Should the chlorine 
become dissolved before the total con- 
sumption of the fruits, the dose must be 
the liquid in the vase, if put in a pan, and 




Fig. 28. 



Box for using the Chlorine 
of Calcium. 



renewed ; in which case 



4A GATHERING- FRUIT. 

placed above the fire, becomes again chlorine of calcium, and as good 
for use as before. 

Fruit in Cellars. — "A great deal of winter fruit suffers early decay, 
in consequence of a deficiency of ventilation, especially during autumn, 
and after the fruit is deposited. Another cause of decay, is the im- 
proper location of the shelves or bins, which are placed against or 
around the walls. By this inconvenient arrangement, the assorting of 
decayed specimens must be done all from one side, and the shelves 
must hence be very narrow, or the operator must stretch himself in a 
most irksome horizontal position. The circulation of the air is, at 
the same time, greatly impeded by the want of space next the walls. 
To avoid these evils, the shelves should be in the centre, with a pas- 
sage all round. This allows circulation of air ; and the shelves may 
be twice the width, with the same conveniences in assorting or 
picking. If suspended from the joists above, on stiff bars, rats can- 
not reach them. It is said, that the Germans are very successful in 
the ventilation of their cellars, by a communication with the princi- 
pal chimney, the heated air in which necessarily maintains a cur- 
rent, which sweeps out the noxious and stagnant gases from the 
vegetable and other contents." 



THE ALMOND. 

Amygdalus communis — Dec. Rosacea of Botanists. 

The almond tree is a native of the north of Africa ; of the moun- 
tains of Asia ; and, of Russia. Linnaeus places it in the same genus 
with the peach and nectarine, and many botanists regard it as the 
parent of both. The fruit of almond, peach, and nectarine, it is 
said, have been found growing naturally upon the same branch. 
How true this may have been, when so recorded, we do not know, 
but we do know, that nature produces no such variations in the 
present age. The tree bears a general resemblance to the nectarine, 
but is easily distinguished by its more glossy leaves, and the pecul- 
iar color and hardness of the wood. The flowers resemble those 
of the peach, but are larger than most varieties, and produced in 
greater profusion. It is a fruit which has been too much neglected, 
and especially in our south-western States, where it should be grown 
in such quantities, as to entirely exclude importation from Europe. 

Propagation. Easily grown from seed, which should be placed in 
sand, kept moist during winter, cracked in spring, and sown in drills 
three feet wide, and one pit every eight inches in the drill, covered 
two inches deep. Varieties are continued by budding on the wild 
plum (which is best) the peach and almond. In light soils, the 
peach answers a very good purpose, but for strong, rich soils, the 
plum is best. 

Soil, Hardihood, and Cultivation. The soil should be well 
drained ; but in our clear, sunny clime, a warm, sandy soil is not 
essential. The long, hard shell variety is hardy, and productive 
in the middle, and portions of the northern States ; while South, the 
soft shell, or ladies' almond, is grown without difficulty. The 
cultivation needed is same as that of the peach. 

Uses. The kernel of the sweet almond is esteemed as an article 
of food, and used in confectionery, cookery, and perfumery. Bitter 
almonds are used in medicine, furnishing somewhat of the prussic 
acid of the shops. 



46 THE ALMOND. 

VARIETIES. 
CLASS I. Varieties worthy cultivation. 

Long Hard Shell. 

Long Hard Shell Almond, | Amandier a gros fruit , [ Amandier a gros fruit doux. 

Flowers, large, pale rose color, opening before the leaves ; stone, 
about as large as the soft shell, but the kernel larger and plumper ; 
very hardy ; ripens about last September. 

Languedoc. 

Great-fruited sweet, | Great Soft Shell, | Large Persian 

The trees are hardy, but its fruiting qualities we do not know 
It is said to be very large and sweet. 

Soft Shell Sweet. 



Ladies' Thin Shell, 
Sultan a coque tendre, 
Amandier des Dames, 



Soft Shell Sweet Almond, 
Doux a coque tendre, 
Amandier a coque tendre, 

Ou Amande Princesse. 

This is the variety common in the shops of the confectioners, wtih 
a shell so thin as to be easily crushed between the fingers ; and 
the kernel of which is so generally esteemed at the dessert. The 
flowers open at same time with the leaves, and are deeply tinged 
with red. Fruit, oval, compressed; nut, oval-pointed, one-sided, 
tender shell ; kernel, sweet ; ripens in August, or in July at the 
South, where it is only adapted. 

CLASS III. Varieties unworthy Cultare. 
Common Almond. 

Common Sweet, | Amandier a petit Fruit, | Amande Commune. 

A variety usually found in nurseries, inferior to the Long Hard Shell. 
Sultana Sweet Almond. 

Amande Sultane, | Sultan. 

A tender-shelled variety, inferior to the Soft Shelled Sweet. 

Pistachia Sweet. 

Amande Pistache. 
Small, pointed, inferior fruit. 

Peach Almond. 

Pecher, | Amandier Pecher. 

A cross between the Peach and Almond. Nearly sweet — often bitter. 

Bitter Almond. 
Differing from the common Almond in its bitter kernel. 



THE APKIOOT. 

Armeniaca vulgaris — Dec. Rosacce of Botanists. 

The common apricot is a fruit tree in occasional, but not general 
cultivation. It is of olden date, having been mentioned by Colu- 
mella, and, afterward, by Pliny and Dioscorides. The latter describes 
it as known in Italy under the name prcccocvi ; while the former 
mentions, that it was introduced into that country about the six- 
teenth year of the Christian era. Thunberg describes it as abound- 
ing in Japan, and attaining the size of a large spreading tree. " The 
Chinese," says Grossier, " have many varieties, which they cultivate 
both for ornament and use." The barren mountains west of Pekin, 
are described by the same author, as being covered with these trees. 
And Professor Pallas states it to be " a native of almost the whole 
range of the Caucasus." It is, also, stated to be from Armenia and 
Arabia, and its name, derived from the Arabic, berkoche, whence the 
Tuscan, bacoche or albicocco, and the English, apricock, and, finally, 
apricot, about the end of the last century. Coxe, in his work, pub- 
lished in 1817, says of the apricot, " This fruit is extremely tender, 
in our severe winters in exposed or open situations, unprotected by 
a wall." And similar statements have been made by writers, from 
time to time, until, on account of this erroneous impression, of late 
years, its cultivation has been too much neglected. It is not more 
tender as a tree than our sweet cherries ; and, contrary to general 
statements, they do not require sheltered southern positions ; for in 
climates like ours, such situations are the most objectionable, tend- 
ing suddenly to excite or check the circulation of sap, expanding and 
breaking the tissue of liber, often destroying the tree in an hour, 
during the months of February or March, although not, perhaps, 
apparent, until the flow of sap commences returning toward the root, 
in June or July following. Northern or eastern exposures are best, 
but, in southern or western positions, shielding the bodies and lower 
limbs with cotton cloth dipped in whitewash, will often act as*a 
preventive. The trees should be shortened-in "freely, as with the 
peach; and standards should always be grown more in manner of 
round-headed dwarfs, than otherwise ; for if so grown, injury to the 
fruit fi om late spring frosts, can often be prevented, by covering 
them with a cloth. 

Propagation. The apricot is generally propagated by budding 



48 THE APRICOT. 

on the plum. The small, yellow wild plum of oar Western States 
makes one of the best stocks for it. Some use the peach, which 
answers very well on light, sandy soils, but generally gives too 
much tendency to wood growth rather than producing fruit. The 
seeds grow readily, and pits from isolated trees often produce very 
good sorts ; few, however, ever get into notice, from not surpassing 
the parent in size, although often proving more hardy and produc- 
tive. Budding into the limbs of a standard peach, or plum-tree, has 
been thought to add hardihood to the apricot. 

Soil and Diseases. Deep, strong, loamy, but not wet soils, are 
best adapted to successful fruiting the apricot ; although they are 
often grown readily and beautifully on light sand. In the latter 
case, however, it requires mulching or free watering, otherwise the 
tree ripens its wood a^d drops its fruit before fully matured. 

The diseases belonging to the apricot as a tree are only the result 
of exposure, as stated previously ; but the fruit is a favorite of the 
curculio, and frequently destroyed ere half grown. Trees trained 
against buildings and near walks are often exempt from attacks of 
this insect. 

Uses. " A very handsome and delicious dessert fruit, only inferior 
to the peach, ripening about midsummer, after cherries and before 
plums, at a season when it is peculiarly acceptable. For preserving 
in sugar or brandy, for jellies or pastries, it is highly esteemed, and, 
where it is abundant, an admirable liquor is made from the fruit ; 
it is also dried for winter use." It is also used, when partially grown, 
in the preparation of tarts. 

VARIETIES. 

CLASS I. Worthy General Cultivation. 

Breda. 

Amande Aveline, Ananas, 

DcHollande, I Persique, 

Hasselnussmandel. 

This old variety withstands severe frosts in spring, is hardy as a 
tree, a good grower, productive although small, and hangs well, even 
after ripe. Fruit, small, roundish, often approaching four-sided ; 
suture, well marked ; skin, orange, becoming rich brownish orange 
in the sun ; flesh, deep orange, parting freely from the stone, 
juicy, rich, and high-flavored ; stone, small, roundish, compressed ; 
kernel, sweet. Season, first of August. 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 49 

Early Golden. 

Dubois' Early Golden, | Dubois' Early Golden Apricot. 

Raised by Charles Dubois, Fishkill Landing, N. Y. Tree, thrifty 
yet close wood, hardy, productive, and said to bear considerable of 
late frosts without injury to the blossom. 

Fruit, small, one and a quarter inch diameter, roundish oval, 
narrow suture ; skin, smooth, pale orange ; flesh, orange, moder- 
ately juicy and sweet, but not high flavor ; separates from the stone ; 
kernel, sweet. Season, 10th to 15th July. Very valuable as a 
market variety. 

Large Early. 

Gros Precoce, I De St. Jean Rouge, 
De St. Jean, | Gros D' Alexandria, 
Gros Freche, 

This proves to be the finest large early apricot known, and an 
abundant bearer : foliage, large, leaves, tapering toward the foot- 
stalks, with little ear-like appendages in place of glands. 

Fruit, medium size, oblong compressed ; suture, deep ; skin , 
downy, pale orange in the shade ; fine bright orange with a few 
ruddy spots in the sun ; flesh, pale orange, rich, juicy, separates 
freely from the stone ; stone, brown, much flattened, oval, perfora- 
ted along the back from base to apex ; kernel, bitter. Season, 
10th to 15th July. 

MOORPARK. 



Anson's, 
Dunmore, 

Sudlow's Moorpark, 
Oldaker's Moorpark, 
De Nancy, 
Anson's Imperial, 
Peche, 
Peche Gros, 



Temple's, 
Dunmore's Breda, 
Hunt's Moorpark, 
Walton Moorpark, 
Peach, 
Royal Peach, 
Abricot Peche, 
Wurtemburg. 



This variety has its name from Moorpark, the seat of Sir William 
Temple, who began gardening in England about 1672, and previous 
to his decease, in 1698, this variety was cultivated. Moderate bearer. 
Fruit, large, roundish, about two and a quarter inches diameter 
each way, larger on one side of the suture than the other ; skin, 
orange in the shade, but deep orange or brownish red in the sun, 
marked with numerous carmine specks and dots ; flesh, firm, bright 
orange, parting free from the stone, quite juicy, with a rich and lus- 
cious flavor ; stone, uneven, peculiarly perforated along the back 

3 



50 THE APRICOT. 

where a pin may be pushed through nearly from one end to the 
other ; kernel, bitter. Season, early in August. 

We have been unable to detect any difference between the Moor- 
park and Peach apricot, and have therefore made the Peach a syno- 
nym of Moorpark. 

CLASS If. Adapted to certain Localities ; or, Gardens of Amateurs, 

New and untested. 

Burlington. 

This variety originated at Burlington, N. J., from a seed of the Peach 
Apricot planted by Mrs. Sarah Woolman in 1838. Native soil, poor 
gravel. Tree, vigorous, young wood reddish. Fruit, medium size, oblong, 
somewhat compressed at sides, with distinct suture ; skin, golden yellow, 
with red spots, and a ruddy cheek in sun ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, fine 
flavor ; stone, rough, perforated. Season, last of July. 

Brown's Early. 

Origin Chelsea, Mass. Fruit, large, short oval, yellow, bright red cheek; 
flesh, yellow, melting, rich, juicy, luscious flavor. Season, middle to last 
July. 

Hemskirke. 

A foreign variety, ripening at same time as the Peach Apricot. Tree 
very short jointed wood. Fruit, above medium, roundish, compressed; 
skin, orange, with a brownish red cheek ; flesh, bright clear orange, tender , 
juicy, rich flavor ; stone, small; kernel, partially bitter. Season, last of July. 

Kaisha. 

From Syria, new, and but recently introduced into this country. The 
Journal of the London Horticultural Society, describes it as " roundish, 
semi-transparent, skin slightly downy, pale citron color in shade, tinged, 
and marked with red in sun. Flesh, tender, juicy, citron color, sugary 
and delicious, parting freely from the stone, which is small roundish, with 
a sweet kernel." 

Large Red. 

Under this name we received a tree three years since, but it has not 
yet fruited. Mr. Downing, in the Horticulturist, speaks of it as large, 
round, dark orange red, sweet, and juicy. 

Musch. 

Mu9chMu3ch, } D' Alexandrie, 
Gros Musch. 

This variety takes its name from the city of Musch, on the frontiers 



ADAPTED TO CERTAIN LOCALITIES. 51 

of Turkey in Asia. The Moorpark is often sent out for this variety ; and 
80, receiving it from three different sources, we for a long time supposed 
them identical. The true variety is not of quite as strong growth as 
Moorpark, wood being very short jointed. Fruit, medium, roundish, 
about one and a half inch in diameter ; skin, rich yellow, with orange red 
spots and marblings on the sunny side ; flesh, yellow, tender, melting, 
sweet; kernel, sweet. Season, last of July. 

Newhall's Early. 

Origin, Lynn, Mass. Fruit, medium, short, oval, bright orange, deep 
red cheek, tender, juicy, rich delicious flavor; clingstone; season, last July, 
early in August. (Cole.) 

Roman. 

Abricot Commun, Grosse Germine, 

Germine, | Transparent. 

A strong grower, hardy tree, suited to cold unfavorable situations ; good 
bearer ; poor flavor. Fruit, medium, oblong, compressed, pale yellow, 
dotted with a few red spots; flesh, dull yellow, soft, dry; stone, oblong; 
kernel, bitter ; season, first August. 

Royal. 

Abricot Royale. 

A French variety, with large leaves, and vigorous habit of growth. 
Fruit, above medium, roundish oval, slightly compressed, dull yellow, with 
a little red; flesh, pale orange, firm and juicy; last of July. 

Shipley's. 

Shipley's Large, | Blenheim. 

From England, a good grower, and productive. Fruit, large, oval, 
orange yellow, juicy, sweet; kernel, bitter; season, last July. 

Shaker Para. 

A variety not yet, to our knowledge, introduced. We have only seen 
it noticed in the journal of the London Hort. Society. Its name, meaning 
"bit of sugar," is the only description given. 

Turkey. 

Large Turkey, | Be Nancy. 

Fruit, medium, round, deep yellow in the shade, mottled with brownish 
orange in the sun; flesh, pale yellow, firm, juicy; kernel, sweet; seasoa, 
middle August. 

The Blotched Leaved Turkey, or Gold Blotched, is a sub-variety, in all 
respects resembling the common Turkey, except having most of the leaves 
more or less blotched with yellow. 



52 THE APRICOT. 

CLASS III. Varieties unworthy farther Culture. 
Alberge. 

Albergier. 

Fruifc, small, roundish, yellow, flesh, firm, vinous. Middle of August. 

Brussels. 

Fruit, medium, oval, compressed, pale yellow, with dark brown specks ; 
flesh, yellow, firm, brisk flavor. Middle of August. Kernel, bitter. 

Black. 

Purple, Noir, 

Angoumois, Violet, 

Du Pape. 

Fruit, small, resembling a plum, round, reddish violet, or purple; flesh, tender, 
juicy, adhering to the stone, astringent ; kernel, sweet. August. George 
Hoadley, Esq., informs us that this variety has been brought from Germany 
under name of " Hamburgh Apricot,'- probably from Booth's nursery, near 
Hamburgh. 

Orange. 

Early Orange, Royal George, 

Royal Orange, Persian, 

Royal Persian. 

Fruit, medium, roundish, orange color, with a ruddy tint in the sun ; flesh, 
dark orange, dry, insipid ; kernel, sweet. Middle July. 

Red Masculine. 

Early Masculine, Abricot Precoce, 

Brown Masculine, Abricotier Hatif, 

Abricotier. 

Fruit, small, round, yellow, spotted with dark red on the sunny side ; flesh, 
yellow, poor flavor ; kernel, bitter. Season, middle July. 

White Masculine. 

White Apricot, Abricotier Blanc, 

Abricot Blanc, Early White Masculine, 

White Algiers. 

Differing from the above only in its color, and ripening a few days later. 



THE APPLE. 

Pyrus Malus, L. — Rosacea of Botanists. 

Of all fruits natural to temperate climates the apple has ever 
had preference. The " crafle of graftynge, alterynge, and plantynge of 
fruits," was written on by a British writer in 1502, but it had then 
long received the attention of " wise men of the East," and had 
arrived to all the perfection of the present day ; the art of producing 
and propagating varieties, probably, being then as well understood 
as now, except however, as compared to the population, by a less 
number of persons. A native, in its wild state, of this country and 
of Europe, it is generally understood, that, from the variety pyrus 
malus of Lindley, our cultivated sorts have originated. Twenty- 
two varieties are the number first mentioned and named by Roman 
writers ; these have increased, until now probably 2000 would not 
include the whole number named and partially or wholly de 
scribed. 

To the labors of Thompson, Downing, Thomas and others, as 
well as of local and national Pomological Societies, we owe much 
in aid toward winnowing from this immense number, the wheat 
from the chaff; and yet such is the extent of our country, and the 
habit of all our pioneer settlers to sow seeds of the best apples, 
that we are yearly in the production of vast numbers of new seed- 
lings, adapted mainly only to their own locality, but occasionally of 
such excellence as to warrant their general introduction. It is 
owing to this, that, notwithstanding pomological writers are daily 
condemning, our list of esteemed varieties is constantly swelling, to 
the almost utter confounding of the seeker after a knowledge rela- 
tive to " what varieties to plant." 

Orcharding in its profits pecuniary, as relating to the apple, has 
become well understood, and no one, who has land in any way 
suited now hesitates to plant. We have no certain data, but think 
we do not overstate when we say, that, besides large quantities im- 
ported from Eastern States, there are propagated and planted annually 
over 6,000,000 trees in the States of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, 
Illinois, and Wisconsin. The Western country is already pro- 
ducing by millions of bushels, and her " orchards," so to speak, are 
not yet planted. Such is the value placed on fruit, such the rapid 
increase of people in cities, that no one should be at all deterred 



64 THE APPLE. 

from continued planting ; for, we have not only the wants of in- 
creased population of our own land to supply, but that of foreign 
countries. Already our fruits are sent to England and other distant 
shores, and eagerly sought for and purchased at what would here 
be termed high prices. Although the Newtown pippin as sent from 
the Pell orchard on the Hudson River, has done much toward 
establishing our reputation abroad, we anticipate an advance in good- 
favor, when the same variety grown on our Southern Ohio, Kentucky, 
Indiana and Illinois soils, shall be shown ; for certainly they are, like 
all our Western growths, when compared with those of the East, 
far superior in size. 

The duration of the apple when worked and grown on a healthy 
seedling stock, was regarded by Mr. Knight, of celebrity hi horticul- 
ture, at 200 years ; yet trees are recorded as being over 1000 years 
old, and in annual healthy fruiting condition. So also Mr. Knight 
regarded " many varieties" as in his time " already on the decline," 
which Coxe, in his "View of Fruit Trees" published in 1817, says 
" grow and appear more healthy than any variety in the orchard." 
Trees of over 200 years are known, in this country, to be healthy 
and yearly producing their abundance of fine fair fruit. 

The puberty or fruit bearing age of the apple tree varies accord 
ing to variety, climate, and cultivation. In the rich deep soils, and 
under the clear sun of our western states, most varieties come into 
bearing at about eight years from the bud ; or about four or five 
years from planting out. We speak here only of the cultivated 
varieties. Wild seedlings would probably require from twelve to 
fifteen years. 

Propagation — By sqeds. These should be selected if intended for 
stocks to work varieties upon, from native seedling trees of strong, 
vigorous, healthy growth. The common practice is to visit a cider 
mill in the months of October or November and take therefrom in- 
discriminately such as first come to hand ; but he who desires to grow 
fine healthy trees had much better purchase the apples from such 
trees as we describe, and, if he choose, take them to the press himself. 
The seed should be entirely separated from the pumice or pulp, al- 
though much of it will grow if spread immediately on the land thinly 
and plowed in lightly ; but this is a coarse unworkmanlike method. 
To free it from the pulp, take a coarse sieve, and after it has lain upon 
boards for forty-eight hours, proceed to sift it ; the next process, is 
washing in tubs, when most of the pulp which passed through the 
sieve will rise to the top of the water and may be taken off. If the 
ground is ready it may now be sown, the ground being made rich 
in vegetable, or partially mixed with well rotted animal manure, 
trenched or plowed twenty inches deep ; sow the seed in drills of 
about one foot wide and two feet between each drill ; scatter the 



BUDDING. 55 

seed so that when it grows there will be one plant lo every two 
inches and cover with about one inch of earth, and one inch of leaf 
mould, or tan bark, or sawdust. Fresh raw manure induces insects, 
and consequently diseased roots. If the seed is intended for ship- 
ment or keeping over until the spring planting, boxes not over six 
inches deep should be procured with holes made in the bottom for 
drainage, and then the seed packed in shallow layers with sand or 
moss, and placed in the open air on the north side of some building 
or fence. 

By Grafting. All of the modes described in previous pages are 
used in propagating the apple. Seedling stocks of diameter at 
crown of from one quarter to three-eighths inch are the best ; these 
are generally obtained from seedlings of one year's growth in our 
rich western soils; they should be dug up, have their side roots 
trimmed to within one inch of the main root, and that cut off to about 
eight inches; the graft should then be inserted, in the whip or tongue 
method, just at the crown or union of top and root The same 
course may be adopted with seedlings in the ground, with excep- 
tion of shortening the roots. 

Grafting on small pieces of roots, may answer for the growing 
of some varieties in the nursery ; but very few, when removed, are 
found to have made much but small fibrous roots ; and when planted 
in the orchard, require staking for years, and rarely ever make good 
trees. The practice has been largely followed, but is now condemned 
by most nurserymen, and that of grafting only on the whole of a root, 
as first mentioned, advised. Cleft grafting is generally pursued on 
trees of large size in the orchard, and may be done in October or 
November often with as good success as in spring. 

Nurserymen generally practise taking up the seedling trees late in 
autumn, and heeling them in, as it is termed, viz., covering them, 
when laid down at an angle of 452, with earth. This is done in the 
cellar or root house, from whence they are taken and grafted in 
February and March, and repacked in boxes just deep enough to 
allow one inch of sand on the bottom ; and the stock grafted just 
coming level with the tops, sand is mixed intimately among them, 
covering all of root and union of graft. They are then set away in 
a cool place, but free from frost, until the day of planting. 

By Budding. This course, from the immense demand for trees 
and the more ready and extended propagation by means of roots, 
has almost been discarded during the past six or eight years. Bud- 
ding is now again, however, coming into favor. Stocks for bud- 
ding should be thrifty, of about half inch diameter, and the bud, 
inserted about four to six inches above the ground, and as much on 
the north side of the stock as possible. The time when, is usually 



56 THE APPLE. 

the month of August, varying from early to late in month, as the 
location is South or North, and the season early or late. 

By layers and cuttings. This course is only pursued to increase 
the quantity of stocks of the Paradise apple on which to dwarf 
varieties. Some growers, however, west, have reputation for increas- 
ing largely, and making fine saleable trees more rapidly by means 
of layers,- than otherwise : we have never seen them. 

Cutting of Scions. These may be cut at any time from the fall 
of the leaf in October, to the swelling of the bud in spring — 
always, however, taking care that there is no frost in the wood at the 
time of cutting. We consider the best time late in the fall, when 
they may be packed in moss, damped, and wrapped in oil silk, laid 
in a cool cellar, where they will usually keep well until spring. The 
wood of the past season's growth is that required, and best to cut, if 
possible, from bearing trees. When the cuttings are not made until 
toward spring, a black and diseased appearance at the pith will oft 
be seen in those of vigorous growth. This, while it would, perhaps, 
be of no moment on the original tree, sometimes is thought to lessen 
the vitality and success of the scion. 

Selection of Trees from a Nursery. Trees of thrifty, not over 
luxuriant habit, five to seven feet high, three years from bud or graft, 
with branches from three feet up, well formed into rounded heads, 
are worth double the price of trees six years old, ten and twelve 
feet high, without a branch within eight feet of the ground. It 
should, however, always be recollected by the purchaser, that all 
varieties have not the same habit and regular form of growth ; that 
while a nursery-man can supply a tree of the Baldwin, straight, and 
just to the fancy, he may often find it difficult, nay, impossible, to 
do so with the Fall Wine, American Pearmain, and many other 
varieties at the same age. All this should be remembered by 
the purchaser, and in his selection be guided more by the stocky 
pyramidal form of the stem, and the position of branches, rather 
than height of tree. 

Influence of Climate and location. Climate, as we have said on a 
previous page, has no farther influence than to enhance maturity and 
vigor as we go South ; but location, in its preventing of injury from 
frosts or severe cold, is quite another thing, and deserving the 
attention of every planter. Too often do we see orchards planted 
out in the rich level valley of a farm, when the hills around are 
neglected. Too often on small farms is this done also, to the loss 
comparatively of the best piece of plow land, when, had the planter 
known that trees planted on his hills would have been more hardy, 
and have produced fruit five years to every three when grown in the 



TRANSPLANTING AND DISTANCES. 57 

valley, he would have, without doubt, made his orchard on his hills. 
There are some parts of the West, and very much at the East* 
where the hills are entirely unsuited to the plow ; yet by planting 
with trees, and digging around until of twelve or more years old 
they will make the most profitable of orchards. 

On the prairies, a belt of trees ground the orchard is considered 
of great benefit in protecting from the sweeping winds, sometimes 
destructive to fruit and tree Here also the selection of the highest 
knolls and oak groves is fouad best for success in fruit growing. 

Influence of Stock and hardihood. Recently there has been much 
speculation respecting the hardihood as well as bearing of budded 
or grafted trees, all of which has doubtless arisen from the indis- 
criminate use of small pieces of roots. That budding will be found 
in the main any better than the grafting process, when performed, 
as advised, at the crown, and on the whole of a seedling root, we are 
disposed to doubt, although many good orchardists now favor it. 
The only point we can see in its favor is the comparative hardihood 
of the stock as compared with that of the variety intended to be 
grown : this will in some varieties make budding the preferable 
mode, as it is now well known that some, indeed most, of the strong 
rapid-growing sorts, of northern or eastern origin, are somewhat dis- 
posed to " bark burst" near the ground, and to remedy this, budding 
will be adopted. But again, all seedlings are not alike hardy al- 
though as a whole, more so than worked varieties ; and undoubtedly 
cultivated sorts may be found, which, if worked as grafts on whole 
roots, and again re-worked at three feet from the ground, would en- 
sure as much hardihood as is in the nature of trees ; yet this will 
never be practised to any considerable extent, on account of its ex- 
pense in the growing a tree. That the habit of bearing will be in 
creased or lessened by budding or grafting, as we advise, is also 
another feature at this time in dispute, but we can see nothino- to 
favor it, except the fact that trees budded do produce better than 
roots grafted on the old common indiscriminate practice of using 
anything in shape of a piece of root, depending on the richness of 
soil to create from it a tree for sale. For other remarks on influ- 
ence of stock, see previous pages. 

Transplanting and distances. Trees when taken from the nursery 
should have their roots immediately covered in the ground, on ar- 
riving at their destination. Often trees are left out over night on 
wagons, subject to severe cold and frost, by which they are not al- 
ways ruined, but frequently so far injured as to check their entire 
growth one season. We do not like the practice of shortening back 
the tops of apple trees where they have been taken up with care ; but 
as usually dug it is requisite to success that the top be shortened 
2* 



58 THE APPLE. 

back to correspond with the diminished root. One reason for ob- 
jecting to the shortening in, is, that it has a tendency to start the top 
of the tree too thick, and we prefer with the apple to thin out, rather 
than increase the number of branches. 

The mode of how to plant has been written on a previous 
page. 

The distance apart, for an apple orchard, depends very much on 
the soil and the variety — rich deep soils requiring a greater dis- 
tance than those of shallow depth, and inferior quality. And of 
varieties, such as the Harvest, American Pearmain, Lady Ap- 
ple and other stocky or upright growing sorts, twenty-five feet 
apart would be sufficient; while the Baldwin, Gravenstein, Sweet 
Bough, &c., or those of rapid broad growth, would need, on rich soil, 
forty feet. 

Soil and Manures. Of the soil, it is impossible to designate any 
one that will suit all varieties ; we therefore, in our text descriptive 
designate the principal character of the soil suited to each. " All 
deciduous trees require a considerable proportion of potash for the 
elaboration of their juices in the leaves, and are prosperous, or 
otherwise, in proportion to plentiful or scanty supply of that sub- 
stance in the soil. Liebig has shown that the acids generated in 
plants are always in union with alkaline or earthy bases, and cannot 
be produced without their presence. * * * Now, the apple tree du- 
ring its development, produces a great quantity of acid ; and there- 
fore in a corresponding degree, requires alkaline, and probably, 
earthy bases alone, as an indispensable condition to the existence of 
fruit." 

" It cannot be denied that ammonia, and also the humus of decay- 
ing dung, must have some influence on the growth of the tree in 
such soils, and also in the development of the fruit ; but it is most 
certain, at the same time, that these alone would be perfectly ineffi- 
cient for the production of the fruit without the co-operation of the 
alkaline bases. The size, and perhaps the flavor of the fruit may be 
somewhat affected by the organic part of the manure, but its very 
existence depends upon the presence in the soil of a sufficient quan- 
tity of those inorganic or mineral substances which are indispensable 
to the formation of acids." 

"The analysis of the apple (fruit) shows in 100 lbs. of ashes, de- 
prived of carbonic acid, about 13 lbs. of phosphoric acid, 7 lbs. of 
sulphuric acid, 38 lbs. of potash, and 25 lbs. of soda ; these four 
bodies forming about 83 per cent, of the whole ash :" while analysis 
of the ash of the wood exhibits about 16 per cent, of potash, 19 of 
lime, and 17 of phosphate of lime ; and in the ash of the bark, 
about 5 per cent, of potash, 50 per cent of lime, and 3 of phosphate 
of lime. Another analysis gives 45 per cent, of lime in the asli of 



INSECTS AND DISEASES. 59 

the wood. From these it is apparent that on most of our western 
soils, application of lime and potash will be found requisite to the 
production of healthy wood and fruit. Upon much of the heavily 
timbered lands of the west, which have been cut and burned, the 
ashes from, the burned wood has furnished all the lime and potash 
requisite to success for a certain length of time ; but, already, there 
are orchards in Ohio, where application of lime and potash in the form 
of wood ashes or otherwise, is required in order to retain health of 
trees, and perfection in fruit. The western prairie soils require these 
only ; of all other ingredients they are naturally abundantly sup- 
plied, and application of animal manure is not needed. 

Cultivation. Cultivation of the soil of a young orchard is as req- 
uisite to success as cultivation of a crop of corn ; but while the trees 
should be kept free from weeds, suckers, insects, and the like, they 
should not be so stimulated by application of animal or liquid ma- 
nures as to induce rank growth. All such over-supply of stimulus 
induces a degree of tenderness in the constitution, early fruitfulness 
and consequent early decay. We recall to mind as we write, two 
orchards planted about thirty-five years since, one of which has 
always been highly, even excitingly, cultivated, and is now decay 
ing ; while the other has been more regularly and moderately 
grown, and is now in a healthy fruiting state. All crops besides 
wheat, rye, oats, and clover, may be grown in an orchard. Pota- 
toes, peas, and corn are most advisable. 

Pruning. The pruning of the apple, as an orchard tree, if an- 
nually attended, is but a light task ; it should consist mainly of 
cutting away all branches that have a tendency to cross or overlap 
one another — to stop back side limbs that are apparently drawing 
too rapidly and creating irregular form, and to cut out rank shoots. 
This is the main of orchard pruning, after the heads are once formed, 
as they shoi*ld be at planting, or the first year thereafter, by cutting 
to a regular rounded form. Some varieties produce their fruit upon 
short spurs on the limbs ; others on the extreme ends of slender 
shoots of previous year's growth, and must be pruned with refer- 
ence thereto ; others, again, naturally grow upright and thick, these 
require thinning out ; while others, are of straggling rampant habit, 
requiring only the checking of branches at ends to maintain an even- 
ly balanced tree ; these qualities will be found partially noted in our 
descriptions of varieties. For the art of pruning, to create particu- 
lar forms for the garden, and of dwarf trees, we refer our readers to 
a previous chapter. 

Insects and diseases. Of insects injurious to fruit trees, western 
cultivators have, until within a few years, been comparatively ex- 



60 THE APPLE. 

empt ; they are now, however, through the great amount of imports 
tions of trees from the Eastern States, becoming numerous and 
troublesome. 

The Borer, (Saperda bivittaia), is yet little known ; a few instances 
only of its appearance West have been noticed. It is an insect that 
should be watched and checked on its first appearance. It is de- 
structive, not only to the apple, but the quince, thorn, mountain ash, 
suffer equally. The perfect insect is a brown and white striped 
beetle, about half an inch long, which, flying at night, may be de- 
stroyed in the month of June by building bonfires in the orchard. 
In its larvae state, in which it does its work of destruction, it is a 
fleshy white grub, which enters the tree at the collar, just at the sur- 
face of the ground, girdling or perforating the wood to such an ex- 
tent as often to cause death before its attack is noticed, except by 
the careful observing orchardist ; the small round holes from which 
dust is ejected indicate its presence. Some cut out the worm with 
a knife, others use a barbed wire, which is either thrust into the hole 
and destroys the worm, or on withdrawing brings it out. Downing 
advises as a preventive, washing the bodies of trees with the follow- 
ing mixture : " one pint of sulphur, one gallon soft soap, and suffi- 
cient tobacco water to reduce to the consistence of paint." 

The Caterpillar, (Clisiocampa Americana,) or common orchard 
Caterpillar, has been long know T n as destructive of the foliage of 
orchards. This, says Thomas, is hatched in spring as soon as the 
leaf buds begin to open. At this time, it is not the tenth of an inch, 
long, nor so large as a cambric needle, but it continues to increase 
constantly in size for several weeks, until two inches long, and a 
quarter of an inch in diameter. It then spins a cocoon, and passes 
to the pupa state. In the latter part of summer, it comes out a 
yellowish brown miller, lays its eggs, and dies. The eggs are 
deposited in cylinders or rings, containing three to five hundred each, 
encircling the smaller branches, and usually within a few inches of 
the extremity. They remain through winter, protected from the 
weather by a vesicular water-proof varnish, and hatch in spring, 
as just stated. Each collection of eggs makes a nest of caterpillars." 

A mode for their destruction, is to cut off the small branches 
which hold the eggs, during autumn or winter, and burn them. Those 
that escape this mode, may be destroyed in May and June by 
attaching a sponge or round brush to a pole, and saturating the first 
with spirits of ammonia, turn it around among their nests. For 
this work, one hour in the morning early, is worth four at any other 
time in the day. 

The Canker Worm, (Anisopteryx pometaria.) This insect we 



INSECTS AND DISEASES. 61 

have never seen West until the present season. It is not confined to 
the apple, but, if anything, it prefers the elm to all others. 

"The male is a moth, with pale, ash-colored wings, with a. black 
dot, a little more than an inch across. The female is wingless, oval, 
dark ash-colored above, and gray beneath. 

The worm usually rises out of the ground very early in the 
spring, as soon as the ground is free from frost, though a few find 
their way up in the autumn. The females having no wings, climb 
slowly up the trunks of the trees, while the winged males hover 
about to pair with them. Very soon after this/if we examine the 
trees, we shall see the eggs, of which every female lays some sixty 
or a hundred, glued over, closely arranged in rows, and placed in the 
forks of branches, and among the young twigs. About the twen- 
tieth of May, these eggs are hatched, and the canker worms, dusky- 
brown, or ash-colored, with a yellow stripe, make their appearance, 
and commence preying upon the foliage." 

The remedies preventive of their injuries, are, a belt of canvass 
saturated, with tar and train oil, and encircling the body of the tree. 
Another is a leaden trough, encircling the body, secured by wooden 
wedges between it and tree, and filled with oil. Another, is spading 
up the ground underneath all trees on which they appear, in the fall, 
and dressing liberally with lime. Another, is bands of straw and 
cotton batting tied around the tree, and examined daily to kill all 
that have become entangled therein. 

The Apple Moth, (Carpocapsa pomonana,) is the insect which 
disfigures so many^of our apples and pears, causing them to fall 
prematurely from the tree. The moth has a head and thorax of 
brown mingled with grey, fore wings light grey and brown, and a 
dark brown oval spot on the hinder margin. In the months of June 
and July, they deposit their eggs in the eye or blossom end of the 
fruit ; these hatch in a few days, and the worm, a reddish white grub, 
eats its way to the core, soon after which the apple falls to the 
ground, when the worm leaves and seeks shelter and protection in the 
crevices and underneath the rough bark of the tree, where it spins a 
white web-like cocoon, and remains until the next season. 

Remedies. Keeping the bodies well scraped, and annually washed 
with lye- water early in spring, picking up all the fruit as fast as it 
falls, or letting swine run in the orchard to eat it. Old cloths or 
tufts of grass, laid in the branches of the trees, attract them, from 
whence the cocoons may easily be destroyed. 

The Bark Louse, a species of coccus or scale insect, is of a brown 
color, about one tenth of an inch in length, of oblong oval form, 
attaching itself to the branches, and injuring the tree by sucking the 



62 THE APPLE. 

sap. It is destroyed by strong lye-water, by whale oil soap, or a 
mixture of lime soft soap and water, of the consistence of common 
whitewash, and applied to the bark with a hard brush, in winter or 
early spring. 

The Wooly Aphis, {Aphis lanigera) makes its appearance in the 
form of minute white down, in the crotches and crevices of branches. 
It is easily destroyed by washing the tree with ley-water, lime wash, 
or whale oil soap. A good wash for all insects is made of, say five 
gallons of weak ley, one pound powdered sulphur, and four ounces 
soot, or "lamp black," thoroughly mixed. 

The blight or blackening and decay of terminal shoots we have 
elsewhere written on, and refer thereto. Boring holes in the trees, 
and plugging them with sulphur, are about as remedial as whistling 
to the moon. 

Rust on the surface of the leaf is a disease said to affect some of 
the older plantations in Southern Ohio. We have never seen it, but 
suspect from accounts, that it is caused from an unhealthy state of 
the tree in exhaustion of elements in the soil, and therefore a result 
not a cause of disease. 

Of terms used in description of varieties. — Thomas, in his " Fruit 
Culturist," has the most perfect explanation of terms in general use 
in the description of fruits, form of trees, etc., as yet published. We 
therefore adopt most of them, in order to continue uniformity. These 
terms, as applied to the growth of tree, in its shoots, has refer- 
ence mainly to young trees, and comparatively, as follows : Erect, 
.as in the Early Strawberry. Diverging, as in the Domine, or Rib- 
ston Pippin. Spreading, as in Rhode Island Greening. Droop- 
ing, when they fall below the horizontal, which many spreading trees 
assume, as they grow into the larger branches of older trees. As- 
cending, when they curve upwards, as in Gravenstein. Irregular, 
as in black Gillifiower. Straggling, similar to preceding, but 
more slender and curved, as in Jonathan. Straight, as in Northern 
Spy. Stout, as in Red Astrachan. 

" The color of the shoots varies greatly in the same variety at dif- 
ferent periods of the year, as well as with different degrees of ex- 
posure to the sun, and with a change of soil, climate, and season. 
When fresh, or very young, all have a greenish color, but gradually 
assume various shades of yellow, olive, brown, red, purple, and 
nearly black, as the season advances, and as they become bare, and 
are exposed to the sun and weather. For this reason, in describing 
the color, the terms must be relative, and can only be correctly ap- 
plied by a comparison at the time with the color of other sorts. 



FORMS OF THE APPLE. 



63 



During winter, and early in the spring, the shoots of most trees be- 
come so much darker than at other times, that it is only practice 
and by placing the different sorts side by side, that accuracy may be 
obtained. Skilful culturists will readily distinguish, by a glance at the 
color of shoots, many of the kinds they cultivate ; but the peculiar 
cast is hard to describe in words, in the same way that it is impos- 
sible to describe the hand-writing of an individual, so as to be known 
from fifty others, although many can, at a glance, know the penman- 
ship of hundreds of different persons. A few of the most strongly 
marked cases, however, present peculiarities of color which form use- 
ful points of distinction. No one for instance, could easily mistake 
the yellow shoots of the Bartlett and Dix pears, for the dark brown 
or purple of the Tyson and Forelle ; or the light greenish cast of the 
Bough and Sine Qua Non apples, for the dark color of the Northern 
Spy, or dark brown of the Baldwin ; nor the downy or greyish ap- 
pearance of the Ladies Sweeting and Esopus Spitzenburg, for the 
clear shining brown of the Gravenstein and Red Astrachan." 

The color of the leaves may sometimes assist in description, as 
light greeiv in the Yellow Bell-flower and Rambo ; deep green, as in 
the Rhode Island Greening ; bluish green, as in Peck's Pleasant. 

Forms of the Apple. — In these we follow the general impression 
understood of terms by most horticulturists, and represented by 
Barry, from whom we extract : 

Bound or Roundish (fig. 29,) when the outline is round, or 
nearly so, the length being about equal to the breadth. 

Flat (fig. 30,) when the ends are compressed, and the width 
considerably greater than the length. 

Conical (fig 31,) in the form of a cone, tapering from the base 
to the eye. 

Ovate or Egg-shaped (fig. 32.) 

Oblong (fig. 33,) when the length is considerably greater than 
the width, and the width about equal at both ends, not tapering, as 
in the conical. 

In addition to these forms and their various modifications, some 
varieties are — 




64 THE APPLE. 




30 33 34 

Angular, having projecting angles on the sides. 

One sided, having one side larger than the other. 

Ribbed (34,) when the surface presents a series of ridges and fur- 
rows running from eye to stem. 

Of size — Small as in Gilpin, medium as in Fameuse, and large as 
in Rhode Island Greening. 

Of the meaning of many terms, as Calville, Pippin, Greening, &c, 
there seems to be no certain definition beyond that of accepted 
usage. Calville, generally intended to convey the idea of a fruit of 
light specific weight, and somewhat ribbed or furrowed, especially 
about the calyx. Pippin generally conveys the idea of a firm brittle 
texture of flesh, in the apple ; while Greening is understood to imply 
a breaking, tender character. Pearmain, to indicate a particular, 
roundish, conical form, with an aromatic perfume in the flesh. 

Uses. — The uses of the apple are so generally known, that it seems 
superfluous here to mention aught of them. Aside from table 
use, raw and cooked, making of cider, drying, &c, &c, the apple 
deserves more attention as food for animals ; analysis having shown 
that it is about equal to the potato in fattening properties. 

VARIETIES. 

CLASS I. Worthy General Cultivation. 

American Pearmain. 

American Summer Pearmain. | Watkin's Early. 

Early Summer Pearmain. 

This variety rarely ripens earlier than September, and we there- 
fore discard the word " summer." 

In the nursery, the growth of the tree is slow, and, as an orchard 
fruit, it will not " pay." It cannot, however, be dispensed with for 
supplying home wants, ripening gradually, as it does, during the whole 
of September. The trees require thinning out of small branches ; 
but, as it fruits mostly on the ends of branches, should never be 



WOETHY GENERAL CULTIVATION". 



65 



shortened back. It requires a deep, warm soil, well supplied with 
lime and potash, when it succeeds admirably in all sections. 




Size, medium ; form, roundish oblong, sometimes angular ; the 
form varies, and also size, as grown on top or bottom limbs, and in 
good or poor soil ; color, red, streaked and dotted with grayish 
yellow ; stem, medium, projecting about even with the surface ; 
cavity, narrow ; calyx, open, erect, slightly recurved ; basin, deep, 
round, smooth ; flesh, tender, subacid, — best ; core, small ; seeds, ovate 
pyriform. 

Autumn Strawberry. 



Late Strawberry. 



Strawberry. 



American : originated, Western New York. Size, medium, or 
rather below ; form, roundish ; color, light and dark red, streaked, 
and, in the sun, the dark red prevailing, and with a bloom like a 
plum ; stem, slender, medium length ; cavity, open, regular ; ca- 
lyx small, nearly closed ; basin, shallow, slightly ribbed ; flesh, 



66 THE APPLE. 




Autumn Bough. 

yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; core, medium ; seeds, 
large, full. Season, October. 

Autumn Sweet Bough. 

American : tree, vigorous, productive ; size, medium or above ; 
form, obtuse conical ; color, clear light yellow, with occasionally 
a russet blotch, and a few small russet dots ; stem, slender, curved 
to one side ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, closed with long seg- 
ments ; basin, ribbed or furrowed ; flesh, white, crisp, tender, deli- 
ciously sweet ; core, small ; seed cavity, hollow ; seed, plump, 
full. Season, September. 

Baldwin. 

Late Baldwin, I Woodpecker, 
Pecker, | Steeles Red Winter. 

American : originated in Massachusetts. This variety inclines to 
bitter or dry rot on soils deficient in lime and potash ; and for the 
western soils should be worked where intended to have the head 
commence. Tree, vigorous, upright, dark brown shoots, very pro- 
ductive. Our drawing was taken from an Eastern grown specimen, 
and is not more than one-half the size of this variety when grown in 
Illinois. 

Size, large ; form, roundish, narrowing a little to the calyx ; color, 
yellowish, nearly covered and striped with red, dotted with a few 
russet spots, and with radiating streaks of russet about the stem ; 
stem, three-fourths inch long, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; 



WOKTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



67 




basin, rather narrow, plaited; flesh, yellowish white, crisp tender, 
sub-acid; core, small, compact; capsules, ovate hollow; seeds, long 
ovate, pyriform. Season, December to March. 



Baltimore. 

Baltimore Pippin, | Cables Gillifknver. 




68 



THE AP.PLE. 



Origin unknown. Tree, thrifty, slender, very productive, on warm 
rich soils. Size, medium to large ; form, round ; color, light yellow, 
striped, and splashed with red, a little bronzed russet about the stem, 
and often a blue tinge marbled toward the stem resembling a bloom; 
stem, short ; cavity, open, deep, regular ; calyx, small, half open ; basin, 
shallow, regular; flesh, white, with a slight tinge of yellow, tender, 
crisp, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly; core, medium or small; seeds obo- 
vate pyriform. Season, December to March. This is distinct from 
the Baltimore, of Lindley, which is of pale lemon color, tinged with 
red, and with large open calyx. 

Bethlehemite. 




"This is a variety somewhat resembling the Newton Spitzenberg, 
and we have testimony of one or two who say they know it under 
that name. We are not, however, satisfied of their identity, and as 
the really good qualities of this fruit are such as to make it desira- 
ble in all collections, we have no hesitation in recommending it. 
Thus far all specimens w T e have seen were from trees grown in rich, 
loamy soils, and all we can learn of its history is that it came from 
Bethlehem, in Ohio. Size, medium ; form, roundish, flattened, 
tapering slightly to the apex ; color, pale yellow ground, striped and 
stained with two shades of bright red, dotted w T ith irregular shaped 
brown dots, some russet about the stem : calyx, medium, sometimes 
large ; basin, deep, broad, irregular, somewhat furrowed ; stem, short; 
cavity, narrow, irregular ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, with a mild 
sub-acid juice, and exceedingly pleasant flavor ; core, small, compact ; 
seeds, obovate, obtuse pyriform. Season, November to January, 
but keeps until April. Trees, upright, strong growers. 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



69 



Belmont. 

Gate, I White Apple, 

Mamma Beam, Kelley White, 

Golden Pippin of some, J Waxen of some. 




American. By some stated to have originated in Virginia, by 
others in Pennsylvania, and, on the authority of Prof. Kirtland, Mr. 
Downing in his first edition of " Fruits and Fruit Trees," made it 
synonymous with the " Waxen" of Coxe. As this is yet uncertain, 
we adopt the name by which the fruit is most largely known. 

Tree, healthy, vigorous, spreading, wood yellowish, good bearer, 
does not succeed on the alluvial soils of the West, but on all high, 
warm, or limestone soils does finely, and makes a large tree. 

Size, medium to large ; form, irregular, usually roundish, some- 
times oblong rounded. South it grows very large, and also West, 
on new rich soils in Wisconsin; but grown South its delicacy, fine 
grain and flavor are lost. Skin, thin, smooth, glossy, or oily ; color, 
rich clear light yellow ; at South with a few dark brown specks, and 
North with a clear vermillion red cheek, with carmine spots ; South 
slight russet marblings, and much of mould or fungus ; stem, me- 
dium length, projecting slightly beyond the surface, always slender ; 
calyx, varying from small and close to open and reflexed ; basin, 
from shallow to rather deep, always furrowed; flesh, yellowish 
white, fine grained, very tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid; core. 



70 THE APPLE. 

rather large ; seeds, ovate, pointed, abundant, brownish red. Season, 
November to February. 

Bellflower, 

Fellow Bellflower, | Yellow Belle-fleur, | Lady Washington. 



American. Tree, 01 slender, yet healthy growth, with yellowish, 
rather upright shoots ; fruit, on ends of limbs, very hardy, but 
grafted on pieces of roots does not bear well, otherwise, very pro- 
ductive. Size, large; form, oblong, a little irregular, tapering to the 
eye ; color, pale yellow, with a blush next the sun ; stem, long, slen- 
der, curved ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, plaited, deep ; flesh, 
tender, juicy, crisp, sprightly, sub-acid; core, large; capsules, long, 
hollow ; seeds, large, ovate, pyriform, angular at broad end. Season, 
December to March. 

Broadwell. 

Broadwell Sweet. 

American. Origin, Southern Ohio. Tree, vigorous, spreading, 
light yellowish shoots, good bearer. Size, medium to large ; form, 
regular, roundish, flattened at base, and tapering slightly toward the 
calyx ; shin, thin, smooth ; color, light yellow, cloudy flakes, sunny 
side brownish bronze ; stem, short ; cavity, expanded ; calyx, open ; 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



71 




segments, short; basin, narrow; flesh, white, fine-grained sweet 
juicy ; core, close, compact ; seeds, small, plump, light-brown. Sea- 
son, November to March. 

Bullock's Pippin. 

American Golden Russet, I Golden Russet, 
Sheepnose, j Little Pearmain, 

Fall-Winesap, erroneously. 

American. Tree, 
ultimately of only 
medium size, with a 
round regular head, 
shoots erect, rather 
slender, admirably 
suited to rich soils 
of Southern Ohio, 
Indiana, etc., etc. 
Grown south, the 
fruit is almost en- 
tirely covered with 
russet ; north, and 
on sandy soils, it is 
a warm, rich yel- 
low, with only mar- 
blings of russet. 




72 



THE APPLE. 



Size, small to medium ; form, roundish, ovate, tapering much to- 
ward the eye ; color, generally rich golden yellow, overspread with 
soft russet, and in sun, a marbling of red ; stem, slender ; cavity, 
narrow, regular ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow, sometimes 
furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, almost buttery, delicate, 
sprightly ; core, large for size of fruit ; seeds, full, ovate, pyramidal. 
Season, December to March. 



Canada Pippin. 



Canada Reinette, 

Canadian Reinette, 

Pomme de Caen, 

Reinette Grosse du Canada, 

De Bretagne, 

Jannarea, 

German Green, 



Reinette du Canada, 

Grosse Reinette d'Angleterre, 

Reinette du Canada Blanche, 

Reinette da Canada a'Cortes, 

Portugal, 

Wahr Reinette, 

White Pippin, 



Yellow Newiown Pippin, erroneously. 




Foreign. Tree, strong, vigorous, upright, spreading, productive, 
very hardy. Size, large ; form, roundish, flattened, irregularly an- 
gular, much ribbed, sometimes almost oblong and smooth ; color, 
light greenish-yellow, a blush in sun, and small dark green specks, 
surrounded with light green suffused beneath the skin : stem, short ; 
cavity, narrow, slightly russeted ; calyx, large; basin, deep, angu- 
ler, with prominent ribs ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, 
sub-acid, sprightly ; core, small, compact ; seeds, dark, almost black. 
Season, January to May. 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



73 



Challenge. 

American. Origin, near Sandusky, Ohio. Tree, productive, har- 
dy. Size, large ; form, roundish, flattened ; color, rich yellow, with- 
many russet dots, and occasionally a russet patch ; when fully ex- 
posed to sun, the russet spots become vermillion red ; stem, pro- 
jecting even with surrounding surface; cavity, deep, regular; calyx, 
with long irregular segments ; basin, broad, open, medium depth, 
always furrowed ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, sweet, tender ; 
core, medium ; seeds, large, plump. Season, October and November. 

Cloth of Gold. 

Drap d'Or, Early Summer Pippin, of some. 

VraiDrapd'Or, | Bay Apple, 

Bonne da Mai. 



/ 



\ 




N 



M 



This is, by some, said to be identical with tl Cooper." We do 
not yet so recognize it. Tree, strong grower, wide, broad foliage, 
moderate bearer. Size, large ; form, roundish, flattened ; color, dull 
yellow or gold color, with distinct brown or russet specks ; stem, 
short; cavity, wide, open; calyx, small, half closed; basin, shallow, 
plaited ; flesh, yellowish white, mild, sub-acid, not fine grained, ten- 
der, juicy, well flavored; core, with open hollow capsules^ seeds, 
short, ovate, dark reddish brown. Season, August to October. 



74 



THE APPLE. 



Cornish Aromatic, 




Foreign. Requires rich, warm, sandy soil. Size, medium \form^ 
roundish, regular, sometimes a little conical ; color, yellow ground, 
mostly overspread with rich red, dotted with yellow russet spots ; 
stem, long, slender ; cavity, regular, open, rather deep ; calyx, small ; 
basin, abrupt, furrowed ; flesh, yellow, crisp, juicy, sub-acid, of flavor 
closely allied to Esopus Spitzenburg ; core, open, hollow, regular 
form ; seeds, large. Season, November to February. 



Danvers Winter Sweet. 

Epse*3 Sweet. 

American. Tree, vigorous, spreading, shoots yellowish, very pro- 
ductive ; valuable winter fruit for baking or stock. 

Size, medium ; form, roundish, oblong ; color, dull yellow, with 
orange blush, and small russet specks ; stem, slender, inclining to 
one side j calyx, small, woolly ; basin, shallow, rather narrow ; flesh, 
yellow, firm, sweet ; core, large, open ; seeds, ovate, pointed, dark 
rich brown. Season, December to April. 

Dutch Mignonne. 



The Dutch Mignonne — Darling, or Favorite, is from Holland, 
and a fruit which has proved valuable wherever grown. Tree, with 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



75 



strong upright shoots, and producing abundantly ; very fine in South 
Ohio. Size, large ; form, round 'sh, regular ; color, dull orange, 
mostly covered with rich dull red, dotted and mottled with large 
yellow russet specks, and a dash of russet about the cavity of stem ; 
stem, long, slender, curved ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, open ; ba- 
sin, deep, round, regular ; flesh, whitish, firm at first, becoming ten- 
der when well matured, sub-acid aromatic flavor ; core, small, com- 
pact ; seeds, few, defective. Season, November to January. 



Dyer. 



Pomme Royal, 
Golden Spice, 
Tompkins, 
Beard Burden, 



Pomme Water, 
Bullripe, 

Mygatt's Bergamot, 
Bard Apple, 



White Spice. 

American. Tree, a fair grower, not strong, shoots spreading 
irregular, moderately productive. Size, medium ; form, round, or 
roundish flattened ; color, clear yellow, with russet marbled more or 
less over the surface ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep, slightly fur- 
rowed ; calyx, with long recurved segments ; basin, medium ; flesh, 
yellowish white, spicy, sprightly, tender, sub-acid ; core, medium ; 
seeds, small. Season, October and November. 



Early Joe. 




American : origin, claimed Ontario Co., N. Y. It is somewhat 
questionable, if it is not an old Connecticut variety. This apple 



76 



THE APPLE. 



has the most of delicate pear flavor of any variety ; and while it is 
all unsuited to orcharding, one tree should always be planted. 
While young it is of slow growth, but, as trees get older, it improves, 
and makes a tree of round irregular spreading form of medium size. 
It is very hardy, but should have rich strong soil ; shoots, dark 
colored ; and so foliage. 

Size, medium, or rather below ; form, roundish, flattened ; stem, 
rather slender ; cavity, open, deep, a little russeted ; color, pale 
yellowish green, overspread and striped with deep and pale red ; 
calyx, small, nearly closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellowish white, 
tender, very delicate ; core, medium, centre open ; seeds, short 
ovate, pyriform. Season, last of August. 

Early Strawberry. 

American Red Juneating. | Red Juneating. 

American. Tree, very erect in growth, dark wood, numerous 
leaves erect, with long footstalks ; productive, and successful in all 
localities, and although not best in quality, yet generally esteemed. 

Size, small ; form, roundish, varying to angular and conical ; color, 
yellowish white, striped and stained over with bright and dark red ; 
stem, varying from long, straight, and slender, to medium, curved ; 
calyx, small ; basin, narrow and shallow ; flesh, yellowish white, 
tinged with red, sub-acid, sprightly, tender ; core, medium ; seeds, 
small. Season, July. 

Esoptjs Spitzenberg. 




WOKTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 77 

American. Origin on the Hudson River. Tree, healthy, slender 
shoots ; when in bearing, drooping and spreading, making an open 
head ; requires age to produce much or good fruit, and much of 
]ime and potash, when it is a good bearer. 

Size, above medium, large when carefully grown ; form, flattened 
at base, oblong, tapering roundly toward the eye, considerably 
ribbed and irregular in its surface, and almost always slightly angu- 
lar ; color, rich lively red on yellow ground, dotted and marbled 
with yellow russet ; stem, varying, sometimes short and stout, at 
others long and slender ; cavity, deep, regular, open ; calyx, small, 
closed ; basin, almost abrupt, furrowed ; flesh, yellow, crisp, a little 
tough, exceedingly high flavored and delicious ; core, regular, ovate, 
rounded in form ; seeds, large. Season, January to March. 

Fameuse. 

Pomme de Neige, | Sanguineus, 
Snow. 

Foreign, or rather Canadian origin. It is admirably adapted to 
all northern sections producing yearly, and always fair smooth fruit. 
Tree, of moderate, rather diverging habit ; shoots dark ; and as an 
orchard tree, only of second size. Without being a fruit of high 
character, it is just so good that, taken with its production of regular 
handsome fruit, it cannot be dispensed with. Tree, hardy, and rich 
strong or heavy soils suit it best. 

Size, medium ; form, roundish, somewhat flattened ; color, green- 
ish yellow, mostly overspread with pale and dark rich red ; stem, 
slender ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow, narrow ; 
flesh, remarkably white, tender, juicy, with a slight perfume ; core, 
close compact; seeds, light brown, long pointed. Season, October 
to January. 

Fall Wine. 

Wine, of Cole. 

American. Its origin unknown, introduced west from the garden 
of Judge Buel, Albany, about 1832. Tree, of slender, slow growth ; 
drooping, when in bearing state, very healthy ; producing mode- 
rately, but annually, large beautiful fruit on the rich Western soils ; 
and fruit of medium size on soils of moderate quality. Our figure 
exhibits it from the two soils. It is now much grown in Indiana 
and Illinois as " Wine," from which it is quite distinct. 

Size, medium to large ; form, roundish, flattened ; color, rich red 
marbled over clear yellow, and with many spots or specks of 
brownish — sometimes it is faintly striped ; stem, slender ; cavity, 
deep ; calyx, half closed ; basin, open, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, 
crisp, tender, juicy, delicious, sub-acid, vinous. Season, September 
to November. 



78 THE APPLE. 




Although evidently an old eastern fruit, it appears now unknown 
there, if we except the short description made of it by Cole, and his 
notice of where grown. 

Fall Pippin. 

Philadelphia Pippin. 

This is unquestionably an American seedling, and probably from 
the " White Spanish Reinette," which it closely resembles in all but 
its period of ripening. Great confusion exists among growers re- 
specting it, as the Holland Pippin is often grown under this name as 
well as its parent. It is extensively grown at the West and in the 
Eastern states, and universally succeeds well ; but where the soil is 
of a clayey nature, on the alluvial bottoms and deep prairies, it does 
not answer as well. Tree, of growth vigorous, shoots, dark, di- 
verging or spreading, becomes large. 

Size, large ; form,, roundish, conical, flattened at ends ; color, 
greenish yellow, until fully ripe, then rich yellow with a faint blush, 
when grown in good soil and exposed to sun ; stem, long, moder- 



WOKTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



79 




ately stout ; cavity, deep, round ; calyx, above medium, with seg- 
ments in divisions; basin, deep, wide, and open; flesh, yellowish 
white, tender, sub-acid, aromatic; core, medium, for size of fruity 
seeds, ovate. Season, October to December. 

Fallenwalder. 



Fallawater, 

<rreen Mountain Pippim, 

Biitch Codlin, erroneously, 



Tulpahoeken, 

Pirn's Beauty of the West, 

Pound, erroneously, 



Mountain Pippin 

American. Originated in Berks Co., Penn. " It sprung up in 
the woods, and was left standing after the other trees were cut down ; 
hence the name Fallen walder, or apple of the cut-down woods." 
Not worthy a place in small orchards or gardens ; but on rich lime- 
stone soils, when grown for distant market, it is highly valuable, 
being of thick skin, fruit always fair and large, and keeping a long 
time, even in southern latitudes. Tree, strong, vigorous grower ; 
shoots, stout, partially spreading. 

Fruit, large; form, round, varying to roundish, flattened and 
roundish ovate ; color, pale yellowish green, dull red cheek, dotted 
with a few small irregular-shaped russet dots, suffused or surround- 



30 



THE APPLE. 




ed with a shade of light green, presenting at first glance, appearance 
as of white specks; stem, short; cavity, open, generally regular; 
calyx, small, closed; basin, shallow, open, broad, often slightly fur- 
rowed ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse texture, tender, juicy, 
mild, sub-acid; core, medium, somewhat open ; seeds, ovate pointed. 
Season, December to May. 



Fort Miami. 



Scandiana Mala. 

American. Originated near Fort Miami, in Ohio. In April, 
1846, we made our outline and description from specimens sent us 
by A. Spafford, Esq., Perrysburgh, O., since which we have been 
unable to obtain of the fruit. Trees, thrifty, healthy growth ; shoots, 
dark color, nearly upright, spreading ; not an early bearer, but the 
original tree said to be very productive. 

Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish oblong, flattened at both 
ends, widest at base, uneven, somewhat ribbed ; color, brownish red, 
more or less russeted ; stem, medium size, three-fourth inch long; 
cavity, deep, open, uneven ; calyx, medium size, closed ; hatin, me- 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



81 




dium depth, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, breaking, exceed- 
ingly high-spicy, sub-acid flavor. Season, February to May. 



Garden Royal. 

American. Originated in Mass. Tree, slender, slow grower 
while young, hardy, and makes a tree of medium size, annually 
productive ; suited to small orchards or gardens where a delicious 
fruit is desired for table use. 

Fruit, rather below medium ; form, roundish, inclining to flat, 
very regular ; color, a yellowish ground, with dull red stripes, be- 
coming brighter in sun ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, 
large, open ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellowish white, fine-grained, 
tender, mild, sub-acid. Season, last of August and September. 

Golden Sweet. 

Orange Sweet, | Trenton Early. 

American. Originated in Connecticut. Tree, free grower while 
young, making, however, an orchard tree of only medium size, 
spreading irregular branches ; succeeds well in all soils ; productive 
annually of large crops of fair fruit. This variety was shown two 
years, late in season, and in bad state, at the Ohio Pom. Convention, 
as " Trenton Early." We this year received specimens of it through 
the kindness of Dr. Warder, when in season. 
4* 



82 



THE APPLE. 




Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish, rather deeper than wide , 
color, yellow on green, suffused slightly underneath skin, and with 
many small greenish dots that become russety in sun ; stem, medium 
to long; cavity, round, shallow, regular ; calyx, closed; basin, round, 
moderately deep, slightly furrowed or crimped at base of calyx ; 
flesh, yellowish white, very rich, sweet, hardly tender ; core, medium, 
round, ovate; seeds, abundant, ovate pointed. As a baking fruit, or 
to grow for stock feeding, this is unsurpassed. Season, July and 
August. 



Golden Ball. 

Belle et Bonne, | Connecticut Apple, 

The origin of this variety is somewhat in doubt, but it is probably 
a native of Connecticut, from whence it has been largely distributed 
East. The trees do not bear well v?hile young, but improve as they 
advance in years. Tree, hardy, forming a large round head, with 
large, glossy, rich green foliage ; exceeding valuable for cooking ; 
requires a rich, strong, heavy soil. 

Fruit, large ; form, roui iish, narrowing to the eye ; color, rich 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 83 

yellow, sometimes a faint blush near the stalk, and with rough dots j 
stem, short, stout; -cavity, broad; calyx, half closed; tern, shallow ; 
/<?sA, yellowish, tender, sub-acid, nearly acid, perfumed ; core, me- 
dium ; seeds, large, and plump. Season, October to December. 

The Belle Bonne of Lkdley is quite another fruit, and should 
not be confounded with this. 



Green Sweet. 

Eoney Greening. 




Tree, hardy, productive, half spreading, shoots rather slender, fruit 
valuable for cooking and for stock ; wants deep, rich, strong soil ; 
fruit always fair. 

Fruit, medium to large; form, roundish; color, dull greenish 
white or yellow, with greenish white, or sometimes pale russet dots ; 
stem, varying ; cavity, narrow, russeted ; calyx, above medium size 
for the fruit, closed; basin, medium, slightly furrowed; flesh, green- 
ish white, tender, juicy, and quite sweet; core, medium, round; 
seeds, ovate. Season, December to March. Grown in Indiana, it is 
large, has a brownish cheek, and matures in October and November. 

Gravenstein. 

Ohio Nonpareil, | Grave Slije. 

Foreign. A variety indispensable to every collection, succeeding 
finely on all soils, annually productive, fruit always fair, fit for cook- 



84 



THE APPLE. 



ing in August, and eating in September and October ; shoots strong, 
smooth, upright. Tree large, regular, round head, foliage broad. 

Fruit, large ; form, roundish, flattened, a little irregular, some- 
what ribbed, on surface undulating ; color, at first pale greenish, 
yellow ground, becoming rich yellow, beautifully striped, and 
splashed with bright red ; exposed to sun, red prevails, and becomes 
of a dark hue, beautiful, few faint light green dots ; stem, short ; 
cavity, open, deep ; calyx, with open half reflexed segments ; basin, 
rather deep, irregular, ribbed ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, sub- 
acid, with a peculiar aromatic taste ; core, large, capsules open, 
hollow ; seeds, ovate pyriform, reddish brown. 



Harvest. 



Early Harvest, 
Yellow Harvest, 
Prince's Harvest, 
Early French Reinette, 



Early June, 

July Pippin, 

Large White Jnneating, 

Yellow Juneating. 




American. Universally esteemed, requires a soil well supplied 
with lime and potash, otherwise the fruit is unfair. Shoots erect, 
straight ; slow growth, not successful root-grafted as an orchard 
tree. 

Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, rarely a little flattened ; color, 
pale light yellow, with a few dots of white ; stem, medium length, 
rather slender, often short, and a little stout; cavity, open, deep, 
regular ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed ; flesh, 
white, tender, juicy, crisp, sprightly, sub-acid ; core, medium ; seeds, 
abundant, light brown, ovate. Season, July. 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



85 



Herefordshire Pearmain. 

Winter Pearmain, erroneously, Parmin Royal, 

Royal Pearmain, Old Pearmain, 

Royale d'Angleterre. 




Foreign. Tree, hardy, requiring rich, strong soil, when the fruit 
is of the highest excellence ; shoots slender, diverging, partially droop- 
ing. 

Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, conical ; color, brownish red, 
mottled, and slightly striped, on a dull russety green, or when fully 
matured, yellow ground, with stripes and marblings of russet, 
from the stem, dotted with greyish specks ; stem, slender ; cavity, 
acuminate, russeted ; calyx, open ; basin, medium ; flesh, yellow- 
ish, tender, mild, sub-acid, aromatic ; core, medium, laying nearest 



the stem end ; 
to February. 



seeds, large 



ovate, light brown. 



Season. December 



Sutton. 

Hubbardston Nonsuch, 
Sutton, Sutton Beauty. 



American. Originated in Mass. A superior fruit, succeeding even 
better when grown West, than in its native locality. Tree, vigorous 
grower ; shoots, rather slender, very different from the Baldwin, 
which has often been disseminated as this variety ; spreading ; very 
productive. 



86 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit, large, West very large ; form, roundish ovate, very regular ; 
color, yellow ground, mostly overspread, and partially striped with 
rich red ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, with short open seg- 
ments ; basin, deep, round, rarely ribbed ; flesh, yellowish, mild, 
sub-acid, juicy. Season, October to February. 

Jersey Sweeting-. 




American. Succeeds in all localities, and produces abundantly of 
fair fruit in all soils, warm, sandy ones giving a closer texture, and 
more character to the flesh. Shoots stout, short-jointed, reddish. 
Tree, spreading, round head. For dessert, cooking, or stock, valu- 
able. 

Fruit, medium ; form, roundish ovate, tapering to the eye ; 
color, greenish yellow, marked and streaked, often nearly covered 
with stripes of pale and dull red ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow ; 
calyx, half closed ; basin, not deep, sometimes slightly furrowed ; 
flesh, white, fine-grained, juicy, tender, sweet ; core, rather open, me- 
dium, round, ovate ; seeds, full, ovate pointed. Season, September, 
and October. 



Jonathan. 



Philip Rick, 
King Philip, 



Winesap, erroneously. 
Wine, „ 



American. Originated Kingston, N. Y. Shoots, light brown, 



WOETHY GENEEAL CULTIVATION, 



87 



slender, diverging ; when grown and fruiting, tree has a drooping 
and pendent habit ; very productive ; needs rich, strong soil. 




Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, conical, regular ; color, light yel- 
low ground, mostly overspread, streaked, or stained with rich light 
red, and with few" minute white dots ; stem, rather long, slender ; 
cavity, open, wide ; calyx, small, nearly closed ; basin, shallow, 
slightly furrowed; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, slightly 
acid unless fully matured, when it is sub-acid, sprightly ; core, medi- 
um ; seeds, full, abundant, dark brown. Season, December to Feb- 
ruary. 

Lady Apple. 

Api, j Pomme Rose, 

Petit Api, i Pomme d'Api Rouge, 

Pomme d'Api, | Petit Api Rouge, 
Gros Api Rouge. 

Foreign. Trees very upright, forming almost pyramidal heads, 
like that & of a pear tree, producing the fruit in clusters ; require to be 
ten or more years old, ere bearing much, after which, very produc- 
tive. Shoots, very dark color, straight, erect, leaves small ; appears 
to succeed in all soils, and the fruit, though small, from its beauty, 
always commands a high price. 

Fruit, small ; form, flat ; color, brilliant red, on light, clear yellow ; 
very glossy ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small ; basin, fur- 
rowed ; flesh, white, crisp, tender, juicy ; core, small. Season, Decem- 
ber to May. „ 



83 



THE APPLE. 



Ladies' Sweeting. 

American. We have repeatedly fruited and met with this variety- 
West, where it seems generally to succeed, but neglecting, to make, 
or having lost our description, we copy that of Mr. Downing, who 
first introduced and disseminated the variety : " Wood, not very 
strong, grows thriftily, bears abundantly." 

" Fruit, large, roundish ovate, narrowing rapidly to the eye ; 
sJcin, very smooth, nearly covered with red in the sun, pale yellow- 
ish green in the shade, with broken stripes of pale red. The red is 
sprinkled with well-marked yellowish gray dots, and covered when 
first gathered, with a thin white bloom. There is, also, generally, a 
faint marbling of cloudy white over the red, on the shady side of the 
fruit, and rays of the same around the stalk. Calyx quite small, set 
in a narrow, shallow plaited basin ; stalk half an inch long, in a shal- 
low cavity ; Jlesh greenish white, exceedingly tender, juicy, crisp, 
delicious, sprightly, agreeably-perfumed flavor ; keeps without shriv- 
eling or losing its flavor, till May." 



Lowell. 



Orange, of some, 
Tallow Apple , 
Tallow Pippin, 



Greasy Pippin , 

Queen Anne, 

Pound Royal, erroneously. 




American. The early habit of productiveness, with the large fair 



WOKTHY GENEEAL CULTIVATION. 



89 



fruit, will always command a place in large orchards, where this 
variety is known. Trees, thrifty, rather strong growers, spreading, 
most valuable on rich, heavy soils. 

Fruit, large ; form, roundish oblong, slightly conical ; color, green, 
becoming rich yellow ; oily surface ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, 
narrow ; calyx, small, nearly closed ; basin, deep, furrowed ; flesh, 
yellowish white, rather coarse, sub-acid, fine aroma ; core, medium 
or small ; seeds, ovate. Season, August and early September. 

London Sweet. 

London Winter Sweet, | Winter Sweet, 

Heicke's Winter Sweet. 




American. Much cultivated in Southern Ohio \ often abundant 
in Cincinnati market. We have been unable to connect it with any 
other named variety, though it nearest resembles Broad well. 
Adapted to the rich deep soils of the West ; said to be produc- 
tive. 

Fruit, medium, occasionally large ; form, roundish, flattened ; 
color, pale yellow, with rarely an irregular patch of bronzed russet ; 
very smooth ; grown South, has the fungus or mould, as we think, 
marring its beauty ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, open, medium 
depth, round, regular; calyx, small, closed; basin, deep, round, 
regular ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, tender, pleasantly sweet ; 
core, rather small ; seeds, ovate pointed. Season, November to Jan 
uary, but will keep through February. 



American. 



Melon. 

Norton's Melon. | Watermelon. 

Origin questioned — whether New York or Connecti- 



90 



THE APPLE. 



cut. (See Horticulturist, vol. ii., page 357.) It proves fine so far, 
and wherever it has been tested, and we confidently place it in the 
class worthy of general cultivation. Tree, ■ vigorous, spreading; 
shoots, reddish brown ; requires deep, strong soil. 




Fruity medium to large ; form roundish, flattened, regular ; surface, 
glossy, uneven ; color, pale yellowish white, much overspread with 
broken streaks and stripes of reddish purple, becoming rich and dark 
in the sun ; stem, medium, slender ; cavity, wide, round, open, marked 
with greenish russet ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep, finely plaited at bot- 
tom ; flesh, white, fine-grain eel, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly ; core, ra- 
ther small ; seeds, broad, nearly black. Season, October to Decem- 
ber. 



Melting. 



Melt in the. Mouth, 



Melting Mouth. 



American. Origin, Pennsylvania ; introduced to Ohio, and ex- 
hibited (as grown in the centre of that State) at the Pomological 
meetings for three years. Tree, hardy ; shoots, slender, diverging ; 
fruit borne mostly on ends of limbs ; requires rich soil, abounding 
in lime ; on young trees, fruit quite small ; improves and increases 
as they advance in years and size, and under good culture. 

Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, slightly flattened ; color, yellow 
ground, overspread with warm yellow red, dotted and marbled with 
yellow russet ; sUm, short ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, with short 
erect segments; basin, shallow, broad, open; flesh, yellowish crisp, 



WORTHY .GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



91 




juicy, tender, sub-acid ; core, small, compact ; seeds, long oval point- 
ed, abundant. Season. January to April. 

Michael Henry Pippin. 

White Pearmain, | White Winter Pearmain. 




92 



THE APPLE. 



American. Native of New Jersey. It is in extensive cultivation 
throughout the West, and is very successful. Trees very produc- 
tive. 

Fruit., medium to large ; form, angular, roundish, conical -,'color, 
light yellowish green, with a flush of red, in sun, dotted with irregu- 
lar formed specks of russet ; often there is a shade of rich yellow 
marbled, or striped, apparently underneath the skin ; stem, usually- 
short ; cavity, narrow, regular ; calyx, with long segments in divis- 
ions ; basin, shallow, narrow, somewhat furrowed ; flesh, white, tender, 
juicy, sweet ; much valued for cooking and keeping well, being in use 
from October to March ; core, small, compact, surrounded by a broad 
coarse vein, giving semblance of a large core ; seeds, ovate pointed, 
light brown. 

Monmouth Pippin. 

Red Cheek, of some, j Red Cheek Pippin. 




American. Native of Monmouth County, N. J. It is stated as 
v^ry productive, and of healthy, vigorous growth. We are conver- 
sant only with the fruit. 

Fruit, large ; form, roundish, flattened ; sometimes roundish coni- 
cal ; color, pale greenish yellow, with blush-red cheeks, small, raised 
rough brown specks, with a shade of light green suffused around 
them underneath the skin ; stem, rather short; cavity, deep, regular ; 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



93 



calyx, medium, segments woolly and often nearly closed ; basin, wide, 
abrupt, deep, much plaited ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse- 
grained ; breaking, tender, moderately juicy, sub-acid, with consider- 
able aroma, or perfume ; core, small, compact ; seeds, oblong ovate, 
abundant. Season, December to February, and often till April. 



Nfwtown Pippin. 



Green Newtown Pippin, 
American Newtown Pippin, 



Green Winter Pippin, 
Petersburg Pippin. 




American. Native of Newtown, Long Island. It requires a rich 
limestone clay soil, or a warm sandy rich loam, well dressed with 
lime and bone dust, in order to secure healthy wood, and fair, smooth 
fruit On sandy soils, abounding more or less with iron, we have 
never seen good fruit grown of this variety. It is distinct in fruit 
from the Yellow Newtown Pippin, for which see farther pages ; but 
is difficult, if not impossible to detect one from the other by the wood. 
Growth slender, slow ; as an orchard tree, a fine round head, with 
branches diverging, pendant. On the rich limestone soils of Ohio, 
and farther west, this and the Yellow Newtown Pippin succeed, and 
produce fruit even superior to the world-renowned Pell Orchard. 

Fruit medium ',/orm, roundish oblong flattened ; color, dull green 
-when first gathered, becoming, when ripe, a yellowish green ; small 



94 



THE APPLE. 



minute russet dots, with occasional spots or blotches of russet, and, 
grown on alluvial soils south, patches of dark green mould ; stan, 
slender ; cavity, acuminate regular ; calyx, small ; basin, deep, abrupt, 
hollowed, and slightly wrinkled ; flesh, greenish white, very fine- 
grained, juicy, crisp, sprightly perfumed ; core, compact ; seeds, dark 
brown, ovate. Season, February to May. 

Newtown Spitzenberg. 



Ox-Eye, 

Burlington Spitzenberg, 



Joe Berry. 



Matchless, 
Kountz, 




American. From Newtown. Long Island. It is extensively and 
successfully grown in the West as Ox-Eye, and highly estimated. 

Fruit, medium; form, round, flattened; color, yellow ground, 
mostly striped and splashed with red, which often has appearance as 
of a bloom ; russet dots and lines that near the calyx look like the 
crests of waves ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep, regular ; 
calyx, small, segments erect; basin, open, regular, not deep ; flesh, 
yellow, tender, slightly sweet, rich, aromatic ; core, small ; seeds, few, 
ovate pointed. Season, December to February. 

Northern Spy. 

American. Native of East Bloomfield, N. Y. While the quality 
of this variety secures it a place among first class fruit, it cannot 
be considered a profitable variety until the trees have acquired at 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



95 



least twenty years of age, as it is tardy in coming into bearing. It 
is of thrifty, vigorous growth, requiring a rich soil, high state of cul- 
tivation, and as an orchard tree, severe thinning out of the tops, as 
it inclines to make an upright, close head ; young shoots stout, dark, 
spotted ; blooms late, often escaping late frosts in spring. 




Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish conical, sometimes 
ribbed; sBn, thin and tender; color, light yellow, mostly over- 
spread with light red, striped and slashed with streaks of carmine red, 
and, when first gathered, covered with a fine bloom; stem, slender, 
projecting about even with surface ; cavity, open, wide, deep ; calyx, 
small, closed ; basin, open, regular, other than the furrows produced by 
ribs of the fruit— not deep, but rather abrupt ; flesh, yellowish white, 
very tender, crisp, juicy, sprightly ; core, large, capsules open ; seeds, 
abundant, many of them triangular ovate pointed. Season, January 
to April. South, it will probably become an early winter variety. 



Ortle"! 



Ortley Pippin, 
Woolman's Long, 
White Bellefleur, 
White Bellflower, 
Green Bellflower, 
Willow Leaf Pippin, 
Ohio Favorite, 
Detroit, 
White Detroit, 
Van Dyne, 
Jersey Greening, 



Hollow Core Pippin, 
Greasy Pippin, 
Melting Pippin, 
Crane's Pippin, 
Warren Pippin, 
White Pippin, erroneously, 
Yellow Pippin, 
Golden Pippin, of some, 
Woodward's Pippin, 
Tom Woodward Pippin, 
Inman.. 



American. Native of New Jersey. First described by Lindlej 



96 



THE APPLE. 




as Ortley, and we therefore follow, as it is as well known by that 
as any other one of its names. In strong rich soils, throughout the 
entire Western States, it proves one of the hardiest, most pro- 
ductive, profitable, as well as best varieties known. In size, it is 
also largely increased over specimens grown North, where the form 
is more oblong, the texture somewhat closer, and sprightliness a 
little enhanced. Shoots, slender, brownish, yellow, upright, long 
jointed. 

Fruit, large, when grown on rich soils ; shin, smooth ; form, ob- 
long oval, occasionally or often roundish conical ; color, pale yellow- 
ish white at the North — South it becomes a richer yellow, with 
specks of dark red, and a vermilion tinge surrounding when exposed 
to sun ; stem, varying from short and stout to long and slender ; 
cavity, deep, narrow ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, furrowed or plaited 
from the surrounding angles or ribs that are often apparent in the 
fruit ; fiesk, yellowish white, tender, crisp, sprightly, mild acid ; core. 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



97 



large, open ; seeds, abundant, loose in the capsules. Season, January 
to April 

Peck's Pleasant. 

Waltz Apple. 




American. Native of Rhode Island. Shoots rather erect, slightly 
diverging, vigorous, productive. If on sandy soils, it is of firmer 
texture than on clays, and keeps better, but is not so large. 

Fruit, medium to large; form, roundish, slightly (sometimes very 
much) flattened, with an indistinct furrow on one side ; color, when 
first gathered, green, with a little dark red — when ripe, a beautiful 
clear yellow, with bright blush on sunny side, marked with scattered 
gray dots, which become small and almost indistinct near the apex ; 
stem, varies, mostly short and fleshy ; cavity, broad, open, and almost 
always with a slight ridge or wave on one side, connecting with 
stem ; calyx, medium size, usually segments half open ; basin, round, 
regular ; flesh, yellowish white, fine grained, firm yet tender, juicy, 
mild, aromatic, sub-acid ; core, medium ; seeds, abundant, ovate, dark 
reddish brown. Season, December to February ; often keeps to 
April. 

Phillips' Sweeting. 

American — native of Ohio. Growth vigorous, upright, wants 
strong heavy soil. 

Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish conical, slightly flattened ; 



98 



THE APPLE. 



color, yellow ground, mostly overspread and mottled with red ; flesh, 
yellowish, tender, juicy, crisp. Season, December and January. This 
may yet prove identical with " Richmond," described on future page. 

Porter. 

American — native of Massachusetts. Tree slender, slow growth, 
a regular even bearer, requires strong soil in which there is good 
supply of lime and phosphates ; succeeds wherever grown — one of 
the best at South. 

Fruit, medium to large ; form, oblong conical ; color, bright, clear 
yellow — when exposed to sun, a fine blush cheek ; stem, slender , 
cavity, shallow ; calyx, medium, closed ; basin, narrow, deep \ flesh, 
fine-grained, juicy, firm yet tender, acid. Season, September and 
October. 

PoUGHKEEPSIE RuSSET, 
English Russet, [ Winter Russet ? 



^rnnm^^ 




As this variety, described by Downing as the " English Russet," 
is probably an American seedling, and as there are so many sorts 
known under the general term of English Russet, we prefer to adopt 
the name of Poughkeepsie Russet, as commemorative of the sec- 
tion whence it was first disseminated. Growth, upright. Shoots, 
lively brown, profuse bearer, and although only of medium size, its 
quality of keeping over year renders it very profitable. There is 
also another called " Crow's Nest," sometimes sold under this name, 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



99 



of which the fruit is larger, does not keep as well, and the tree when 
grown makes a dense top. 

Fruit, medium ; form, roundish conical, or roundish ovate, regu- 
lar ; color, light greenish yellow, mostly overspread with brownish 
russet, when well matured, becomes yellowish ; stem, rather short ; 
cavity, round ; calyx, small, close ; basin, abrupt, regular, round ; 
flesh, yellowish white, fine texture, rather firm, aromatic ; core, 
small ; seeds, ovate, reddish brown. Season, all Winter and Spring. 

There is cultivated in Central Ohio, a Golden Russet (see our 
figure) which resembles this, but is larger, and with an open calyx, 
and often beautifully bronzed with russet yellow. We think they 
may prove identical, and the soil and location make the apparent 
difference. 

Pomme Grise. 



Grise, 



Gray Apple. 




A delicious little apple from Canada, that is especially adapted to 
Northern sections, and to gardens. It is a good bearer, of slender 
growth, forming a tree of small size. 

Fruit, below medium ; form, roundish, somewhat flattened ; color, 
yellow gray, or russet, with a little red towards the eye ; stem, slen- 
der ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small ; basin, round ; flesh, yellow, tender, 
sprightly ; core, medium ; seeds, abundant. Season, December to 
February. 

Pryor's Red. 

Prior's Red, | Pitzer Hill, 
Big Hill. 

This is evidently a seedling from seed crossed with Westfield 
Seek-no-further and Roxbury Russet, partaking most largely of the 



100 THE APPLE. 



Seek-no-further. Its certain origin we have not learned. It is not 
regarded as an early bearer, but as very hardy, and the fruit keep- 
ing well when grown South, and on rich alluvial soils. Grown at 
the North, the trees come into bearing at about eight years, and the 
fruit has very little russet (unless unusually warm seasons), except 
at stem end ; South, in good culture, it attains a size of four inches 
diameter, by three inches from stem to eye, and mostly covered 
with russet. 




Fruit, medium to very large; form, -at North, regular, roundish, 
tapering to the eye — South, always angular, sometimes even broad 
at apex, being roundish, angular, flattened; color, pale yellow, 
ground mostly overspread with rich, warm red and russet, marbled 
and splashed with bronzed yellow near the stem, dark yellow russet 
spots surrounded with a lighter shade ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow ; 
calyx, small, segments erect ; basin, abrupt, pretty deep, round and 
even, occasionally shallow ; flesh, yellowish, tender, mild, sub-acid, 
much resembling Westfield Seek-no-further ; core, medium, marked 
at distance with a line encircling ; seeds, varying, generally ovate. 
Season, January to April. 

Eaule's Janet. 

Raul's Gennetting, Raule's Jannette, 

Rawl's Janet, Rawle's Jennette, 

Winter Genneting, Rock Rimmon, 

Rock Remain, Neverfail, 

Jennette, Yellow Janette, 

Indiana ."annetting. 

This variety, according to H. P. Byram, Esq., was first brought to 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



101 



the south-western sections, from Amherst Co., Va., near the Blue 
Ridge, where it was originated by Caleb Raules, who named it 
Janet, hence the name. According to Geo. Hoadley, Esq., Gov. 
Worthington had it in his orchard 40 years since, and from thence 
it was brought to northern Ohio. The Scriptural name of Rock- 
Rimmon, given it in the Sciota valley, was probably on account of 
its sure bearing, and long keeping qualities. The tree is tardy in 
spring in leaving out, and blossoms some ten days after other varie- 
ties ; thus often escaping late Spring frosts. In quality it is only 
second rate, and at the North is not desirable, but south of Cincin- 
nati is highly so, as it succeeds when many others fail. 




Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish, conical, flattened at stem 
end ; skin, thick, tough ; color, a ground of light pale yellowish 
green, mostly overspread, striped and stained with dull red, and 
with a blue or grayish shade laying within as of a bloom ; small 
russet dots, that show most when the fruit is high colored ; South 
many patches of mould or fungus ; stem, slender, rather long ; cavity, 
deep, regular ; calyx, nearly closed, short segments ; basin, open, 
regular, not deep, sometimes slightly furrowed near the calyx ; fiesh, 
yellowish, tender, mild, sub-acid ; core, medium ; seeds, angular 
ovate. Season, late spring. 



102 



THE APPLE. 



Rambo. 



Romanite, 

Bread and Cheese Apple. 



Seek-no-farther, 
Terry's Red Streak. 




American. A native of Delaware, it succeeds in all soils and lo- 
cations, and has no superior, as a whole, in the general estimation. It 
succeeds on sandy soils, but the largest and best fruit is grown on 
strong limestone soils, giving evidence of the food suited best 
to it. 

Fruit, medium ; form, flat, or roundish flattened ; color, yellowish 
white, marbled and streaked with yellow and red, and with large 
rough spots ; stem, long, slender, often curved ; basin, acuminate ; 
calyx, nearly closed ; basin, broad, slightly furrowed ; flesh, green- 
ish white, tender, sprightly, mild, sub-acid ; core, large, rather hol- 
low; seeds, abundant, ovate pyriform. Season, October to De- 
cember, but often keeps to March. 

Red Canada. 

Old Nonsuch, | Richfield Nonsuch. 

American. Probably a native of Massachusetts. Tree, slender 
growth ; shoots diverging ; requires rich strong soil, when it is pro 
ductive ; and always fair and uniform size of fruit. One of the most 
valuable for orchard or garden. 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



103 



Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, conical, flattened at stem end ; 
color, rich clear yellow ground, when exposed to the sun, overspread 
with bright handsome red, two shades light and dark intermingling 



ci 




or striped, many light gray dots presenting at first sight an appear- 
ance of a somewhat rough exterior ; shin, thin, tender ; stem, vary- 

O 7 7/ 7 7 «/ 

ing from short and stout, to slender and long, usually as seen in our 
figure ; cavijy, deep, regular, a touch of light russet ; calyx, small, 
closed ; basin, open, moderate depth, slightly furrowed, or uneven ; 
Jlesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid, aro- 
matic; core, small, compact; seeds, ovate, pyriform. Season, 
January to ApriL 



Ked Astrachan. 

Foreign. Most valuable as a hardy, strong grower, regular moder- 
ate bearer of fruit always fair. As a dessert fruit — it is rather acid, 
unless fully ripe ; but for marketing or cooking, it has few equals, 
at its time. Shoots stout, dark brown, broad foliage. 

Fruit, medium, to large ; form, roundish, tapering toward the apex ; 
color, greenish yellow, mostly overspread with rich purplish crimson. 
a little russet near the stem, and a white bloom ; stem, varying, 
generally short ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, large ; basin, shallow, uneven ; 



104: 



THE APPLE, 




flesh, white, crisp, juicy, acid ; core, small ; seeds, oyate, dark brownish 
black. Season, August. 

Rhode Island Greening. 

Burlington Greening, } Jersey Greening ? Coxe, 
Hampshire Greening. 




WORTHY GENEKAL CULTIVATION". 



105 



This variety has been condemned in many sections because of not 
producing as fine fruit on the same trees without care, as when the 
trees were youDg. Testimony has shown that it is a gross feeder, 
and needs soil well drained, rich in lime and phosphates ; on usual 
soils, where the variety is defective, liberal dressing with wood ashes, 
will answer. On sandy soils well manured, the texture is closer 
than on clay. 

Fruit, large ; form, roundish, flattened, sometimes a little angular 
at the base end ; color, green, yellowish green when ripe, with a dull 
blush, on sun-grown specimens, near the stem ; stem, medium ; 
cavity, open ; calyx, rather small, woolly ; basin, medium depth, slight- 
ly furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, fine-grained, tender, slightly aromatic, 
lively acid juice ; core small ; seeds ovate, pointed. Season, Decem- 
ber to February. 

Richmond. 




We received this fine variety from D. C. Richmond, Esq., near 
Sandusky, as a native seedling, and are unable to identify it with 
any known sort. 

Fruit, large ; form, roundish, occasional specimens have one side 
a little enlarged ; color, light yellow ground, mostly or quite over- 
spread with light and dark red stripes, many dots or specks of light 
russet; stem, varying, mostly short, slender; cavity, deep, open, 
regular, a little brownish at bottom; calyx, large, segments, 
5* 



106 



THE APPLE. 



long ; basin, deep, open, uniformly furrowed ; flesh, white, tender, 
juicy, delicate sweet ; core, medium ; seeds, large, full. Season, 
October to December. 

Rome Beauty. 

Boman Beauty, | Gillett's Seedling. 




American. Native of Southern Ohio. In fruit and tree it some- 
what resembles Sutton; requires, to perfect good fruit, a rich, 
warm, loamy soil. On poor clay, it is undersized, deficient in 
character, and inclined to overbear. 

Fruit, large; form, roundish; color, rich light yellow, mostly 
overspread and striped with shades of clear bright red ; stem, slen- 
der ; cavity ; open, regular ; calyx, nearly closed, segments distinctly 
separate ; basin, round, open, moderately deep ; flesh, yellow, crisp, 
mild, sub-acid ; core, medium, somewhat hollow ; seeds, long, ovate, 
Season, October to December. 



large and full. 



American. 



Roxbury Russet. 

Boston Russet, | Putnam Russet, 
Marietta Russet. | Belpre Russet, 
Sylvan Russet. 

Origin uncertain, either Connecticut or Massachusetts, 



WORTH"* GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



LK.lt 



it was introduced to the Ohio Valley, in 1796 or '97, by Israel Put- 
nam, and from, thence distributed throughout the southwest. It is a 
thick-skinned fruit, generally a good keeper, but hardly above second 
rate in quality ; grown on rich prairie soils, it is sometimes liable to 
" bark burst " near the ground, but elsewhere perefectly hardy, and 
very productive. Spreading growth, with rather downy snoots ; 
young trees often crooked. 

Fruit, medium, to large ; form, roundish, flattened, and often 
angular ; color, dull green, overspread with brownish yellow russet, 
occasionally a faint blush on the sunny side ; stem, slender ; cavity, 
medium ; calyx, closed ; basin, round, moderate depth ; flesh, green- 
ish white, moderately juicy, mild, sub-acid; core, compact; seeds, 
ovate, defective. Season, January to June. 



Summer Kobe. 



Wolman's Harvest, | Woolman's Harvest, 
Lippincotu 



I 




This variety is not valuable for market purposes, but its juicy, 
sprightly sub-acid character makes it very desirable for the dessert. 
Tree, a slow grower, diverging — shoots downy ; requires rich, strong 
soil, lime and phosphates to perfect the fruit, or keep the tree healthy. 
Moderate, regular bearer. 

Fruit, medium, or rather small ; form, roundish, sometimes flat- 
tened ; color, rich glossy yellow, blotched and streaked with red ; 
stem, varying from stout to slender, short ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, 
partially closed : basin, round, slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, tender, 



108 



THE APPLE. 



crisp, juicy, sprightly ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate. Season, last of 
July and August. 

Swaar. 




American, " produced by the Dutch settlers, on the Hudson ; its 
name in low Dutch meaning heavy." On all warm, rich, sandy soils 
it is one of the very finest fruits, and a good keeper. On cold clayey 
grounds it does not succeed well, as a general thing ; the past year, 
however, we have received of it grown on clay loam, limestone sub- 
soil, equalling or surpassing any ever grown on sand. On the rich 
prairie soils of the west, it is said to succeed, proving a good bearer 
and profitable. 

Fruit, medium, to large ; form, roundish, slightly ribbed or un- 
equal on its surface and often a little angular ; color, greenish yel- 
low at first, becoming a dull rich yellow, dotted with distinct brown 
specks, sometimes marbled with gray russet on the side and round 
the stem, and often tinged with dull red ; stem, slender ; cavity round, 
deep; calyx, small, half closed, basin, shallow, somewhat plaited; 
flesh, yellowish, fine grained, juicy, tender, spicy aromatic perfume ; 
core, small, to medium ; seeds, broad, ovate. Season, January to 
March. 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



109 



Sweet Bough. 

Bough, I Sweet Harvest, 

Early Sweet Bough, Washington, 

Large Yellow Bough, | Niack Pippin. 




American. First described by Coxe as Bough ; we add, Sweet, as 
expressive of its character. Valued as a dessert fruit. Young 
shoots, yellowish, somewhat irregular, ascending. Tree, a moderate, 
annual bearer, succeeding in all good soils not wet. 

Fruit, large, (our figure hardly medium ;) form, roundish, conical, 
ovate ; color, greenish, becoming pale yellow when fully ripe ; stem, 
varying in length ; cavity, deep ; calyx, open ; basin, narrow, deep ; 
flesh, white, tender, crisp, sprightly, sweet ; core, medium, open cap- 
sules ; seeds, ovate, light brown. Season, August. 



Sweet Pearmain. 

This variety, according to Downing and Thomas, is the " English 
Sweeting ;" but according to Mr. Manning, the " English Sweeting" 
is the " Ramsdell's Sweeting," of Downing, (See Hovey's Mag. vol. 
"St. page 150. ^ This variety is extensively grown in central Ohio, 



Ixv/ 



THE APPLE. 




and farther west, suiting well the rich soils ; keeping finely all win- 
ter ; highly valued for baking or eating. 

Fruit, medium size or often above ; form, roundish, slight- 
ly angular ; - color, dull red, rough russet dots and bluish 
bloom ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep wide and open ; calyx, 
woolly ; basin, medium ; flesh, yellowish, tender, moderately juicy, 
sweet ; core, medium, with outer or consecutive lines ; seeds, ovate, 
pyriform, dark brown. Season, December to March. 



Talman's Sweeting. 



Tallman's Sweeting, Tolman's Sweeting, 

Brown's Golden Sweet. 



American. Native of Rhode Island ; its name from a family by 
name of Talman. Its value is for baking and stock feeding. Tree, 
great bearer, fruit keeping well ; growth rapid, upright, strong, wood 
dark. 

Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, slightly conical ; color, light yel- 
low, with a greenish line from stem to apex ; stem, long, slender ; 
cavity, wide, regular ; calyx, medium ; basin, moderate depth, fur- 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



Ill 




rowed ; flesh, white, firm, very sweet ; core, medium ; seeds, light 
brown, ovate pointed. Season, November to April. 

Tetofsky. 




A Russian variety. Trees, very stout and upright growth ; leaves 
large, broad, light green, peculiar ; regular annual bearer; in quali- 



112 



THE APPLE. 



ity about with Red Astrachan, but maturing some ten days or two 
weeks earlier ; very valuable for cooking or marketing ; a gross 
feeder, requiring good soil ; needs little pruning. Our figure does 
not well represent it, being far too small for an average. 

Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, slightly conical ; color, light yel- 
low ground, striped and splashed with red, and a beautiful white 
bloom ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, deep, farrowed ; calyx, rather 
large, long segments ; basin, abrupt, deep, irregular, furrowed ; flesh, 
white, tender, sprightly, juicy, slightly acid, or sharp sub-acid, with 
a peculiar aromatic taste ; core, small, fleshy ; seeds, plump, light 
brown. Season, last of July. 

Sweet Romanite. 

Sweet Nonsuch, | Orange Sweet, erroneously, 




This is a variety introduced to the Ohio Pomological ,, Society by 
W. B. Lipsey, of Morrow County, Ohio. We have not been able 
to identify it with any variety heretofore described. The flesh being 
fine grained and firm — somewhat like the Gilpin or Romanite — prob- 
ably induced the name. It is grown in Illinois, under name of 
" Sweet Nonsuch," and introduced there under the erroneous name 
of " Orange Sweet." Tree, hardy, moderate but regular bearer. 

Size, medium ; form, roundish flattened, very regular ; color, 
greenish yellow ground, mostly striped and overspread with bright 
red and covered with a fine bloom ; stem, short ; cavity, open, regu- 
lar, with little russet; calyx, large, segments in divisions, short, half 
erect ; basin, broad, shallow, furrowed ; flesh, greenish yellow, firm, 



WOKTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



113 



crisp, juicy, sweet — superior to Ramsdell's or Danvers' Sweeting ; 
core, medium, or rather small, compact — centre slightly hollow; 
seeds, ovate, oblong, pyriform. Season, November to March. 

There is another Sweet Romanite grown in the Western States, 
which is oblong ; stem, long and slender ; color, light yellow, striped 
with red ; flesh, more yellow and dry — an inferior or unworthy 
variety. 

There is also a Sweet Nonsuch grown which is flat, with slender 
stem ; cavity, deep light red on pale yellow ; flesh, white, sweet, dry, 
and tough ; inferior. 

Vandervere. 



Vandervere, of Cincinnati, 
Smokehouse? 
Gibbon's Smathhouse ? 
Millcreek, 
Vandervere Pippin 
Red Vandervere, 
Fall Vandervere, 
Yellow Vandervere, 
Spiced Ox Eye, 



Baltimore, of some incorrectly, 
Gibbon's Smokehouse ? 
Striped Ashmore ? 
Millcreek Vandervere, 
Imperial Vandervere, 
Pennsylvania Vandervere, 
Striped Vandervere, 
Staalclubs, 
Watson's Vandervere. 




American. Native of Delaware. There is much confusion rela- 
tive to this apple, and, while it is extensively distributed and grown, 
it has numerous synonyms. The variety described as "Smoke- 
house," by Dr. W/D. Brinckle, in Horticulturist, vol. 3, p. 334, we 
received specimens of, last winter, from Pennsylvania, and could de- 
tect no difference from the Vandervere when well grown. It may, 



114 



THE APPLE. 



however, be distinct. The tree is a free grower, productive, and 
early bearer. Grown on soils deficient in lime, like many of our 
western bottoms, and some of prairie ; it has always more or less 
of dry bitter rot, but, when supplied with lime, the rot disappears, 
and the fruit increases in size and improves in quality ; needs good 
culture. Grown North, it is smaller in size and much more conical, 
and less highly colored than South. Young shoots spotted. 

Fruit, from medium to large ; form, round flattened, sometimes 
angular ; color, orange yellow, striped and stained with yellow red, 
few streaks of deeper red when grown exposed to sun, dotted at in- 
tervals of a quarter to half inch with large yellow russet specks ; 
when grown North, these specks are more of gray and much smaller, 
often russeted about the stem ; stem, projecting about even with 
surrounding surface ; cavity, deep, open, regular ; calyx, with small 
segments ; basin, open, broad, sometimes slight waves or furrows ; 
flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, sprightly, mild sub-acid ; core, 
round, compact ; seeds, large, ovate pyriform. Season, December to 
February. 

Wagsnsr. 




American. " Origin, Penn Yan, Yates County, N. Y. ; seed sown 
in 1791. Tree, thrifty; young shoots, pale green; old wood, dark 
red, requires free trimming in order to produce large sized fruit 
abundantly : annual bearer." 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



115 



Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, flattened, slightly ribbed at base ; 
color, yellow ground, mostly covered with deep glossy red, with 
stripes and splashes of light red, and marked with irregular light 
russet specks ; stem, slender ; cavity, wide, deep ; calyx, small ; 6a- 
sin, broad and open; flesh, yellowish white, fine grained, crisp, 
juicy, sprightly, vinous, sub-acid ; core, small, oblong ovate ; seeds, 
light brown, ovate pyriform. Season, November to March, but will 
keep to May. 

Westfield Seek-no-further. 

Connecticut Seek-no-further, | Seek-no-further. 
Red Winter Pearmain, of some. 




An old variety from Connecticut. For all qualities of tree and 
fruit has no superior. Very popular in its native State, all South 
and West. Grown in rich loamy alluvial soils of the South, it is 
much russeted, and about the stem the russet has appearance of rich 
bronze ; progressing northward, it gradually loses its russet, until on 
light sandy soils in Michigan, it becomes a pale yellow ground, with 
stripes and splashes of clear red and minute dots. 

Fruit, medium ; form, regular, roundish, conical — broad at base ; 
color, light yellow ground, the sunny side striped and splashed with 
red, small russet dots shaded around with light russet yellow ; often 
considerable russet about both stem, and calyx ; stem, long, slender ; 
cavity, open, regular ; calyx, usually small, closed, sometimes open, 



116 



THE APPLE. 



with short segments ; basin, regular form, moderate depth ; flesh 
yellowish, tender, sub-acid, pearmain flavor ; core, medium ; seeds 
ovate. Season, December to February. 

Wood's Greening. 

Coale's Greening'. 

American. Native of New-Jersey. First described by Coxe, from 
whose nursery it was introduced to the west by Prof. Kirtland, 
about 1820. Tree, hardy, slender growth, becoming somewhat 
spreading. It is well adapted to strong heavy soils, producing abun- 
dantly fruit of uniform medium size, and always fair and of " best " 
quality. 

Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, conical, flattened ; color, pale 
green, becoming yellowish, with a few rough spots ; stem, short ; 
cavity, acuminate ; calyx, rather large ; basin, slightly plaited ; flesh, 
greenish white, fine grained, juicy, tender, sprightly, sub-acid ; core, 
small ; seeds, ovate. Season, January to March. 

Wine. 

Wine Apple, j Hay's Winter, 

Hay's Winter Wine, j Winter Wine, 
Hollow Crown Pearmain. 




American. Native of Delaware. Extensively disseminated, and 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



117 



everywhere successful. Strong heavy clay loams produce the 
largest fruit, while best quality are grown on sandy loam. Tree, 
thrifty ; shoots rather slender, spreading ; foliage small. 

Fruit, medium to large ; form, round flattened, often quite angu- 
lar, or largest one side ; color, light pale yellow ground, mostly over- 
spread and striped with lively red, russet about cavity of stem ; 
stem, short ; cavity, acuminate or narrow, deep; calyx, large ; basin, 
broad, open, slightly plaited ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, vinous, sub- 
acid ; core, small ; seeds, large. Season, November to February. 

Wine Sap. 

Wine Sop. 




Probably originated in New-Jersey. First described by Coxe. 
The tree is hardy, an early and very productive bearer, irregular m 
its growth, not forming a handsome head, out producing fair fine 
fruit in all soils, from poor sand to limestone clay— largest m the 
latter, and finest texture in the former— fine on dry prairies. 

Fruit medium; form, ovate conical, flattened at base, some- 
times roundish conical, occasionally angular and slightly ribbed ; 
color, grown North, a bright clear red stained and striped with 
darker shades, and with spots of light yellow; grown South, the 
dark red becomes most prominent, while the patches of light yel- 
low at base are more often seen ; it is also more irregular or an- 
gular in form, and oft with russet about the stem -stem, varying in 
length, slender; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, small, nearly closed; 



118 



THE APPLE. 



basin, abrupt, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, tender, sub-acid, 
sprightly ; core, medium, capsule, hollow ; seeds, short ovate. Season^ 
October to January, often keeps till March. 

Yellow Newtown Pippin. 




This variety is extensively grown ; West it becomes large ; keeps 
well. Trees, though slender growth, good bearers and apparently 
perfectly at home in rich limestone soils. That there are two New- 
town Pippins, we do not question; see " Newtown Pippin ;"but we 
have the past year supposed there might be three, but whether the 
distinction is without a difference we are yet unprepared to decide. 
We give here two figures, and descriptions, of which the latter New- 
town Pippin of Lewis Sanders, Esq., may possibly prove identical 
with Y. N. P. 

Fruit, medium, to large ; form roundish, flattened, angular, or 
broader than long; color, clear yellow, with considerable russet 
from the stem, many small russet dots, and, where exposed to the 
sun, the yellow becomes very rich and dotted with carmine dots ; 
stem, short; cavity, deep ; calyx, large open, segments short, stiff, 
broad ; basin, broad, irregular only from the slight ribbing of the 
fruit ; flesh, yellowish, very firm, crisp, juicy ; core, medium ; seeds, 
purplish black, oblong pyriform. Keeps to June. 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 



119 



Newtown Pippin, of Lewis Sanders, Ky. 




Fruit, large ; form, angular, roundish conical, prominently ribbed ; 
color, dull pale yellow, with whitish yellow, marbled and splashed, 
the latter prevailing mostly at stem end ; stem, short ; cavity, acu- 
minate, somewhat russeted ; calyx, medium, short segments ; basin, 
pretty deep, irregular, ribbed ; jlesli, yellowish white, firm, crisp, 
vinous, juicy, sub-acid, with tinges or lines, and specks throughout, 
as if decay had partially taken place ; core, medium, or rather large ; 
seeds, dark rich reddish brown, ovate, pyriform. 



CLASS II. New and untested. Adapted to certain Localities, or 

Amateur Gardens. 

Abbott Seedling. 

American. Fruit, medium, roundish, slightly conical, dull green, tinged 
with red ; flesh, tender juicy, wants flavor. Winter, (Hov. Mag.) 



120 THE APPLE. 

Adams. 

Noll's No. 1. 

A Pennsylvania seedling of White Deer township, Union County. 
Large ; roundish oblate ; faintly mottled and striped with red on a 
greenish yellow ground ; stem, half an inch long ; cavity, broad acute ; 
calyx, rather large, segments closed; basin, wide, moderately deep, 
plaited; flesh, greenish white, of fine texture, rather juicy; "very good." 
(W. D. B.) 

Adam's Pearmain. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, conical, pale greenish yellow, with gray rus- 
set; stem, slender; flesh, yellowish, crisp, aromatic. Early winter. 
(Lindley.) 

Albemarle Pippin. 

Fruit, medium or large, round, yellow, with brown specks ; flesh, pale 
yellow, sub-acid. Grown in Virginia ; keeps well. (Thomas.) 

Alexander. 

Emperor Alexander. 

Foreign. Fruit, large, conical, flattened at base, red streaked on green- 
ish yellow ; stem, small ; cavity, deep ; calyx, large ; basin, deep ; flesh, 
coarse crisp ; showy ; poor bearer. October. 

Ashmore. 

Red Ashmore, | Fall Wine, erroneously. 

American. A desirable variety deserving attention. Fruit, above 
medium, regular, round, bright clear red; short slender stem ; deep cavity.; 
calyx, small, closed; deep, regular basin; core, large; capsules, hollow; 
seeds, plump ; flesh, white crisp, tender, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly. Octo- 
ber and November. The Black Vandervere, a third rate fruit, is some- 
times grown as this variety. 

Ashland. 

American. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, slightly conical, dull 
greenish yellow, striped and splashed with dull red mingled with bluish 
gray, and large russet dots ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, sweet, dry ; 
hardly "very good;" stem, short; cavity, narrow, deep; calyx, small; 
basin, shallow; core, small; seeds, ovate flattened. November to January. 

Aunt's Apple. 

Fruit, medium to large, ovate flattened, light yellow, streaked with red, 
radiating from stem, which is short, stout; cavity, open, broad, russeted; 
calyx, closed ; basin, finely folded ; flesh, yellow, breaking, sub-acid, 
musky perfume, juicy ; " very good ;" core, medium. November *to 
January. 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 121 

Aromatic Carolina. 

From South Carolina. " Tree, spreading, pendent, short fruit wood, 
abrupt terminal buds; fruit, large, oblate, conical, pale red, slightly 
streaked; heavy bloom; wide basin; open calyx; flesh, tender, melting, 
aromatic. July. Abundant bearer." (Wm. Sumner, in Hort.) 

Autumn Seek-no-further. 

American. Fruit, medium, roundish, pale green, faintly striped with 
red in sun; stem, slender; cavity, narrow, deep; calyx, open, erect seg- 
ments; basin, round, medium depth; core, medium; flesh, white, juicy, 
tender, sprightly, sub-acid ;" very good." October, 

Autumnal Swaar. 

Autumnal Sweet Swaar, | Sweet Swaar, 
Sweet Golden Pippin. 

Tree, spreading; shoots, vigorous, diverging; fruit, large, round, flat- 
tened, slightly ribbed, rich golden yellow ; stem, long; basin, open, shallow; 
calyx, half closed ; basin, deep ; flesh, tender, yellowish, spicy, sweet, not 
juicy ;" very good." October. 

Autumn Pearmain. 

English Summer Pearmain, J Royal Pearmain, 
Summer Pearmain, | Parmain d'Ete, 

Sigler's Red. 

Foreign. Tree, slender, slow growth, irregular ; fruit, medium, oblong 
conical, brownish yellow and green, red blended with yellow in sun. 
small brown specks; stalk, short; calyx, in a broad shallow basin'j 
slightly plaited; flesh, pale yellow, crisp ; nearly "best." September. 

Aunt Hannah. 

From Massachusetts. Fruit, medium, roundish, light yellow; flesh 
tender, crisp, sub-acid ; "very good." Winter. 

Bailey Spice. 

American. From Plattsburg, K Y. Growth, moderate ; shoots, reddish 
brown; fruit, medium, round ovate, tapering to eye, light yellow, faint 
blush in sun ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, nar- 
row ; flesh, yellowish, greenish tint, sprightly, spicy; core, large, open: 
seeds, light brown. October. "Very good." 

Bailey Sweet. 

Patterson Sweet, j Edgerly Sweet 

From Perry, N. Y. Fruit, medium to large, round, ovate flattened 
sometimes ribbed, clear yellowish red, with an occasional russet patch • 
stem, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep; calyx, closed ; basin, medium, abrupt, 
often plaited; flesh, yellow, rather dry, sweet; "very good-" core, me- 
dium; seeds, ovate pyriform. November to December. 
6 



122 THE APPLE. 



Belzer. 

American. Ohio. Fruit, medium, red striped on greenish yellow ; 
flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, sub-acid. August. (T. S. Humrickhouse, 
in Hov. Mag.) 

JBenoni. 

From Massachusetts. Growth, vigorous, erect, good bearer; fruit 
medium, roundish, narrowing towards the eye, deep yellow striped with 
crimson, dotted with white specks; stem, short, slender; cavity, narrow; 
calyx, large, open; basin, furrowed; flesh, yellow crisp, tender, juicy, 
vinous; "very good;" core, close; seeds, pale brown. August and 
September. 

Bevan. 

Sevan Favorite, | Striped June. 

From New Jersey. Valuable as a market fruit, to transport long dis- 
tances ; we have thought the Red June, which comes to us at Cleveland 
from Kentucky, might be this apple, but have had no opportunity of com- 
paring them in season. Fruit, below medium, roundish flattened, slight- 
ly conical, distinct broad red stripes on yellow; stem, varying from short 
to long; cavity, shallow; calyx, large; basin, plaited; flesh, firm, tough, 
sub-acid ; seeds, plump, ovate pyriform. August. We are also of opinion 
this may be the Carolina June, of the West. 

Bentley's Sweet. 

From Virginia. Tree, moderately vigorous, hardy, good bearer, great 
keeper; valuable south, in rich soils. Fruit, above medium, oblong, ir- 
regular, flattened at ends ; red and yellow striped, or blotched ; stem, 
long, curved; calyx, large; basin, open, deep, furrowed; core, compact; 
seeds, large, ovate, pointed; flesh yellowish, firm, tender, juicy; "very 
good." January to Sept. 

Better than Good. 

Juicy Bite. 

From Pennsylvania. May prove identical with some already described. 
Tree, slender, irregular; fruit, medium, roundish, tapering to the eye; 
yellowish white ; flesh tender, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good." Early Winter 

Bean Sweet. 

" This fruit I procured of the late Judge Buel. Medium size, ovate, 
oblong. Color, nearly white, producing a splendid appearance when ripe 
on the tree ; crisp and juicy ; ripe in Oct. ; wilL keep till Feby. or March ; 
a good baking apple." (B. V. French, Esq., Ms.) 

Blue Pearmain. 

Tree, hardy, shoots stout, dark color ; buds, large, unsuited to exposed 
situations, the fruit being large and heavy is easily blown of£ Fruit, very 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 123 

large, roundish, slightly conical, striped and blotched with purplish red 
over a dull ground ; white bloom ; stem, short; calyx, small; basin, deep; 
core, medium ; flesh, yellowish, mild sub-acid ; " very good." Early 
Winter. 

Black Apple. 

Black American, | Jersey Black, 
Dodge's Black. 

American. Tree, slender, moderate growth, drooping, when old ; a good 
bearer ; negative quality, often esteemed. Fruit, medium, round slightly 
flattened, dark red, almost black, whitish bloom, and many whitish specks ; 
stem, medium ; cavity, deep ; calyx rather small ; basin, shallow ; core 
large ; capsules, long, ovate, hollow ; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, yellow- 
ish white tinged with red, crisp, juicy. Nov. to Feby. 

There is much confusion at theWest with this variety, and several fruits 
are grown under the same name. One under name of Black, or " Canada 
Black," is oblong, with greenish flesh, inferior ; tree, a fine grower. 

Another is of medium size ; fruit depressed at ends ; skin rough ; flesh, 
aromatic ; ripening in September ; tree upright grower, with rough uneven 
bark. 

Black Coal. 

Welcome, 

This is also another of the Black apples grown West. Fruit, above 
medium, round, regular smooth, glossy, rich dark red striped, and mostly 
overspreading a lighter red ; numerous specks ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, 
slightly russeted ; calyx, closed, woolly or downy ; basin, open ; core, 
large, hollow ; seeds, loose ; flesh, white, slightly tinged with red, crisp, 
juicy, tender, rather acid. Nov. to Feby. 

Bledsoe. 

" From Kentucky. Eesembles White Pippin, (Canada Pippin.) Fruit, 
large, conical, flattened at base, greenish yellow, light bronze at base, 
brownish specks ; skin, smooth ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, 
closed ; basin, shallow ; core, open ; seeds, large, light brown ; flesh, white, 
tender, juicy ; " very good." March and April. Claimed as a seedling ; 
new." (A. H. Ernst, Ms.) 

Blood. 

From central Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, occasionally angular; 
dull red, marbled and striped with shades of purplish red, occasional 
rough gray dots ; stem, varying ; cavity, funnel shaped ; calyx, half open ; 
broad segments ; basin furrowed ; core, small, compact ; seeds, oblong 
ovate, dark red ; flesh, yellowish, tinged with red near the surface, break- 
ing mild almost sweet; " very good." Dec. to March. 

BOALSBURG. 

A seedling of Centre County, Pennsylvania. Large, oblong, inclining to 



124 



THE APPLE. 



conical, delicately mottled and striped with red on a yellow ground ; stem, 
short, thick ; deep, acuminate, russeted cavity ; basin, deep, moderately 
wide; flesh yellowish, juicy, sprightly, and refreshing; "very good." 
(W. D. B.). 

BOHANON. 

A variety probably originally of Virginia, lately brought to notice as 
grown by Lewis Sanders, Esq., of Ky. It much resembles Maiden's 
Blush. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, narrowing to the eye, with in- 
clination to a ribbed surface ; light pale yellow, crimson blush on sunny 
side, russet about stem ; stem, slender ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, partly 
closed; basin, deep expanded; core, open; seeds, numerous, light brown ; 
flesh, yellowish white, tender, slightly aromatic, sub-acid. Sept. 

Bourassa. 




Foreign. Succeeds finely in Canada and northern sections, — Vermont, 
North Michigan, on poor soil, etc. Fruit, medium, ovate conical, slightly 
ribbed, occasionally irregular ; color, rich, orange russet on yellow, reddish 
brown in sun ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, small, irregular ; calyx, with 
long segments; basin, narrow; core, rather large; seeds, few; flesh, 
white, fine grained, sub-acid; "best." October to January. 

Brabant Bellflower. 

Brabant Belle-fleur, | Iron Apple. 

Foreign. Tree, strong, irregular growth, making, however, a good 
head. Valuable for cooking. Fruit, above medium, roundish oblong, 
flattened at ends; pale yellow, mostly coverered with red striped and 



FOE AMATEUR CULTURE. 125 

splashed; calyx, large; basin, wide; flesh, firm, crisp, sharp sub-acid. 
iNov. to Jany. 

Brooke's Pippin. 

A native of Virginia. Large, roundish, inclining to conical, obscurely 
ribbed ; greenish yellow, with a faint blush ; stem, short, rather stout, 
deep, irregular, russeted cavity ; basin, small, shallow, waved, sometimes 
furrowed ; seed, long, slender acuminate ; flesh, crisp, juicy, of fine tex- 
ture, with a pleasant aroma ; best ;" winter ; bearing abundantly every 
year in localities where the Newtown Pippin, to which it bears some re- 
semblance, does not succeed. 

Buck's County. 

Buck's County Pippin. 

A Pennsly vania Seedling. Large, roundish oblate, inclining to conical ; 
greenish yellow, with sometimes a faint brown cheek ; stem, short, not 
stout, inserted in a deep, open cavity ; basin, wide, deep, slightly plaited ; 
seed, small, short ; flesh, tender; texture fine ; flavor excellent; "very 
good. (W. D. B.) 

Butter Apple. 

American ; probably from Pennsylvania. Fruit, below medium, regu- 
lar roundish, red marbling and overspreading yellow, few yellow russet 
dots, russet near and in cavity of stem ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, nar- 
row, deep ; calyx, half closed ; basin, abrupt ribbed ; core, medium ; seeds, 
roundish ovate ;, flesh, yellowish white, tender, sweet ; " very good." 
Nov. to Feby. 

Buffington's Early. 

A moderate bearer; origin unknown. Fruit, below medium, flattened, 
little ribbed, yellowish white, with faint blush ; cavity, deep ; basin, 
shallow furrowed ; flesh, tender, delicate sub-acid ; "best." Last of July. 

Burr's Winter Sweet. 

Native of Hingham, Mass. Tree, good grower, spreading. Early and 
abundant bearer. Fruit, large, roundish oblate, flattened at base, full at 
crown ; smooth, greenish yellow, striped and splashed with vermilion, 
russet at stem ; small gray specks ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, broad, 
open ; eye, medium, closed ; segments, short ; basin, open ribbed ; core, 
small ; seeds, medium ; flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, slight aromatic 
perfume. Dec. to March. (Hov. Mag.) 

Bush. 

Native of Boalsburg, Pa. Size, medium, oblate, conical ; greenish yel- 
low, russet dots near the crown ; calyx, small ; basin, deep plaited ; flesh, 
" very good." (W. D. B.) 



126 THE APPLE. 

Carnahan. 

Cannahan's Favorite. 

Native of Southern Ohio. Tree, vigorous, spreading. Fruit, large, 
roundish, tapering to the eye, yellow, with stripes of red, greenish russet 
dots ; stem, medium ; cavity, deep, open ; calyx, large, long segments ; 
basin, ribbed ; core, compact ; seeds, brown ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy ; 
" very good." Dec. to Feby. 

Cannon Pearmain. 

American. Tree, good grower, branches diverging. Fruit, small, 
roundish, often angular, yellow with dull red, and large yellow specks ; 
stem, long curved ; cavity, shallow, russety ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, 
furrowed; flesh, yellow, crisp, sprightly; "very good." Dec. to March 

Cann. 

American. Fruit, medium, nearly conical, dull green, little red in sun, 
and near the stem ; flesh, white, sweet ; " very good." Oct. to Dec. Tree, 
thrifty, spreading. 

Campfield. 

Newark Sweeting. 

American. Tree, vigorous, nearly upright, spreading. Fruit, medium, 
roundish flattened ; greenish yellow, with dull red in sun; flesh, white, 
dry sweet ; valued for stock and cider. 

Carolina Winter Queen. 

American. We have seen but little of this apple, but are impressed 
with the idea that it is destined to be a valuable and popular variety 
South, far superior to Northern Spy. Fruit, above medium, roundish 
conical ; greenish yellow streaked and stained with red from the stem, a 
little russet at stem, and few small faint dots ; calyx, open, segments, re- 
flexed; basin, round, medium ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep; core, medium; 
seeds, abundant; flesh, yellowish, sprightly, crisp, juicy; "best." Nov., 
Jany. 

Cayuga Red Streak. 

Twenty Ounce, Twenty Ounce Apple, 

Eighteen Ounce, Gov. Seward, 

Twenty Ounce Pippin, erroneously. 

From Western New York. We adopt the name " Cayuga Red Streak," 
to prevent continued confusion with " Twenty ounce Pippin." Fruit, 
large, roundish, conical, dull yellowish green striped and marbled with 
yellowish red ; stem, short ; calyx, closed ; core, large ; flesh, yellowish 
white, coarse, crisp ; sub-acid. Nov., Dec. Esteemed for cooking. 

Cat Face. 
From Kentucky. Fruit, large, conical, flattened at ends; greenish yel- 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 127 

low, streaked with light and dark red ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep, 
wide ; calyx, prominent ; basin, deep ; core, small ; seeds, light brown ; 
flesh, white, tender, brisk, sub-acid. April and May. (A. H. Ernst, 
Ms.) 

Clyde Beauty. 

Mackie's Clyde Beauty. 

From Clyde, N. Y. Productive. Fruit, large, roundish conical, 
slightly ribbed ; pale, greenish yellow, striped and mottled with light red, 
deep crimson in the sun ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, 
closed ; basin, furrowed; flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, sub-acid ; " best." 
October to December. Deserves more attention. 

Cole. 

Scarlet Perfume. 

Foreign. Tree, slender growth, irregular, diverging or spreading, 
hardy, an early bearer of a pleasant sprightly fruit. Fruit, medium, 
roundish, little conical, bright red ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, medium, 
partly closed; flesh, white, juicy ; "very good." August. 

Cooper. 

Beauty Red, J Lady Washington, 
Seek-no-further, of some erroneously. 

An Eastern variety, recovered at West, where it was brought in 
1796 ; its identity with any variety now known East, is not established ; 
hence we must continue under its present name. Growth, upright, 
stout; branches at right angles; wood, reddish, "subject to canker;" a 
good bearer, maturing its fruit nearly all at the same time. Succeeds best 
on rich limestone clay. 

Fruit, large, often very large ; roundish flattened, greenish yellow with 
stripes and blotches of pale red ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep ; stem, slender, 
short ; cavity, deep ; flesh, yellowish, not fine grained, crisp, juicy ; 
*' very good." September, but often keeps to November. 

Cooper's Early White. 

Grown in Illinois and Wisconsin, where it is regarded as productive 
and profitable. Fruit, medium ; roundish, little flattened ; pale yellow, with 
faint blush, greenish tinge at stem; stem, short; cavity, narrow, deep; 
calyx, closed; basin, deep, abrupt, slightly furrowed; flesh, white, crisp, 
sprightly. September and October. 

Cocklin's Favorite. 

Small, roundish, truncated apple, native of Allen Township, Cumber- 
land Co. ; quality, " very good." (W. D. B.) 

Chief Good. 

Fummum Bonum. 

From Kentucky, near Louisville. Fruit, medium to large, roundish, 



128 THE APPLE. 

flattened at base, light yellow, streaked and mottled with red, few splashes 
of green ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, open ; calyx, small, partly closed ; 
basin, shallow ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, aromatic ; core, open ; 
seeds, large, light brown. September and October. (A. H. Ernst, 
Ms.) % 



Court-pendu-Plat. 



Court-pendu, 

Garnon's Apple, 

Cour pendu, Rond Gros, 

" " Musque, 
Coriandra Rose, 
Wollaton Pippin, 



Capendu 

Cour pendu, Extra, 

" " Rouge Musque, 
Pomme de Berlin, 
Russian, 
Prineisse Noble Zoete. 



Foreign. Tree, slender; early and prolific bearer. Fruit, medium, 
regular, flat ; pale greenish yellow, crimson in sun; stem, short; cavity, 
deep; calyx, large; basin, wide, shallow; flesh, yellow, crisp, sprightly 
little acid ; " Very good." November to February. 



Court of Wick. 



Barlow, 
Court de Wick, 
Fry's Pippin, 
Wood's Huntingdon, 
Philip's Reinette, 
Week's Pippin, 



Court of Wick Pippin, 
Rival Golden Pippin, 
Golden Drop, 
Transparent Pippin, 
Knightwick Pippin, 
Yellow. 



Foreign. For those who like a firm, spicy, sprightly fruit for dessert, 
this may be esteemed. Tree, very hardy — suited to the North. Fruit, 
small, regular, roundish ovate, flattened ; greenish yellow in shade, little 
red and dotted with russet specks in sun ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, 
with long wide spread segments ; basin, shallow ; core, large ; seeds, 
ovate ; flesh yellow, sharp, sub-acid, crisp, juicy. October to February. 



Cumberland. 

Cumberland Seedling. 

From Cumberland County, Pa. Tree, fine grower. Fruit, esteemed 
valuable for market ; large, roundish, flattened ; flesh, white, sub-acid ; 
"good;" new. 

Cumberland Spice. 

The Blenheim Pippin has been received at the West as this variety. In 
absence of fruit to examine, we copy Thomas's description : 

" Rather large, varying from roundish-conical to long-conical, the taper- 
ing sides being nearly straight and not rounded; color, waxen yellow, 
with a slight vermilion tinge near the base, and with black specks on 
the surface ; stalk, half to three-fourths of an inch long; cavity, wide, 
slightly russeted ; calyx, open ; basin, even ; flesh, yellowish-white, break- 
ing, rather light ; core, hollow ; flavor, mild sub-acid, with a peculiar and 
agreeable spiciness ; of good second-rate quality." 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 



129 



Cracking-. 




"From Harrison County, Ohio. Tree, strong grower; requires little 
pruning." Fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white; flesh, tender, juicy ; 
"very good." October to January. (Dr. J. A. Warder's Notes.) New ; 
highly esteemed where known. 

Cat Pippin. 



West's Spitzenberg, 
Haymaker, 



Honemaker Pippin, 
Hommacher Apfel. 



Western Pennsylvania. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, medium to 
large, greenish; flesh, greenish, juicy, sub-acid. December to April. 
New. 

Darlington. 

Darlington Russet. 

Native of northern Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, clear smooth rus- 
set ; stem, medium ; cavity, deep ; calyx, half closed ; basin, deep ; flesh, 
white; hardly "very good." January to June. 

Delight. 

From R. Buchanan, Esq., Southern Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish flat- 
tened, slightly angular, yellow russet at stem, irregular russet spots, ver- . 
milion red cheek in sun ; stem, very short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, large, 
short segments ; basin, round, slightly furrowed ; core, compact ; seeds, 
6* 



130 



THE APPLE. 




ovate angular; flesh, yellowish, firm, mild sub-acid, almost sweet; "very- 
good." New. February to May. 

Detroit. 

Red Detroit, | Black Detroit, 
Crimson Pippin. 

Foreign. Introduced to Detroit, Michigan, by early French settlers. 
Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, dark blackish crimson, dotted 
and marbled with fawn specks in sun ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, 
plaited; core, large, hollow; flesh, white, often stained with red to ^ the 
core, crisp, juicy, sub-acid. October to February. This is sometimes 
grown as the Black Apple. 

Dillingham. 

From D. C. Richmond, Esq., Sandusky, Ohio. Native. Fruit, medium, 
round, regular, whitish yellow, dots of red in sun ; cavity, deep russeted ; 
calyx, closed ; basin, medium ; core, small ; seeds, plump ; flesh, white, 
fine grained, juicy, sweet ; " very good ;" great bearer. October and 
November. 

Doctor. 

Red Doctor, | De Witt. 

Native of Pennsylvania. Much grown in southern Ohio and Indiana, 
producing abundantly of second-rate fruit. Fruit, medium to large, flat ; 
yellow striped and washed with several shades of red and occasional spots 
of russet ; calyx, closed ; basin, open ; cavity, deep ; core, small ; seeds, 
oblong, pyriform; flesh, tender, juicy. October to January. 

Domine. 

Origin uncertain. Tree, strong, vigorous grower ; shoots, long, diverg- 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 131 

ing ; early good bearer ; profitable orchard sort West ; succeeding finely 
in most soils. Fruit, medium to large, flat, greenish yellow, with stripes 
and splashes of bright red and large russet specks ; stem, long, slender, 
inclining to one side ; cavity, wide ; calyx, small ; basin, broad ; core, 
medium ; seeds, abundant, purplish brown ; flesh, white, tender, juicy ; 
" very good." November to April. 

Dutchess. 

Dutchess of Oklenburgh. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, with dark, upright shoots, moderate bearer ; 
valued for cooking. Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, light red 
striped and splashed on yellow; stem, short; cavity, acuminate; basin, 
deep ; flesh, yellowish white, sharp sub-acid. August and September. 

Emperor. 

Dickson's Emperor. 

From Scotland. New. Fruit, large, irregular, slightly ribbed ; yellow, 
with dashes of carmine red, and minute specks of straw color; dull red 
cheek in sun; stem, short; calyx, large; basin, deep, irregular; core, 
small ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy ; "very good." November to January. 

Early Pennock. 

Shakers' Yellow, j August Apple, 
Indian Queen ? New Jersey Red Streak? 

Warren Pennock. 

This is probably an old Eastern variety so changed by our Western 
soils as not to be recognized. It was distributed West from Harrison or 
Belmont Counties, Ohio. Trees, thrifty, hardy, early prolific bearers of 
fruit, rather below second rate quality ; fruit, large, roundish, tapering to 
the eye; greenish yellow, blotched and streaked with lively red; stem, 
long; cavity, deep, irregular; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, sub-acid. 
August. Resembles, but is distinct from, Summer Queen. 

English Golden Russet. 

Golden Russet, of New York. 
Foreign. Growth, irregular ; fruit, medium, roundish, russet on yellow ; 
stem, slender ; flesh, fine grained, crisp ; nearly " best." December to 
March. ^ 

English Sweeting. 

Ramsdell's Sweeting, Ramsdell's Red Pumpkin Sweet, 

Ramdell's Sweet, ' j Red Pumpkin Sweet, 
Avery Sweeting. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright, early prolific bearer ; fruit, medium 
to large, ftblong, tapering to the eye, green and rough in shade, dark red 
dotted with fawn specks, and with a blue bloom in sun ; stem, short ; 
cavity, narrow, angular, often a fleshy knob ; calyx, with short stiff seg- 
ments; basin, round, regular; core, long ovate; seeds, imperfect; flesh, 
yellowish white, sweet ; " very good.' October to February. 



132 THE APPLE. 



. EsTEN. 

From Rhode Island. Tree, vigorous, productive ; fruit, large, oblong 
ovate, slightly ribbed ; yellow, faint blush in sun, large green dots ; stem, 
slender ; cavity, deep ; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, sub-acid. October. 

Eustis. 

Een. 

Native Mass. Fruit, medium to large, roundish, slightly flattened ; red 
and yellow striped or splashed ; stem, slender, inclined one side ; cavity, 
deep, open ; calyx, closed : basin, open ; core, small ; seeds, ovate angular ; 
flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, aromatic, sub-acid. December to January. 

Fall Jennetting. 

Fall Gennetting'. 

Probably American. An old variety known to us in Connecticut when 
a boy, although Mr. Hovey says, in 1847 — " New and very desirable." 
Fruit, large, roundish, flattened, ribbed at base, narrowing to the eye, pale 
greenish yellow, blush in sun, russety specks ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; 
calyx, closed ; basin, round ; core, small ; seeds, angular ; flesh, yellowish 
white, tender, juicy ; " very good." October and November. (Hov. 
Mag.) There is another Gennetting grown in Ohio, maturing from July 
to September, which is sour and unworthy. 

Foundling. 

Funtling. 

Native of Mass. " Fruit, large, roundish flattened, narrowing to the 
eye, yellowish green, with broken stripes pale red, greenish specks ; stem, 
short, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed ; core, me- 
dium; seeds, small; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, sprightly, sub-acid. 
August and September.'' (Hov. Mag.) 

Fall Queen. 

Horse Apple, Red Gloria Mundi ? 

Oldfield, Fall Beauty. 

Origin unknown. Yalued -highly South and West for cooking. Fruit, 
medium to large, roundish conical, little irregular, greenish yellow to 
orange, blush in sun, russet lines about stem ; stem, short ; cavity, shal- 
low ; basin, narrow ; core, large, hollow ; flesh, yellow, coarse, acid. Last 
July. 

Fall Harvey. 

Native of Mass. Not productive. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, 
greenish yellow, with scattered brown dots; stem, slender; cavity, deep; 
flesh, white, mild sub-acid, juicy ; " very good." October and November. 

Favorite. 

From Kentucky. Fruit, small, roundish, tapering to the eye, pale yel- 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 133 

low, striped and splashed with red, and small rough dots; stem, short; 
cavity deep ; calyx, small ; basin, medium, regular ; core, medium ; seeds,' 
long ovate; flesh, yellow, juicy, mild sub-acid; not quite " very good." 
November to January. 

Father Abraham. 

From Virginia ; considerably grown in Kentucky. We copy Coxe's 
description : " Small, flat, red, little yellow, spots and blotches of darker 
red ; texture, thin, tender ; flesh, white, tinged with red next the sun, 
juicy, agreeable. Early winter. Keeps till April." 

Ferdinand. 

Native South Carolina. Tree, moderately vigorous, upright; fruit, 
large, oblate, irregular, pale greenish yellow ; stem, thick ; calyx, open ; 
basin, shallow; flesh, yellowish, tender. November to March. New. 
(Wm. Sumner in Hort.) 

Fleiner. 

Foreign. Tree, great bearer, growth upright ; fruit, medium, oblong, 
lemon yellow, red cheek; , flesh, white, tender, sub-acid ; "good." Sep- 
tember and October. Productiveness its chief merit. 

Franklin Golden Pippin. 

xree, upright, vigorous, early annual bearer ; fruit, medium, roundish 
ovate, conical, pale light greenish yellow, interlined with fine whitish net 
work, few russet dots ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, closed ; 
basin! narrow, slightly plaited ; flesh, crisp, juicy ; " very good." October. 

French's Sweet. 

The seedling trees are still standing in Braintree, Mass. Large, round 
ovate, green, inclining to a yellow when fully ripe, great bearer, highly 
perfumed ; flesh, firm. Ripe October and November, and will keep till 
January or February. Richest baking I know. (B. Y. French, Ms.) 

Fronclin. 

tl Native of Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree, rapid grower, great bearer ; fruit, 
medium, regular, round ; bright red ; flesh, yellowish, acid, vinous. New. 
(Pom. Trans.) 

Flushing Spitzenberg. 

American. Tree, vigorous, strong brown shoots ; fruit, medium, roundish, 
slightly conical, greenish yellow, mostly covered with warm yellowish red, 
russet dots, with suffused fawn shade surrounding ; stem, slender ; cavity, 
narrow ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow ; core, rather large ; flesh, white, tinged 



134 



THE APPLE. 




yellow, juicy, crisp, mild, nearly sweet ; " very good." 
February. 



November to 



Fulton. 



Native of Canton Co., 111. Original tree, when 19 years old, gave 36 1-2 
inches circumference, 3 feet from ground, 25 feet high, and 28 feet across 
top, and had produced large crops ten years in succession. Fruit, medium, 
roundish Flattened, pale clear yellow, bright red cheek, little russet in stem 
cavity, small dots ; stern, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, short seg- 
ments ; basin, rather deep; core, small ; seeds, ovate, pointed ; flesh, white, 
tender, juicy, mild sub-acid; " very good." November and December. 



Gabriel. 



Ladies Blush. 



The origin of this variety is uncertain. It will most likely yet prove 
identical with some variety heretofore described. Our engraving is under 
medium size of the apple. Trees, moderate growth, good bearers ; fruit, 
medium or below, roundish conical, yellowish, striped, and splashed with 
pale red; stem, slender ; cavity, medium ; calyx, small; basin, shallow ; 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 



135 




core, medium ; seeds, long ovate, pointed ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, sub-acid ; 
" best." October and November. 

Garretson's Early. 

John Garretson's Early. 

Native probably of New Jersey. Tree, vigorous growth, early, abun- 
dant bearer ; fruit, medium, roundish, flattened ; pale green, becoming 
yellowish, dotted with whitish specks ; stem, short ; cavity, shallow; calyx, 
closed ; basin, ribbed ; core, large ; seeds, plump ; flesh, white, crisp, ten- 
der, sub-acid ; " very good." August. 

George. 

From Muskingum Co., Ohio. Tree, spreading, free bearer ; fruit, me- 
dium, roundish flattened, pale yellow, with russety blotches and specks, 
oft quite russety ; calyx, large, open ; basin, shallow ; flesh, whitish, firm, 
juicy, mild acid. July. 

Gilpin. 

Carthouse, | Rornanite of the West. 

From Virginia. Its keeping and bearing qualities will always render it 
more or less popular. Fruit, below medium, roundish, flattened at apex, 
deep red and yellow; stem, varying ; cavity deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, 
sometimes furrowed ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, yellow, firm, juicy, 
will keep a year. 



From Wallingford, Conn, 
tender, juicy ; " very good." 



Giles. 

Fruit, medium, conical, dark red ; flesh, 
October and November. 



136 



THE APPLE. 



Gray Vandervere. 



Windower, 
Great Vandervere, 
White Vandevrere, 



Indian Apple, 
Betsey's Fancy, 
Vandervere Pippin, of some. 




A great bearer, good keeper, by some preferred to the Vandervere. 
Dr. Warder says, this is the variety common in Philadelphia market, and 
esteemed highly for cooking. Fruit, medium or slightly above, round 
flattened ; skin, rough, uneven, mostly a dull red, with gray bloom, small 
specks of russet, a little bronze at the stem ; stem, long ; cavity, open ; 
calyx, with short segments ; basin, broad, open ; core, medium ; flesh, 
yellowish, breaking, moderately juicy. December to March. 

Granny Earle. 

Fruit, small, roundish oval, green, striped and splashed with red ; flesh, 
white, crisp, tender. November to January. (Hov. Mag.) 

Granniwinkle. 

Tree, slow grower, compact head, first described by Coxe ; esteemed 
only for cider. Fruit, medium, roundish, oblong, dark red ; flesh, yellow- 
ish, sweet. October and November. 



Gully. 

From Lancaster co., Pa. Fruit, small to medium, white with blush 
cheek ; flesh, white, juicy. New. (Pom. Trans.) 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE!. 187 

Green Seek-no-further. 

Seek-no-further of Coxe, | Bracy's Seek -no-further. 

Growth, vigorous, upright ; fruit, large, roundish conical, greenish yel- 
low, with dark specks ; stem, short ; calyx, large ; basin, deep, slightly 
ribbed ; flesh, white, little coarse, mild sub-acid. November to January. 

Hagloe. 

Summer Hagloe. 

Tree, medium bearer, dark colored strong shoots, valued for cooking, 
often fine for dessert; fruit, medium, roundish flattened, bright red on 
yellow ; flesh, tender. July. Distinct from Hagloe Crab, a small ovate 
cider fruit. 

Harrison. 

» 
Generally grown for cider, but, in absence of better fruit, and kept until 
March, it becomes " very good" for dessert. Tree, thrifty, hardy, very 
productive ; fruit, medium or small, roundish ovate, yellow, with black 
specks, light suffused shade around ; stem, one inch ; cavity, wide ; calyx, 
closed ; basin, shallow furrowed ; flesh, yellow, firm, spicy, sub-acid ; core, 
large ; seeds, long ovate. November to March. It is from this variety, 
mixed with a small proportion of Campfield, that the celebrated Newark 
cider is made. 

Hartford Sweeting. 

Spencer Sweeting, | Cliamp Sweeting. 

Native of Hartford, Conn. Growth, slow, hardy, productive ; fruit, 
large, roundish flattened ; red striped on greenish yellow ; stem, slender ; 
cavity, shallow ; calyx, large ; basin, shallow ; flesh, whitish, juicy, tender ; 
" very good." December to March. 

Haskell Sweet. 

Sassafras Sweet. 

Tree, vigorous, moderately prolific, deserves more general culture ; 
fruit, large, nearly flat, greenish, with dull brown cheek in sun; stem and 
cavity, medium ; flesh, tinged with orange yellow, tender, sweet ; almost 
"best." October. 

Hawley. 

Douse, | Dow's. 

Native of Columbia Co., N. Y. Much resembles Fall Pippin, but larger 
and ripens earlier, and is invariably affected with dry rot in all soils, 
otherwise it would take first class. Fruit, large, roundish, flattened, 
conical, yellowish green to yellow, with few brown dots ; stem, slender; 
cavity, wide; calyx, small, partly closed; basin, medium, slightly plaited ; 
flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. October, sometimes in 
September. 



138 



THE APPLE. 



Hector. 

From Chester county, Pa. Large, oblong, conical, striped and mottled 
with red on a yellow ground ; stem, slender ; deep, open russeted cavity ; 
basin, narrow, deep, furrowed ; flesh, crisp ; texture, fine ; " very good." 
(W. D. B.) 

Helen's Favorite.. 

From Troy, Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, dark red shades, light 
spots ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small ; core, compact ; 
seeds, small ; flesh, white, streaked with red, tender, juicy ; " very good.'' 
January and February. (A. H. Ernst, Ms.) 

Herman. 

From Cumberland co., Pa. Tree, productive ; fruit, medium, oblong, 
red striped on greenish yellow ; flesh, greenish, tender, juicy ; "very good." 
December to April. (Pom. Trans.) 

Holland Pippin. 



Reinette d' Holland, 
Slimmer Pippin, 



Pie Apple, 

French Pippin, of some. 




Tree resembles Fall Pippin, with which it is o,ften confounded, but from 
which it is distinct. It is esteemed for cooking, for which it is fitted 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 189 

in August, but we think surpassed by G-ravenstein. We refer for descrip- 
tion to Fall Pippin, with this difference, more regular round, stem shorter, 
cavity not as deep, more broad and open, calyx smaller, and basin not as 
wide. 

Housum's Red. 

From Berks county, Pa. Large, oblong, compressed at the sides, skin 
red in stripes, yellow at base; "stem, short, thick; cavity, narrow, not 
deep, slightly russeted ; basin, moderately deep, plaited ; flesh, fine tex- 
ture, tender, with delightful aroma; "very good" at least. October to 
February. (W. D. B.) 

High Top Sweet.' 

Summer Sweet, of Ohio, | Sweet June, of Illinois. 

From Plymouth, Mass. Tree, upright, productive ; fruit, medium, 
roundish, greenish yellow, with greenish white dots; stem, slender; 
calyx, closed; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet; "very good." 
Last of July. 

Hunter. 

From Delaware Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish, conical, striped and 
splashed bright red on yellow; stem, slender; cavity, narrow; calyx, 
small ; basin, deep ; flesh, white tinged with pink, tender, crisp, juicy. 
October. 

Jabez Sweet. . 

From Middletown, Conn. Fruit, medium, nearly round, pale green, 
dull red in sun, sweet. October to April. (Hov. Mag.) 

Jefferson. 

Tree, good habit, spreading, much grown and esteemed in some parts 
of Kentucky, from whence we once received specimens in April (after 
laying in a warehouse during winter), in fine condition. Fruit, medium 
to large, roundish conical, dull red on yellow, splashed ; stem, slender ; 
cavity, moderate ; calyx, small, partially closed ; basin, open ; core, com- 
pact; seeds, light brown; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid; 
almost " best." October to March. 



From Chester co., Pa. Tree, moderate grower, upright habit, constant, 
abundant bearer ; fruit, roundish flattened, pale yellow, striped and stained 
with red, becoming dark in sun, dotted with white spots and russet at 
stem ; stem, half inch, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, nearly closed, 
woolly; basin, deep, regular; flesh, white, crisp, tender, juicy; "best." 
September and October. New. 

Jersey Pippin, 
Foreign. Fruit, medium, round, oblong, conical, flattened, pale yellow- 



140 



THE APPLE. 



ish green, faint stripes red ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, deep, open ; calyx, 
rather large ; basin, shallow ; core, small ; seeds, imperfect ; flesh, greenish 
yellow, juicy, vinous, sub-acid; "very good."- November to February. 
New. 

Jenkins. 

Native of Montgomery Co., Pennsylvania. Fruit, small, roundish ovate ; 
red, interspersed with numerous large white dots, on a yellowish ground; 
stem, slender ; cavity, deep, rather wide, sometimes russeted ; calyx, 
closed ; basin, deep, open, furrowed ; core, above medium ; seed, grayish 
brown, acute-ovate ; flesh, white, tender, fine texture, juicy ; flavor, 
agreeably saccharine, exceedingly pleasant and aromatic ; " very good," 
if not " best." The Jenkins is one of those delicious little apples pecul- 
iarly fitted for the table at evening entertainments. (W. D. J3.) 



Jewett's Red. 

Jewett's Fine Red, Nodhead. 




Tree, slow, rather slender diverging growth ; fruit unfair while young ; 
best adapted to strong clay soils North, where it is hardy, and said to 
succeed well. Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, tapering to the 
eye, sometimes angular ; greenish yellow, mostly overspread or striped 
with red, numerous white dots ; stem, varying ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, 
small, partially closed ; basin, shallow, wrinkled ; core, medium ; seeds, 
ovate, rounded ; flesh, yellowish white, fine grained, tender, mild aromatic 
sub-acid; "best," November to February. 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 



141 



Kaighn's Spitzenberg. 



Red Spitzenberg, 
Red Pearmain, 
Red Winter Pearmain, 
Long Pearmain, 

Sc^pfarmain, } erroneously, 



Ohio "Wine, 
Long John, 
Red Pippin, 
Red Phcenix, 
Sheepnose, of some, 
Russam. 




This variety is showy, annually productive, and that is all of its good 
qualities. We present the drawing to aid the unacquainted to detect it, 
as the name often aids in its sale. Dr. Warder, at the late Ohio Pom. 
Meeting, stated that it came originally from Kaighn's Point, and the name 
Spitzenberg, was derived from a mountain " berg." Pruit, large, oblong 
rounded ; yellow, mostly overspread with bright clear red ; stem, about 
even with surrounding surface; cavity, deep, regular; calyx, small; basin, 
slightly furrowed; core, small; seeds, irregular in form; flesh, yellowish, 
coarse, dry; "good." November and December. Often grown in 
Michigan as Red Belleflower. 

Keswick Codlin. 
Foreign. Yery productive. Tree, hardy ; valued for cooking, and suited 



142 - THE APPLE. 

to Western soils ; one of best. Fruit, medium or above, roundish ovate 
conical ; greenish yellow, with brownish cheek in sun, and light dots, one 
or two raised lines from stem to apex ; stem, slender ; cavity, shallow ; 
calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed imperceptible ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate ; 
flesh, greenish or yellowish white, tender, acid. September and October. 

KlNGSLEY. 

From Monroe Co., N. Y. Tree, erect, moderate grower, hardy, profuse 
early bearer ; fruit, medium, roundish oval ; yellowish, striped and splashed 
with pinkish red, white dots, russet near calyx ; stem, slender ; calyx, 
small, closed; basin, shallow; core, medium, open; seeds, small, dark 
brown ; flesh, fine grained, juicy, sub-acid ; " best." November to July. 
(H. Wendell in Pom. Trans.) 

King Apple. 

There are two distinct fruits under this name, one grown in Western 
3ST. Y., and one in Mason Co., Ky. 

The first is as follows : Fruit, large, roundish oblong, somewhat ribbed, 
pale yellow ground, mostly covered with two shades of red, striped and 
splashed, brown dots, and russet patches on sunny side ; stem, stout, 
thick ; cavity, open, regular ; calyx, with long pointed segments ; basin, 
abrupt, slight furrows, and projecting ribs surrounding ; flesh, yellowish, 
crisp, juicy, sub-acid. November and December. 

The second is : Fruit, yellow, clouded, and mostly obscured with dull 
red, small specks, and large patches of mould or fungus peculiar to the 
Southern grown fruits ; oblong, flattened at base ; calyx, small ; basin, 
shallow ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, narrow ; core, small ; seeds, me- 
dium ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. January to February. 

Lancaster. 

Lancaster Greening. 

From Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree, hardy, vigorous, productive ; fruit, 
medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, with brown dots and blotches ; 
stem, short; cavity, deep; calyx, small; flesh, greenish white, juicy, sub- 
acid ; valued for keeping till April. 

Lecker. 

Laquier, | Lacker. 

From Lancaster, Pa. Described by Thomas as Laquier. Medium, 
roundish oblate ; skin, striped with crimson on a paler red, with numer- 
ous large dots ; stem, short and slender, sometimes stout ; cavity, russeted, 
narrow, rather deep ; basin, wide, deep, plaited ; core, small ; seed, dark 
cinnamon, short, plump; flesh, whitish, fine texture, tender, juicy 
«' good" at least. December to March. (W. D. B.) 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 143 



Lake. 

Grown by D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, 0. Tree, abundant bearer, 
fruit hangs well ; fruit, below medium, round ovate conical, yellow, mostly 
overspread and striped with deep lake red, many dots ; cavity, deep ; 
calyx, closed ; basin, open ; core, medium ; seeds, plump ; flesh, yellow, 
tender, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good." October. 



Late Queen. 

Brown's Late Queen. 

American Native of Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish conical, pale red on 
yellow, bluish tinge at stem end, and many large russet dots ; calyx, 
closed ; basin, deep, round, slightly furrowed ; stem, medium ; cavity, 
deep ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, sub-acid ; " very good." September 
and October. 



Leland Spice. 

Leland Pippin, | New York Spice. 

From Mass. Fruit, large, roundish, slightly conical, and ribbed ; green- 
ish yellow, mottled with crimson stripes, dark crimson in sun ; stem, half 
inch ; cavity and basin, ribbed ; flesh, yellowish white, spicy, sub-acid ; 
" best," October to December. Deserves more attention than yet 
received. 



Ledge Sweet. 

From Portsmouth, N. H. Tree, productive, regular bearer; fruit, large, 
roundish flattened ; yellowish green, tinged with blush in sun, reddish rus- 
set specks ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, open, deep ; calyx, partially closed ; 
basin, shallow ; core, open ; seeds, light brown ; flesh, yellowish white, 
fine, juicy, crisp, sweet. January to June. (Hov. Mag.) 



Limber Twig. 

James River. 

A valuable fruit in Southern Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana. Tree, 
hardy, productive ; fruit, large, roundish, tapering a little to the eye ; light 
yellow, striped and splashed with red in sun, rough russet specks, and 
occasional patch of russet; stem, long, slender; cavity, open, funnel 
shape, russeted ; calyx, rather small ; basin, irregular, round ; core, large, 



144 



THE APPLE. 




hollow ; seeds, plump, pyriform ; flesh, whitish, tender, sub-acid ; " very 
good." Keeps to May. 

For varieties of this, see Willow Twig, &c. 

Lowre Queen. 

Loure Queen. 

Trees, upright, early bearers, extensively grown in Central Ohio ; 
somewhat resembles the Vandervere. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, 
oft, angular ; yellow, striped and splashed with dull red, rough irregular 
dots, or specks of dull russet, russet at stem ; stem, slender ; cavity, regu- 
lar, deep ; calyx, with long pointed segments ; basin, abrupt, broad, slightly 
furrowed ; core, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy 
" very good." November to February. 

Loudon Pippin. 

Tree, productive, most grown in Northern Virginia ; fruit, large, round- 
ish conical ; greenish yellow ; stem, short; calyx, large; flesh, greenish; 
white, sub-acid ; valued only for its size, where people know what apples 
should be. 

Long Stem. 

Below medium, roundish oblong, sometimes angular ; skin, red in fainr 
stripes, with a number of grey russet dots; stem, long; cavity, me- 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 145 

dium, acuminate; basin, small, shallow, plaited; flesh, greenish white, 
tender ; agreeably sub-acid flavor, with Spitzenburg aroma ; quality, 
" very good." (W. D. B.) 

This is distinct from the " Long Stem" of Cole, which is large, round- 
ish, pale yellow, brown in sun ; calyx, large ; basin, broad, shallow ; flesh, 
white, juicy, aromatic. September and October. A native of Mass. 

Loring Sweeting. 

Loring Sweet. 

Native of Mass. Fruit, medium, oblate ; greenish yellow, tinged with 
pale red in sun, brownish specks ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, open ; calyx, 
medium, closed; basin, shallow; core, small; seeds, plump; flesh, yel- 
lowish white, crisp, juicy, tender, sweet; "very good" November to 
January. 

Lyscom. 

Matthew's Stripe, | Osgood's Favorite. 

From Mass. Fruit, large, round, greenish yellow, broken stripes, and 
splashes of red; stem, short; cavity, deep; calyx, small; basin, plaited; 
flesh, fine grained, mild sub-acid. September to November. 

Margaret. 

Early Red Margaret, Red Juneating, 

Early June, ") ~ „.* Striped Juneating, 

Red June, j 0j MUth > Early Red Juneating, 

June, of some in Ohio, \ Eve Apple, of the Irish, 
Margaretha Apfel, of Germans. 

This should not be confounded with Early Strawberry; oftener grown as 
Red Juneating. Tree, a regular moderate bearer, upright downy shoots. 
Fruit, medium or below, roundish, oblong conical ; green in shade, dark 
crimson red in sun ; stem, short, thick ; cavity, medium ; calyx, half closed ; 
basin, shallow ; flesh, white, fine grained, tender ; " very good." July. 

Manomet. 

Manomet Sweet, | Horseblock. 

From Plymouth, Mass. Tree, vigorous, good bearer; fruit, medium, 
roundish ; lemon yellow, bright red in sun, dotted with russet specks, and 
trace of russet at stem ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, 
large, closed, long segments ; basin, shallow ; core, compact ; seeds, me- 
dium ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, tender, sugary sweet ; "verygood."^ Au- 
gust and September. 

Major. 

Native of Pennsylvania, Northumberland Co. Size, large, roundish ; 
red, sometimes blended with yellow on the shaded side ; stem, variable in 
length, of medium thickness ; cavity, rather wide, moderately deep ; basin, 
uneven, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, crisp ; flavor, pleasant, agreeably sac- 
charine, and resembles, in some measure, that of the Carthouse, to which, 
however, it is superior ; quality, " very good." (W. D. B.) 
7 



146 



THE APPLE. 



Marston's Red Winter. 

From New Hampshire. Tree, vigorous, productive ; fruit, large, round- 
ish oval ; yellow in shade, red in sun, russet at stem ; stem, short, slender ; 
cavity, deep ; calyx, partly open ; basin, abrupt ; core, compact ; seeds 
dark brown ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy ; " very good." Jan. to 
April. 

Melvin Sweet. 

From Concord, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish green ; 
striped with pale red; flesh, juicy, sweet. November to February. 
(Hov. Mag.) 

Marks. 

From Berks Co., Pennsylvania. Size, medium, roundish, tapering 
slightly to the crown, somewhat angular ; yellowish white, with few 
russet dots, nearly covered with a faint orange blush ; stem, half inch 
long ; cavity, narrow, deep, acuminate ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, 
narrow, rather deep, slightly russeted ; seed, yellowish gray ; flesh, whi- 
tish, tender, fine texture ; flavor, delicately perfumed ; quality, " very 
good," if not " best.' 5 (W. D. B.) 

Male Carle. 

Mela Carla, Pomme de Charles, 

Mela de Carlo, Pomme Finale, 

Chatles Apple. 




FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 147 

Foreign. In our Southern and Southwestern sections, where the soil 
is rich and summers long, this is one of the very finest apples, and should 
always have a place. North it does not answer. Fruit, medium, globu- 
lar, slightly tapering to the eye ; pale waxeny lemon yellow, with distinct 
brilliant crimson cheek in sun, irregular russet dots, and oft marred by 
patches of mold or fungus when grown on the alluvial bottoms ; stem, 
slender ; cavity, narrow, deep, regular ; calyx, small ; basin, deep ; core', 
small ; seeds, round, ovate pointed ; flesh, white, tender, delicate rose per- 
fume ; " best," October to January 

Mouse. 

Moose. 

From Ulster Co., N". Y. Fruit, large, roundish conical; pale greenish 
yellow, brownish blush in sun, russet dots ; stem, slender ; calyx, closed ; 
flesh, white, sprightly, faintly perfumed ; not more than " very good." 
December to March. 

Monarch. 

A fruit considerably grown West ; will yet probably prove identical 
with some variety already described. Fruit, medium, roundish conical ; 
rich dark red over a lighter shade, with many specks ; stem, long, slender ; 
cavity, deep, open ; calyx, small ; basin, narrow, furrowed ; core, me- 
dium ; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, white, slightly tinged with red, tender, 
perfumed ; " good." October. 

Monk's Favorite. 

From Eandolph Co., Indiana. Tree, very thrifty, rapid growth, annual 
bearer j fruit, large, roundish flattened, slightly angular ; yellow, mottled, 
striped and splashed with dark red, gray russet dots ; stem, short ; cavity, 
open, regular ; calyx, small ; basin, broad, obscure furrows ; flesh, yellow- 
ish white, sub-acid, tender; "very good." December to June. 

McLeluan. 

Martin. 

From Woodstock, Conn. Trees, moderate growth, annual productive 
bearers ; fruit, medium, round ; bright straw color, striped and marbled 
with lively red ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, round ; calyx, nearly closed ; 
basin, medium, slightly plaited ; core, medium ; seeds, small ; flesh, white, 
fine grained, tender, mild sub-acid ; nearly " best." December to March. 

Mother. 

From Massachusetts. Tree, hardy, moderate growth, annual bearer ; 
fruit, large, roundish ovate ; yellow, mostly overspread, marbled and 
striped with shades of dark red, few russet dots ; stem, slender ; calyx, 
small, nearly closed ; basin, plaited ; flesh, yellowish, tender, spicy, sub- 
acid; "very good." October to January. 

Minister. 

From Massachusetts. Tree, productive; fruit, large, oblong conical, 
ribbed ; red striped on greenish yellow ; stem, slender ; calyx, small, closed ; 



148 



THE APPLE. 



basin, furrowed; flesh, yellowish white, coarse, spongy ; "good;'' showy. 
October to December. 

Musk Spice. 

Fruit, small, roundish flattened; yellowish, bright clear red cheek ; stem, 
long ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed ; segments, reflexed ; basin, furrowed ; 
flesh, "yellowish white, juicy, tender, sub-acid ; " very good." October. 

Munson Sweeting. 

From Massachusetts. Tree, strong, upright grower, dark colored, short 
jointed shoots, good bearer ; fruit, medium or above, roundish flattened ; 
pale yellow, blush in sun ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, rather dry, 
sweet ; " very good." October to December. 

Mifflin King. 

From Mifflin Co., Pa. Fruit, small, oblong ; red on yellow ; flesh, tender, 
juicy, sub-acid ; " best." October to December. (Pom. Trans.) 

Myer's Nonpareil. 




From Massillon, 0. Tree, straight, stout growth, forming a compact 
head ; an annual bearer of fruit uniform in size ; fruit, large, roundish 
flattened ; red and yellow marbled and splashed ; stem, medium ; cavity, 
regular ; calyx, partially open ; basin, not deep ; flesh, yellowish white, 
tender, juicy, sub -acid; "best." October to December. New. 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 149 

Newark Pippin. 

French Pippin, | Yellow Pippin. 

Tree, crooked, irregular growth ; fruit, large, roundish, oblong ; greenish 
to clear yellow, small black dots ; cavity and basin, deep ; flesh, yellow, 
tender, sub-acid ; " very good." November to February. 

Neversink. 

From Berks Co., Pennsylvania. Fruit, large, roundish ; exterior of an 
exceedingly beautiful waxen orange yellow color, with a few russet dots, 
and a delicately striped and richly mottled carmine cheek ; stem, short 
and rather stout; cavity, narrow, acuminate, shallow ; calyx, large; basin, 
deep, rather wide, furrowed ; seeds, grayish yellow, acute ovate ; flesh, 
yellowish, somewhat tough, owing probably to the fruit being much 
shriveled ; flavor, approaching that of the Pine Apple ; " quality, " very 
good." (W. D. B.) 

Northern Sweet. 

Northern Golden Sweet. 

From Vermont. Tree, moderate grower, hardy, early abundant bearer ; 
fruit, medium, roundish flattened, occasionally ribbed and angular ; rich 
yellow, often carmine red cheek ; calyx, nearly closed ; basin, slightly 
furrowed; stem, rather stout, swollen at base; cavity, shallow; flesh, 
white, tender, sweet ; nearly " best." November. 

Orange. 

Fall Orange. 

From Connecticut. Tree, with dark colored stout shoots; early and 
productive bearer ; fruit, large, roundish ovate ; greenish to yellow ; stem, 
short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, slightly plaited ; core, small ; 
flesh, greenish white, perfumed, tender, sub-acid ■ best when fresh from 
tree. October to December. 

Orndorf. 

From Putnam, Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, slightly angular ; lemon 
yellow, rich red blush in sun, and few stripes and blotches of red ; stem, 
slender ; cavity and basin, deep ; calyx, open ; core, small ; seeds, ovate ; 
flesh, yellowish, juicy, crisp, tender, sub-acid ; nearly " best." October 
and November. 

Orne's Early. 

Foreign. Fruit, large, somewhat ribbed ; pale yellow, sprinkled with 
thin russet, dull red cheek towards the sun ; flesh, white, tender, juicy. 
September. (Thomas.) 

Old Town Crab. 

Spice Apple, of Va. 

Growth, strong, compact ; fruit, small ; greenish yellow, brown specks ; 
flesh, crisp, fragrant, juicy, sweet. December to April. (Thomas.) 



150 



THE APPLE. 



Osborn's Sweet. 

Osborn's Fall Sweet. 

Fruit, large, roundish; lemon yellow, with specks; flesh, yellow, crisp, 
tender, sweet. October. 

Overman's Sweet. 

From Fulton Co., 111. Fruit, medium, conical; pale yellow, striped with 
red ; cavity, narrow, deep , calyx, closed ; basin, obscure ; flesh, white, 
firm, crisp, juicy, sweet ; " very good ;" baking. October and November. 

Osceola. 

From Indiana. Fruit, above medium, flat ; yellow, striped with red, 
dotted with dark spots ; stem, long ; cavity, deep ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, 
sub-acid. Keeps till May. Hov. Mag.) 

Paradise Winter Sweet. 

Honey Sweet, of some. 




From Columbia Co., Pa. Tree, productive ; fruit, large, roundish flat- 
tened ; dull green, with a pale brownish blush ; stem, short ; cavity, 
rather deep ; calyx, medium ; basin, not deep ; core, medium ; seeds, 
ovate pyriform ; flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, sweet; "very good." 
November to March. 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 



151 



Paragon. 

Fruit, above medium, round ovate, flattened at ends; pale yellow, faint 
blush ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, half open ; basin, deep, 
slightly ribbed ; core, medium ; capsules, open ; seeds, ovate pointed ; 
flesh, yellow, crisp, brisk, juicy, sub-acid ; nearly " best." November to 
February. % 



Peach Pond Sweet. 




From Dutchess Co., 1ST. Y. Tree, moderate growth, spreading ; annual 
moderate bearer ; fruit, medium, roundish ; pale red, marbled and striped 
on yellow ; stem, slender ; cavity, open, slightly russeted ; calyx, with 
segments in divisions ; basin, deep ; core, small ■ seeds, ovate pyriform ; 
flesh, yellowish, tender, sweet; very good." October. 

People's Choice. 

A small red apple, with peculiar markings ; quality, " very good ;" 
native of Chester County, Pa. (W. D. B.) 



Pfeiffer. 

From Berks County, Pennsylvania. Size, below medium, roundish ; 
sparsely streaked with red on a yellowish green ground, (on the shaded 
parts, the streaks being more numerous,) and on a fawn colored ground, 
on the side exposed to the sun ; stem, slender ; narrow cavity ; calyx, 
rather large ; basin, wide, moderately deep, plaited. July. (W. D. B.) 



152 



THE APPLE. 



PlCKMAN. 
Pickman Pippin. 




From Massachusetts. Fruit, medium, roundish ; yellow, with scattered 
shades of russet and small russet specks ; stem, short ; cavity, acuminate ; 
calyx, large, half closed ; core, medium, center somewhat hollow ; seeds, 
light brown ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, sharp acid ; valued for cooking-. 
January to April. 

Pine Apple Russet. 

Hardingham's Russet. 

Foreign. Fruit above medium ; roundish ovate, greenish yellow, over- 
spread with thin russet ; stem, long ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow, plaited ; 
flesh, yellowish white, juicy, crisp, spicy, sub-acid. October to November. 

Pumpkin Sweet. 

Lyman's Pumpkin Sweet, Yankee Apple. 

An old Connecticut fruit, only valued for baking. In wet soils or heavy 
clay, liable to be water-cored. We suspect the Pound Sweeting to be the 
same; bears regularly, and evenly distributed. Fruit, large, roundish, 
ribbed at base ; yellowish green, whitish dots and streaks ; stem, short ; 
cavity, deep greenish, russeted; calyx, small; basin, irregular; flesh 
white, tender, sweet; " good." September to November. 

Pumpkin Russet. 

Sweet Russet. | York Russet, 
Flint Russet. 

Fruit, large ; roundish ; yellowish, green , thinly russeted ; stem, long ; 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 153 

cavity wide, shallow ; basin, small ; flesh, dry, sweet; "good." Septem- 
ber to December. 

Primate. 

Rough and Ready. 




A variety lately come into favorable notice in CentraLNew York, that 
may yet prove an old sort improved by soil and location. : Fruit, medium, 
roundish, tapering to the eye ; pale yellow ; occasionally, blush red 
cheek ; calyx, closed ; basin deep ; stem varying ; cavity rather narrow ; 
core, with open seed capsules ; seeds, pyriform ; flesh, yellowish white ; 
very tender, delicate, juicy-mild sub-acid ; " best." September and 
October. 

Progress. 

From Connecticut. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large ; yellow, 
specked with greenish russet, blush in sun ; conical ; flesh, tender ; keeps 
till Spring. (Ho v. Mag.) 

Quince. 

Cole's Quince. 

From New York. Originally described by Coxe. Grreat bearer; should 
be better known. Fruit, medium ; roundish ovate, with ridges ; pale 
yellow, occasional faint blush, little russet from the stem, distinct line 
or ridge from stem to calyx ; stem, short ; cavity, open ; calyx, with long 
segments ; basin, shallow, much ribbed ; core, small, surrounded by broad 
concentric lines ; seeds, short, ovate, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, 
tender, juicy, aromatic perfume, sub-acid; ''very good." December to 
March. 

7* 



154 



THE APPLE. 
Ragan. 




From Fulton County, 111. New. Fruit, large, roundish ; pale yellow, 
overspread, striped and marbled with light red, an occasional russet 
patch ; stem, long, rather stout, curved ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, 
nearly closed ; basin, open, deep, slightly plaited ; core, small ; seeds, 
abundant; flesh, white crisp, little coarse, sharp sub-acid. Promises 
valuable as an early winter market variety. 

Randel's Best. 

Randal Bert. 

Fruit, medium, globular slightly flattened; greenish yellow, mostly 
striped and overspread with dark red ; stem, short ; calyx, small ; basin, 
shallow; core, compact; seeds, brown; flesh, white, tender, smooth- 
grained, sweet. November to February. (A. H. Ernst, Ms.) 

Raritan Sweet. 

From New Jersey. Tree, productive, valued for baking and stock. 
Fruit, medium, roundish ovate ; dull yellow tinged with red in sun, irregu- 
larly scattered brownish red spots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, little 
russeted ; calyx, with bold stiff segments ; basin, deep, irregular, slightly 
wrinkled ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate, pointed ; flesh, white, tender, 
sweet. October, November. 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 155 

Red Quarrenden. 

Devonshire Quarrenden, j Sack Apple. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, flattened ; clear deep red, with 
specks of russet green ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, russeted at base ; 
calyx, large, half closed; basin, shallow, slightly ribbed ; flesh, white, ten- 
der, sub-acid ; "very good." Aug. 

Red Sweet. 

Grown by D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, 0. Tree, good bearer ; fruit uni- 
formly fair, regular, heavy specific weight, valuable for dessert or cooking. 
Fruit, medium, round, flattened ; yellow, overspread and striped with lively 
red ; stem, short ; basin, deep ; calyx, with stiff closed segments ; core 
and seeds, small; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, tender, sweet. Nov. 
to Feb. 

Republican Pippin. 

From Lycoming Co., Pa. Considerably distributed South and West. 
A poor bearer, on deep, rich limestone soils. Tree, strong grower, spread- 
ing habit. Fruit, large, roundish flattened ; greenish yellow, mottled and 
striped with red, few large gray dots ; stem, slender ; cavity, narrow ; 
calyx, small, nearly closed ; core, small ; seeds, brown ; flesh, yellowish 
white, tender, sub-acid. Sept. to Oct. 

Ribston Pippin. 

Glory of York, | Travers, 

Formosa Pippin. 

Foreign. Valued in Northern sections, not esteemed South or Central. 
Fruit, medium, roundish ; greenish yellow, russet near the stem, dull red in 
sun ; stem, slender ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, open ; core, small ; seeds, 
flattened ovate ; flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, aromatic, sub-acid. Nov. to 
Feb. 

Roman Stem. 

French Pippin, of some. 

From New Jersey. Shoots slender, diverging; succeeds finely on the 
dry prairies, and on all rich limestone soils ; productive. Fruit, medium, 
roundish oblong ; whitish yellow, with brownish or red russet, and patch- 
es of blackish russet, unless well grown ; stem, with a fleshy knob one 
side ; cavity, russeted ; calyx, small, closed ; basin narrow ; core, open, 
long ovate; seeds, ovate pointed; flesh, tender, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly ; 
" very good." Nov. to Feb. 

Ross Nonpareil. 

Foreign. Tree, productive. Fruit, below medium, roundish ; dull red, 
blotched and striped, over which is a marbling of thin mellow russet ; 
stem, slender ; calyx, medium ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, sub-acid, aro- 
matic ; " very good," nearly " best." Oct. to Nov. 



156 



THE APPLE. 



Selma. 

From Clark Co., 0. Fruit, medium to large, roundish, flattened ; yel- 
low, with pale russet patches, especially around stem, dull, faint red in 
sun; stem, long; cavity, narrow, deep; calyx, small, closed; basin, deep, 
abrupt ; core, medium ; capsules, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, yellowish 
white, breaking, mild sub-acid; "very good." Nov. to Dec. 

Seever. 

Seevers' Red Streak. 

From Coshocton Co., 0. Fruit, medium, globular ; lemon yellow, 
striped with bright clear red ; stem, short, slender ; calyx, with long seg- 
ments ; basin, deep, open ; core, small ; seeds, roundish ovate ; flesh, 
yellowish, juicy, sub-acid ; "best." Oct. to Nov. 

ScHOONMAKER. 
School mocker. 

Probably Foreign. Grown in Detroit in 1804. Fruit, large, roundish 
flattened, sometimes angular ; greenish yellow, bronzed blush in sun ; skin, 
little rough ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, 
open ; core, small, compact; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, brisk, sub-acid; 
" very good." Jan. to March. 

Scollop Gilliflower 




This is entirely distinct from Eed Gilliflower, with which it has been con- 



FOE AMATEUR CULTURE. 157 

founded. It requires rich, strong soil; is largely grown, and much 
esteemed in Central Southern Ohio. Fruit, medium to large, roundish con- 
ical, flattened at base, tapering toward the eye, sometimes angular, always 
much ribbed or scolloped ; light yellow, striped and splashed with shades 
of light and dark red ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, deep, russeted, ir- 
regular ; calyx, with long segments ; basin, abrupt, deep, ribbed ; core, 
large, hollow ; seeds, ovate, rounded ; flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, tender, 
juicy, slight tinge of sweet. Nov. to Feb. 

Siberian Crab. 

The Pyrus haccaia of botanists. There' are a number of varieties, as, 
Eed, Large Red, Yellow, Purple, Striped, Transparent, Oblong, Double 
White, Fragrant, Cherry, Showy, Astrachan, Currant, all used only for 
preserving, or grown for ornament. 

SlNE-QUA-NON. 

From Long Island. Slow, poor grower, and an indifferent bearer. Fruit, 
medium, roundish ; greenish yellow ; stem, slender ; calyx, closed ; flesh, 
greenish white, tender, juicy, mild, sub-acid. Aug. 

Scarlet Pearmain. 

Bell's Scarlet Pearmain, j Oxford Peach. 

Foreign. A good bearer, valued on poor, light soils. Fruit, medium, 
conical ; red on yellow ; stem, slender ; calyx, open ; flesh, white, crisp, 
juicy, sub-acid ; " good." Sep. to Oct. 

Smith's Cider. 

Extensively grown West. Fruit, medium, roundish, flattened ; bright red 
and yellow, mostly red ; stem, varying ; cavity, regular ; calyx, half closed, 
long segments ; flesh, yellowish white, sub-acid; " very good ;" varies much 
in soils. Nov. to Dec. 

Sops oe Wine. 

Sops in Wine, | Sapson, 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, early bearer, esteemed for its peculiar pink 
flesh, as a curiosity for dessert. Fruit, medium or small, roundish ; light 
red, nearly covered with bright purplish red, in streaks yellowish iu 
shade with yellow specks, whitish bloom ; stem, short, slender ; calyx ; 
with broad segments ; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed ; core and seeds, 
medium; 'flesh, yellowish, stained with pink, juicy, mild sub-acid; "very 
gqj^J." Aug. to Sep. 

Sponge. 

Fruit, large, round, flattened at base ; yellowish green, with blotches 
and stripes of red ; stem, short ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed ; basin, 
open; core, large, open; flesh, white tender, juicy, sub-acid; very good.'' 
October. 



158 THE APPLE. 

Spring Pippin. 

Springport Pippin. 

Tree, unproductive, upright, thrifty. Fruit, above medium, roundish ; 
yellowish green, with few scattered minute dots; calyx, closed; stem, 
short ; flesh, crisp, sprightly, sub-acid. Dec. to May. 

Stanard. 

Stanard's Seedling. 

From Erie Co., N. Y. Tree, productive. Fruit, large, roundish ; yellow, 
overspread with red ; stem, short ; cavity, open ; calyx, closed ; basin, rib- 
bed ; core, small ; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, yellowish, coarse, juicy, 
acid; not quite "very good." .Nov. to Feb. 

St. Lawrence. 

Montreal. 

From Canada. Fruit, large, roundish, flattened ; pale yellow, striped 
and splashed with red and deep crimson ; stem, short ; cavity, open, deep ; 
calyx, closed ; basin, slightly furrowed ; core, large ; seeds, small ; flesh, 
white, fine grained, tender, juicy, sharp sub-acid ; " very good." Sept. 
to Oct. 

Stroat. 

Straat. 

The Dutch name for Street, where the original tree is said to have 
grown. Fruit, above medium, roundish conical ; yellowish green ; stem, 
short ; cavity, shallow ; basin, small ; flesh, yellow, tender, brisk sub-acid. 
Sep. to Nov. 

Striped Pearmain. 

Large Striped Pearmain, | Snorter. 

Grown in Ky., from whence we have received fruit. We copy descrip- 
tion from Mr. Ernst's manuscript. Fruit, medium to large, globular, 
slightly flattened; yellow striped and blended with two shades of red ; 
calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow ; stem, short, slender ; core, open ; 
seeds, large; flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, sub-acid. Dec. to Feb. 

Summer Sweet Paradise. 

From Columbia Co., Pa. Tree, abundant, early bearer, spreading 
shoots. Fruit, large, roundish, oblong, flattened at ends ; pale green, yellow 
in sun, dark russet marblings and gray dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, 
' oft russeted ; calyx, with coarse segments partially closed ; basin, deep ; 
core, small; seeds, ovate pointed; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, Jurcy, 
eweet ; "very good." Sep. 

Summer Queen. 

Lancaster Queen. 

Extensively grown, profitable in some sections of Ohio; in Michigan 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 159 

the reverse. Fruit, medium to large, roundish conical, tapering to the 
eye; yellow, striped and splashed with purplish red; stem, medium- cav- 
ity, narrow; calyx, large, open; basin, furrowed ; flesh, white, sometimes 
a pink tinge, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good." Aug. to Sep. 

Summer Bellflower. 

Summer Belle-fleur. 

From Dutchess County, New York. Tree, strong, upright growth 
spreading head, early regular bearer. Fruit, above medium, roundish ob- 
long, slightly conical, two or three obscure ribs ; clear yellow, few green- 
ish dots, faint orange blush ; stem, long, stout at base ; cavity, shallow ■ 
calyx, closed, small reflexed segments; basin, five sided; core, medium' 
hollow; small seeds; flesh, white, fine grained, tender, sub-acid; "best'' 
New. August, September. (Hort.) There is a Summer Bellflower 
grown m Ohio, which we have only once seen, which is an inferior fruit 
distinct from above. J 

Sugar Sweet. 

This apple I received from Hingham. Size, medium ; ovate * dull yel- 
lowish, inclining to a russet ; abundant bearer ; ripe, September, October • 
a very rich baking apple ; flesh, breaking and juicy. (B. V. French.) ' 

Sweet Bellflower, 

Butter, of some. 

There are two apples cultivated in Southern Ohio under this name 
We append Mr. Ernst's descriptions. Fruit, large, globular, flattened at 
base, slightly ribbed ; lemon yellow, slight blush in sun, numerous light 
and dark specks; calyx, closed; basin, ribbed; stem, long, slender- 
cavity, deep ; core, open ; seeds, small ; flesh, whitish yellow, breaking 
juicy, slightly sub-acid. October, Novembe 



L o> 



Sweet Bellflower of Wyandott County. — Fruit, laro-e, ^lobular 
slightly conical; light yellow, dark cloudy flakes 2nd & reddish 
specks ; stem, short ; calyx, large, partly closed ; basin, shal- 
low; core, small, compact; seeds, small; flesh, white, tender, sweet 
November, December. There is also a Sweet Gilliflower, which closely 
resembles this, and may prove identical. 

Sweet Pippin. 

Moore's Sweeting, | Red Sweet Pippin, of Indiana, 

Pound Sweet, of some West. 

Fruit, medium to large, round, flattened ; yellow striped and mostly 
covered with red, white bloom ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ■ 
basin, broad; core, small; flesh, firm, rather dry, sweet, good baking! 
December to February. There is also a Sweet Pippin grown in South 
Ohio, which is globular, pale green, tender, juicy, open texture, sweet. 
Early Winter. 



160 THE APPLE. 



Sweet Winesai\ 

From Clark County, Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, rough skin, 
greenish yellow with blotches of dark green ; calyx, medium ; basin, 
open ; stem, short ; core and seeds, small ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, 
mild sub-acid, almost sweet. November, December. 

Spice Russet. 

Sweet Russet, of some erroneously. 

Fruit, below medium, roundish flattened; light yellow russet, numerous 
small fine dots ; exposed to sun, carmine and yellow bronzed ; stem, slen- 
der; cavity, narrow; calyx, closed; basin, shallow; core, large, some- 
what hollow ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, white, slightly tinged with yellow, fine 
grained, juicy, slightly sweet, aromatic; "very good." December to 
March. 

Tewksbury Blush. 

Tewksbury Winter Blush, | Fink's Seedling. 

From New Jersey. Tree, rapid, rather upright growth, very pro- 
ductive, always fair, great keeper. Fruit, small, round ovate flattened ; 
yellowish green, with minute russet dots and occasionally a red cheek ; 
stem, slender ; calyx, small; basin, shallow; core, medium; seeds, light 
brown ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, firm, tender, sub-acid. January to 
August. 

To-WNSEND. 

From Pennsylvania. Tree, moderate spreading growth, abundant early 
bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish ; pale yellow, overspread and streaked 
with red in sun, marblings of russet at stem, grayish white dots rough, 
blue bloom; stem, slender; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed, segments narrow 
in divisions ; basin, abrupt, medium ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate ; 
flesh, yellowish white, breaking, rather dry, sub-acid ; " very good." 
September. 

Trumbull Sweeting. 

Fenton Sweeting. 

From Trumbull County, Ohio. Fruit, above medium, roundish flat- 
tened ; pale yellow, slight blush and red spots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; 
calyx, large ; basin, deep ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet ; " very 
good." September to November. 

Virginia Greening. 

Fruit, large, roundish oval, flattened at ends, slightly angular; dull green- 
ish yellow, brownish in sun, scattered brown specks with whitish green 
circle suffused around them ; stem, medium ; cavity, acuminate ; calyx, 
large, short segments ; core, small ; seeds, long ovate ; flesh, yellowish 
white, mild sub-acid ; not quite "very good." December to March. Es- 
teemed at the South as a keeper. 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 161 



Waddel's Hall. 

Another Southern rarity. Fruit, medium, oblong ; dull greenish yel- 
low striped with red ; flesh, whitish, sub-acid ; great keeper. 

Walworth. 

Vermont, | Large Golden Pippin. 

From New Jersey. Fruit, large, roundish conical ; clear yellow, bright 
red in sun, dotted with greenish russet specks; stem, short, slender; 
calyx, small, closed ; basin, furrowed ; core, large, open ; seeds, plump ; 
flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. October. (Hov. Mag.) 
We suspect this an old variety under a new name. 

Walpole. 

From Massachusetts. Fruit, large, roundish tapering to the eye ; yellow 
with bright red stripes, deepest in sun and yellowish specks ; stem, short ; 
cavity, open ; calyx, closed ; basin, slightly ridged ; core, large, open ; 
seeds, large ; flesh, yellowish tinged with pink, tender, juicy, brisk sub- 
acid. August and September. (Hov. Mag.) The following description of 
the Sparhawk is from B. Y. French, Esq. We suspect the two identical. 
The Sparhawk originated in Walpole, N. H., and is known in the family 
of Mr. Sparhawk, on whose farm it was found as the " Gall " Apple. It 
was introduced to our Society by A. De Copen, of Dorchester, and the 
Society gave it the name of Sparhawk. It is a large Apple ; oblate ; skin 
smooth and glossy ; color, yellowish ground, striped with red ; abundant 
bearer ; the size, color, and gloss, serve to give it a desirable appearance ; 
flesh, firm, with a sprightly acid ; highly desirable for cooking, and is 
ripe September, October, but will keep longer ; it will class well with the 
20 oz. Pippin. 

Wells' Sweeting. 

From Newburgh, K Y. Tree, strong, upright growth. Fruit, medium, 
roundish; dull light green, brownish red cheek; stem, slender; calyx, 
small; basin, shallow; flesh, white, tender, juicy sweet; "very good." 
Nov. to Jan. 

Wells. 

Hogan, | Striped R. I. Greening, 

English Winter Red Streak, of some, j Well Apple. 

An old variety, probably originally from Maryland. It is much grown 
in Central and Southern Ohio, as Wells; hence we give the name. It is 
only good on strong clay soil. Fruit, large, roundish, narrowing to the 
eye ; yellowish green, streaked and blotched with red ; calyx, closed ; 
basin, shallow; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid ; ''very 
good." Nov. to March. The trees grow vigorously, spreading tops, slen- 
der branches, bear abundantly every year. There is also a ' ; Cook's Well 
Apple," grown in Indiana, that originated in Ohio. It is a great and 
regular bearer, small size, largest at blossom end ; stem, slender ; flesh, 
" good ;" keeps well. 



162 THE APPLE. 



Western Spy. 

From Southern Ohio. Tree, vigorous, slender, spreading. Fruit, 
large, roundish flattened ; pale yellow, with red, becoming bril- 
liant on sunny side, small white specks; stem, short; cavity, narrow; 
calyx, large ; basin, deep ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, sharp sub-acid ; 
" very good." Dec. to March. 

White Sweeting. 

Wetherill's White Sweeting. 

From New Jersey. Tree, vigorous ; productive on light soils. Fruit, 
large, roundish oblong ; pale yellow ; stem, short ; flesh, white, sweet, 
valued for baking and for stock. Sep. 

Whitewater Sweet. 

From Southern Ohio. Fruit, medium, round ; bright yellow, with dark 
spots; stem, short; calyx, slightly sunk; flesh, yellowish, firm, juicy, 
sweet ; keeps till May. (Hov. Mag.) 

White Seek-no-further. 

Pomme Royal, of some, | Pound Royal, 
Flushing- Seek-no-further. 

From Long Island. Tree, healthy, not strong grower ; abundant, not 
regular bearer. Fruit, medium to large, roundish oblong, conical, uneven 
or waived surface ; yellowish green, rarely a faint brownish blush, small 
brownish dots, light shade of green suffused around underneath skin ; 
stem, slender ; cavity, irregular, acuminate ; basin, broad, abrupt, furrow- 
ed ; core, open ; flesh, fine grained, very juicy, tender, sub-acid ; " best." 
Nov. to Feb. 

White Juneating. 

Juneating, Owens' Golden Beauty, 

Caroline, Early May, 

Carolina, of some. 

Foreign. Its early maturity, its chief merit. Tree, fair, upright 
growth, moderately productive. Fruit, small ; pale green, marbled slightly 
with a darker shade, small russet dots ; stem, medium; cavity, shallow; 
calyx, closed ; broad basin; seeds, dark brown ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, 
sub-acid. Last of June, early July. 

White Spanish Reinette. 

Reinette Blanche d'Espagne, D'Espagne, 

De Ratteau, Concombre Ancien. 

Foreign. Probably the parent of Fall Pippin. Fruit, large, roundish 
oblong, sometimes ribbed; calyx, large, open ; basin, deep, irregular; stem, 
half inch long ; cavity, even ; color, yellowish green ; flesh, yellowish 
white, crisp, sharp sub-acid ; valued for cooking. Nov. to Feb. 



FOE AMATEUR CULTURE. 



163 



White Rambo. 




Considerably grown and esteemed in Central Southern Ohio. Fruit, 
large, roundish, flattened at ends ; skin, rough, yellow, russet dots and 
spots, which, in sun, are of a reddish tinge ; stem, stout ; cavity, broad, 
open ; calyx, large, segments, in divisions ; basin, large, open, deep ; core, 
small ; seeds, round ovate, plump ; flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, break- 
ing, mild sub-acid ; " very good." Nov. to Feb. 

Winter Harvey. 

Fruit, large, conical, slightly ribbed ; pale yellow ; stem, short ; flesh, 
yellowish, firm, tender, juicy. Dec. to April. (Hov. Mag.) 



Williams. 

William's Favorite, | Williams' Red, 

Williams' Favorite Red, | Wiliiams' Early Red, 
Williams' Early. 

From Mass. Tree, medium growth ; shoots, reddish brown. Fruit, 
medium to large, oblong ; fine clear red, very dark in sun ; calyx, closed ; 
basin, narrow; stem, slender; flesh, .yellowish white, tender; "very 
good." Aug. 



164 



THE APPLE. 



Willow. 

Willow Twig? | Willow Leaf? 




Under these names we have examined specimens, and although there is 
a slight difference, we are inclined to think it only from varied location 
and soil. The variety came from New Jersey. It is esteemed for or- 
charding on rich bottom lands or prairies, being a good bearer, great keeper, 
and valuable for Southern exportation. Fruit, above medium to large, 
roundish ; dull yellow, striped, splashed or mottled with light and dark 
red; calyx and basin, medium; stem, generally short, slender; cavity, 
roundish acuminate ; core, rather small ; seeds, oblong pyriform ; flesh, 
yellowish, rather dry, breaking, mild sub-acid ; not quite " very good." 
Dec. to May. 



William Penn. 

A native of Columbia, Pennsylvania. Eather large, roundish oblate, 
slightly conical ; color, grayish, delicately mottled, and striped with red 
on a greenish yellow ground, with numerous white specks, in the centre 
of which, is a minute russet dot; stem, short, not very stout, sometimes 
fleshy, inserted in an open, rather deep, russeted cavity ; basin, sometimes 
wide and shallow, usually narrow, rather deep and furrowed ; flesh, 
greenish yellow, juicy, with a delicious Spitzenberg aroma ; quality, " very 
good," if not " best ;" represented as being an abundant bearer. (W 
D. B.) 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 



165 



WlNSLOW. 




From Virginia. Fruit, large, globular, flattened at base, rounded 
towards calyx ; dark and light red, somewhat streaked, little russet near 
calyx, light brown specks, and dark flakes ; calyx, open, segments, short; 
basin, expanded; stem, short, slender; cavity, narrow, rather deep; 
core, small, compact ; seeds, plump, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, 
tender, juicy, sub-acid. Fall and early winter. (A. H. Ernst's, Ms.) 

Wing Sweeting. 

Fruit, small, round, flattened ; light and dark red indistinctly striped on 
light yellow ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, broad, deep ; stem, long ; cavity, 
narrow ; core, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, reddish yellow, dry, sweet, 
productive. Winter. 

Winter Pearmain. 

This is distinct from, and far inferior to the Herefordshire Pearmain. 
Fruit, medium, oblong ovate ; dull red on greenish yellow ; stem, slender ; 
cavity, narrow ; basin, small; flesh, greenish yellow, not juicy, tender, 
sub-acid ; not quite u very good." December to March. 

Yost. 
Rather large, roundish, oblate, beautifully striped and delicately mottled 



166 THE APPLE. 

with crimson on a yellow ground ; stem, short ; wide deep cavity ; flesh, 
yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant flavor ; " very good" quality. (W. D. B.) 

Yacht. 

Medium, roundish ; striped with red of various hues on yellowish 
ground ; stem, half an inch long ; cavity, open, obtuse ; basin, very 
shallow, plaited : flesh, fine texture, tender, pleasant flavor ; li very good." 
(W. D. B.) 

York Imperial. 

Johnson's Fine Winter. 

From York County, Pennsylvania. Size, rather below medium ; trun- 
cated-oval, angular ; the unexposed side is mottled and striped, so as to 
present a grayish red aspect on a greenish yellow ground, and, on the 
sunny side, the color is a dull crimson ; stem, short and moderately stout ; 
cavity, wide, and rather deep ; calyx, small, closed, and set in a deep, 
wide, plaited basin ; flesh, greenish white, tender, crisp, juicy ; flavor, 
pleasant and agreeably saccharine ; quality, at least "good, to many tastes 
"very good" (W. D. B.) 



CLASS III. — Unworthy of Cultivation. 

Alfriston. 

Foreign ; large, oblong, pale green, orange in sun, flesh crisp, acid ; October, 
December. 

American Pippin. 

Grindstone, Green Everlasting. 

Medium, roundish flattened, dull green, patches of dull red, flesh white, firm, 
acid ; January to June. 

Augustine. 

American ; large, conical, red striped on yellow, flesh sweet, dry ; August 

Aurora. 

Dunlap's Aurora. 

American ; large, red striped on yellow, roundish ovate, flesh yellowish, sub- 
acid ; early winter. 

Autumn Eomanite. 

American j medium, round, red, flesh yellow ; September 



UNWOKTHY OF CULTIVATION. 167 

Bare. 

Bars. 

American ; medium, roundish, oblong, red striped on greenish yellow, flesh 
greenish white, poor. 

Barnhilt. 

American ; small, conical, yellow striped with red, flesh white, tough, dry ; 
October, November. 

Beauty of America. 

Large, roundish, flattened, yellow with blush cheek, flesh yellowish, tender, 
poor bearer ; November to January. 

Beauty of the West. 

Large, round, red striped on greenish yellow, flesh coarse, sweet 5 October, 
November. 

Beauty of Kent. 

Foreign ; large, roundish, greenish yellow, striped with purpled red, flesh 
tender, inferior ; -October, November. 

Bedfordshire .Foundling. 
Foreign 5 large, roundish, green, flesh yellowish, acid ; November, December. 

Blenheim Pippin. 

Blenheim Orange, | Woodstock Pippin. 

Foreign ; large, roundish, yellow and dull red, flesh yellowish, sweet, dry ; 
October, November. 

Black Annette. 
American ; small, roundish, dark red ; November. 

Black Lady Apple. 

Api Noir. 

Foreign , small, roundish, blackish red, flesh white, stained ; November to 
March. 

Black Gilliflower. 

Large, oblong conical, dull reddish purple, flesh greenish white, dry, sub- 
acid, poor ; November to March. 

Borsdorffer. 

Borsdorff, | King George the Third, 

Queen's. 

Foreign ; medium, roundish oval, pale yellow, with red cheek, flesh yellowish 
white crisp, sub-acid ; November, December. 



168 THE APPLE. 



BoROVITSKY. 

Foreign ; medium, roundish, pale green, striped red, flesh white, sub-acid ; 
August, September. 

Buff. 

Granny Buff. 

American ; large, roundish flattened, yellow, overspread with red, flesh yel- 
lowish, spongy ; November, March. 

Bullet. 

Bartlett, Priestly, of some. 

American ; medium, oblong, bright red on yellow, flesh light yellow, inferior J 
January to June. 

Chandler. 

Winter Chandler. 

American ; large, roundish, imperfect, dull red on yellow, flesh greenish 
white, sub-acid ; November, February. 

Caroline. 

Foreign ; medium, round, yellow, streaked with red, flesh firm, acid ; Novem- 
ber, February. 

Cathead. 

Cathead Greening, | Round Catshead. 

Large, roundish, yellowish green, flesh white, coarse, sharp acid ; October, 
November. There is another one of this name equally worthless, same shape, 
but striped yellow and red. 

Catline. 

Gregson, | Winter Grixon. 

Medium, roundish, greenish yellow, red in sun. flesh pale yellow, nearly 
sweet, for cider ; October, December. 

Cash Sweet. 

American ; medium, round conical, light red, flesh white, coarse, sweet, dry ; 
October, November. 

Cheeseborough Russet. 

Howard Russet, York Russet, of some, 

Kingsbury Russet, Forever Pippin, of some West. 

American ; large, conical, thin russet on greenish yellow, flesh greenish white, 
ooarse, dry, sub-acid ; October, November. 

Cos, or Caas. 

American ; large, roundish, greenish yellow, red streaks, flesh white, tender, 
sub-acid, December to March. 



UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 169 

Cornish Gilliflower. 

Cornish July flower, | Pomme Regelans, 
Egg Top, of some. 

Foreign ; medium, oblong ovate, pale yellowish green, brown cheek, flesh 
yellowish, acid ; November to February. 

Connecticut Summer Sweet, 
i 

American 5 medium, roundish, yellow and red striped, flesh yellowish, sweet, 
tough ; August. 

Cranberry Pippin. 

American ; above medium, roundish, clear yellow, red cheek, flesh white, 
juicy, sub-acid ; November, December. 

Donnelan's Seedling. 

American 5 medium, roundish, greenish yellow, dull red stripes, flesh yellow- 
ish, dry, sub-acid ; September. 

Downton Pippin. 

Downton Golden Pippin, Knight's Golden Pippin, 

Elton Pippin. 

Foreign ; small, roundish, yellow, flesh yellowish, sharp acid ; October, 
November. 

Dumelow's Seedling-. 

Dumelow's Crab, | Wellington Apple. 

Foreign ; medium, round, yellow with blush red, brown spots, flesh yellow, 
acid ; November to March. 

Dumpling. 

Crooked Limb Pippin, | French Pippin , of Indiana, 
Watson's Dumpling. 

Large, roundish, oblong, light yellow, blush in sun, flesh white, indifferent ; 
October, December. 

Dutch Codlin. 

Chalmer's Large. 

Foreign ; large, roundish, oblong, pale yellow, orange in sun, flesh white, sub- 
acid ; October, December. 

Egg Top. 

Eve, J Round Top, 

Sheep Nose, of some, \ Wine, of some West. 

Foreign *, medium, oblong ovate, pale yellow, striped with red, flesh yellow- 
ish white, tender, inferior ; November to February. 

Easter Pippin. 

Young's Long Keeper, j Ironstone Pippin. 
Claremont Pippin, French Crab. 

Foreign 5 medium, roundish, deep green, brownish blush, flesh greenish, in- 
ferior ; November to June. 

8 



170 THE APPLE. 

Fall Cheese. 

Gloucester Cheese, | Summer Cheese. 

American ; medium to large, roundish, greenish yellow, flush of red in stlo, 
flesh crisp, often mealy ; September to November. 

Fama Gusta. 
Foreign : large, conical, pale green, flesh white, acid ; October. 

Ferris. 

American ; medium, roundish, red, sub-acid, new, but surpassed by many 
others ; November to February. 

Fennotjillet Rouge. 

Black Tom, } Bardin. 

Foreign ; small, roundish, dark red, flesh firm ; November to January. 
Fennouillet Gris. 

Pomme d'Ani=», | Caraway Russet. 

Foreign ; small, roundish, russet on yellow, flesh firm, acid. 

Flower of Kent. 

Foreign ; large, roundish, flattened, dull yellow and red, flesh, greenish yel- 
low, coarse, sub-acid ; October, January. 

Gault's Bellflower. 

American ; large, roundish, pale yellow, flesh white, coarse ; October, De- 
cember. 

Gloucester White. 

American ; medium, roundish, oblong, bright yellow, black patehes, flesh 
breaking, dry ; October, November. 

GOBLE RlJSSETT. 

Sweet Seek-110-further. 

Medium to large, oblong, flattened, yellow russet, marbled with red, flesh 
whitish yellow, dry, sweet ; October, December. 

Golden. 

American ; medium, roundish, ribbed, light yellow, flesh yellowish, acid j 
July. 

Golden Reinette. 

Aurore, j Kirke's Golden Reinette, 

Yellow German Reinette, | Wyker Pippin, &c, &c. 

Foreign ; small, roundish, greenish yellow, a little red, flesh yellow, crisp, 
mild sub-acid ; October, January. 



UNWORTHY OF CULTITATION. 171 

Golden Harvey. 

Brandy Apple. 

Foreign ; small, roundish, russet on yellow, reddish cheek, sub-acid : Novem- 
ber to March. 

Golden Pearmain. 

Ruckman's Pearmain, | Dutch Pearmain, 
Red Russet. 

Medium, roundish, flattened, red russet, flesh yellowish, dry, sub-acid • Nov- 
ember, December. ' 

* 

Goodyear. • 

Goodyear's Seedling. 

American ; new, medium, roundish, red, flesh juicy, only valuable as a 
keeper. 

Governor. 

American ; large, yellowish, tinged with red, juicy, acid, cooking : October, 
January. 

Golden Pippin. 

English Golden Pippin, | Old Golden Pippin, &c, &c, 
Eleven other names. 

Foreign ; small, round; yellow, with irregular russet marblings ; stem, long, 
slender ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellow, fine grained, sub-acid, sprightly ; De- 
cember to March. There is an " English Golden Pippin " grown at the west, 
which is large, oval, basin deep, entirely distinct from above. 

Grand Sachem. 
Large, roundish, ribbed, dull red, flesh white, dry ; September. 

Giant: 

American ; large, roundish, dull red striped, flesh, greenish white, tender; 
'•good." ' 

Hannah. 

American ; medium, conical, pale yellow and dull red, flesh white, dry ; Oc- 
tober, November. 

Hawthornden. 

White Hawthornden. 

Foreign ; above medium, roundish flattened, pale r ellow, blush in ran, flesh 
white, acid ; October, November. 

Hepper. 
American ; small, roundish, yellow, flesh dry. 



172 THE APPLE. 



Hoary Morning. 

Dainty Apple, | Downy, 
Sam Rawling's. 

Foreign ; large, roundish, red striped on yellow, flesh pinkish ; October, De- 
cember. 

Heterich. 
American ; medium, round, yellow, flesh whitish, acid ; November, January. 

HOLLANDBURGH. 
Hollandbury. 

Medium, roundish, flattened, red on yellow, flesh white, sour ; December, 
February. ' 

Irish Peach Apple. 

Early Crofton. 

Foreign ; medium, roundish, conical, yellowish, streaked with red, flesh whit- 
ish, watery ; September, October. 

Kane. 

Cane, | Cain. 

American ; medium, roundish, striped crimson, flesh yellowish, beautiful to 
look at ; Autumn. 

Kerry Pippin. 

Edmonton's Aromatic , 

Foreign ; medium, roundish, oval, yellow, streaked with red, flesh firm, 
crisp ; September, October. 

Keim. 

New ; American ; small, roundish, conical, yellowish white, flesh white, 
" good." 

Kentish Fill Basket. 

Potter's Large Grey Seedling, | Lady de Grey's. 

Foreign ; large, roundish, ribbed, yellowish, brownish blush, flesh tender ; 
October, January. 

Kenrick's Autumn. 

American ; large, roundish, yellowish, green, striped red, flesh white, acid } 
September. 

Kilham Hill.. 
American ; large, roundish, ribbed, pale yellow and red, flesh dry ; September. 



UNWOKTHY OF CULTIVATION. 173 

King of the Pippins. 

Hampshire Yellow. 

Often grown west as Gravenstein. Medium, roundish, oblong, yellow and 
red splashed, flesh white, slightly sweet, not agreeable 5 October, November. 

Kirke's Lord Nelson. 

Foreign ; large, roundish, red on pale yellow, fiesh firm, juicy, acid ; Octo- 
ber, December. 

Ladies' Blush. 
American ; medium, yellow, with red blush, flesh dry. 

Lady Finger. 

Sheep Nose. 

Medium, oblong, pale yellow, faint blush, flesh firm, watery ; November, De- 
cember. 

Lane Sweet. 

Small, roundish, flattened, yellow with red, flesh yellowish, dry ; November. 

Lemon Pippin. 

Kirke's Lemon Pippin. 

Foreign ; medium, oval, pale greenish yellow, flesh firm, sub-acid 5 October, 
January. 

Long Island Russet. 

Medium, roundish oblong, dull yellowish russet, flesh greenish, dry ; Decem- 
ber, March. 

Loan's English Pearmain. 

Small, roundish conical, dull red and russet, flesh firm, almost worthy cul- 
ture ; September, October. 

Longville's Kernel. 

Sam's Crab. 

Foreign ; below medium, oval, flattened, brownish red on yellow, flesh firm, 
sub-acid ; August, September. 

Long John. 

American ; large, conical, greenish yellow, flesh yellowish white, dry, great 
keeper. 

Lucombe's Seedling. 

Foreign ; large, roundish conical, yellow spotted with red in sun, flesh whit- 
ish, firm, cooking ; October, December. 

Luce's Early Joe. 

American ; small, round, bright red on yellow, flesh crisp, inferior; September. 



174 THE APPLE. 

Mank's Codlin. 

Irish Pitcher, | Frith Pitcher. 

Foreign ; medium, roundish, oblong, pale yellow, red cheek in sun, cooking 
only ; August. 

Margil. 

White Margil. 

Foreign ; small, roundish, dull yellow, streaked with red, flesh white, tender ; 
early Winter. 

Marble Sweeting. 

Virginia Sweet, | Mclntire's Sweeting. 

American ; medium to large, roundish ovate, marbled, dull red and yellow, 
flesh sweet, dry ; November, February. 

May Seek-no-further. 

May Apple. 

Outwardly like Pryor's Red; flesh dry, coarse, only valued as a keeper, skin 
thick. 

Mauck. 

Large, greenish yellow, blush in sun, conical, flesh " good." 

Menagere. 

Menagerie. 

Foreign ; large, flat, pale yellow ; September to January. 
Monstrous Pippin. 

Gloria Mundi, New York Gloria Mundi, 

American Mammoth, | Ox Apple, 
Baltimore Pippin. 

Very large, greenish yellow, roundish, flesh white, acid ; October, December 

Mother Davies. 

Medium, round, oblong, greenish yellow, little red, flesh crisp, " good j" Oc- 
tober, November. 

Molasses. „ 

Butter. 

American ; small, roundish, red, dry, sweet ; October. 

Milam. 

Harrigan, | Winter Pearmain, of some. 

American ; small to medium, roundish, greenish yellow, striped, dull red, 
flesh greenish, insipid ; December, March. 



UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 175 

Murphy. 

Murphy's Red, | Jack Murphy. 

American ; large, roundish, oblong, pale and dark red streaked, flesh 
greenish white, " good ;" November, February. 

Newark King. 

Hinckman. 

American ; medium, conical, red on greenish yellow, flesh tender, little 
more than good ; November to February. 

Norfolk Beaufin. 

Read's Baker, J Catshead BeauSn. 

Foreign ; large, flat, dull red on greenish, flesh stib-acid, good drying ; 
November to May. 

Nonsuch. 

English Nonsuch. 

Foreign ; medium, flat, greenish yellow, with dull brick red, flesh white ; 
October, November. 

Old English Codlijl 

English Codlin. 

Large, oblong, sonieal, lemon yellow, flesh white, tender, cooking; July 
to November. 

Old Royal Russet. 

Leather Coat Russet. 

Foreign ; medium, roundish, gray russet on green, flesh greenish white, 
sharp sub-acid ; November, February. 

Old Nonpareil. 

Non Pareille. 

Foreign ; medium, flat, yellowish reddish brown, flesh firm, crisp, poor 
bearer 5 December, January, 

OSLIN. 

Arbroath Pippio. 

Foreign ; small, roundish, pale yellowish, flesh firm, crisp, acid ; August. 

P arson's Early. 

American ; medium or above, roundish, pale yellow, fiesh yellowish white, 
sharp, sub-acid ; August September- 



176 THE APPLE. 



Pennock. 



Pomme Roye, of some West, 
Big Romanite, 
PennocK's Red Winter, 

Neisley's 



Large Romanite, 
Red Pennock, 
Prolific Beauty, 
Winter. 



American ; large, roundish, conical, angular, dull red, little yellow, flesh 
coarse, dry rot ; November to March 

Polly Bright. 
Resembles Maiden's Blush, sharp acid ; September, October. 

Pound. 
Large, roundish, oblong, yellowish green, coarse, poor ; October, January. 

Pomme lie Rose. 

Large, roundish, flattened, red on yellow, small dots, flesh white, coarse, acidj 
December, February. 

Priestley. 

Priestley's American, | Red Cathead. 

Large, roundish, oblong, dull red, streaks of yellowish green, flesh greenish 
white, inferior ; December to March. 

Quaker Pippin. 
American 5 medium, greenish yellow, very acid ; October. 

Red and Green Sweet. 

Prince's Red and Green Sweet, ] Large Red Sweeting, 
Red Bough. 

American ; very large, oblong conical, green and red striped, flesh sweet 
poor ; August, September. 

Red Ingestrie. 

Foreign ; small, oblong ovate, yellow marbled with red, flesh firm, sprightly ; 
September, October. 

Red Gilliflower. 

Red Seek-no-further, Harkness' New Favorite. 

American ; medium, oblong conical, fine red, flesh white, mild sub-acid ; 
November to January. 

Red Calville. 

Red Winter Calville, I Calville Rouge, 

Calville Rouge d'Hivcr, Spice, of some West. 

Foreign ; above medium, roundish oblong, pale red, dark red in sun, flesh 
tender, poor ; November, February. 



UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 177 

Red Bellflower. 

Red Belle Fleur, I Belle Fleur, 

Belle Fleur Rouge, | Striped Belle Fleur, of some. 

Foreign ; large, oblong conical, greenish yellow, covered and striped with 
red, flesh white, dry ; November, January. 

Red Streak. 

Herefordshire Red Streak, | Scudamous Crab. 

Foreign ; medium, roundish, red, yellow streaks, flesh yellow, dry, cider only; 
October, December. 

Rymer. 

Foreign ; above medium, roundish, flattened, clear red, glossy, flesh white, 
sharp, acid ; October, December. 

Roseau d'Automne. 

Roseau, incorrectly, of some. 

Foreign ; medium, roundish ovate, flat at base, yellow, blush red cheek, flesh 
yellowish, crisp, acid ; November to January. 

Roseau. 
Foreign 5 large, dark red, irregular in size and form, unprofitable. 

Rule's Summer Sweeting. 
American 5 medium, oblong, yellow, poor ; August. 

River. 

American ; medium, oblate-ribbed, red striped on yellowish green, flesh green- 
ish white, coarse ; July, August. 

Scarlet Nonpareil. 

New Scarlet Nonpareil. 

Foreign ; medium, roundish, deep red on yellowish green, flesh firm, acid ; 
November to February. 

Shippen's Russet. 

Large, roundish, flattened, russet on greenish yellow, flesh white, spongy, 
aoid 5 January to March. 

Shipley Green. 

American ; medium, oblong, rusty red, acid ; all Winter ; cooking only. 

Skunk. 

Polecat. 

American ; large, flat, dull dark red on yellow, flesh yellowish, dry ; Decem- 
ber, January. 

ft* 



178 THE APPLE. 



Spring Grove Codlin. 

Foreign ; medium, oblong ronnded, greenish yellow, flesh greenish, sub-acid, 
cooking ; August, November. 

Springer's Seedling. 

American ; small, oblong oval, dull yellowish green, stripes of red, flesh 
firm, negative ; January to May. 

Spice Sweeting. 

Poor bearer, large, roundish, yellowish, flesh firm, sweet ; August, September. 

Striped Mohawk. 
Above medium, round, red striped on yellow, flesh dry, poor'; late Autumn. 
Sugar Loaf Pippin. 

Sugar Loaf Greening-. 

Foreign ; large, oblong conical, dull greenish yellow, brownish in sun, flesh 
" good ;" August, September. 

Summer Golden Pippin. 

Foreign ; small, roundish oblong, yellow, flesh whitish, firm, sweet ; August, 
September. 

Summer Bambour. 

Summer Rambo, | Rambour Franc, 
Rambour d'Ete. 

Foreign ; above medium, greenish yellow, streaked with red, roundish, flat- 
tened, apt to be mealy ; August. 

Summer Russet. 

American ; small, roundish conical, yellow, partly russeted, sweet, dry ; 
September. 

Sweet and Sour. 

Medium, roundish, flattened, greenish, only valued as curiosity. From a dis- 
eased propagation. 

Surprise. 

Foreign ; small, round, whitish yellow, flesh stained with red ; November, 
December. 

Sweet Baldwin. 

American ; medium, roundish, deep red striped on yellow, flesh sweet, dry ; 
September, October. There are, we think, two apples grown under this name, 
as Thomas describes one as" nearly first rate," and ripening " early winter." 

Tart Bough. 

Resembles Early Harvest, but trees more rapid in growth, and ripens ten 
days later, more acid. 



UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 179 



Transparent de Zurich. 

Small or medium, beauty its only merit, waxen white, clear, translucent ; 
September. 

Thems Red Streak. 

American ; medium, round, pale green, red stripes, flesh sour, Winter. (Hov- 
Mag.) 

Twenty Ounce Pippin. 

Large, roundish, conical, green, poor, very distinct from Twenty Ounce, or 
Cayuga Red Streak. 

Victuals and Drink. 

Big Sweet, | Pompey. 

American ; large, oblong, rough, dull yellow, russet blush, sweet, dry ; Octo- 
ber, January. 

Victorious Reinette. 

Reinette Triomphante. 

Foreign ; large, roundish oblong, pale yellow, rough dots, flesh firm, sub-acid ; 
December, January. 

White Doctor. 

Small, pyrimidal, greenish white, sweet, dry ; September, October. 

White Calville. 

White Winter Calville, American White Winter Calville, 

Calville Blanche d'Hiver, | Niger. 

Foreign ; above medium, roundish flattened, whitish or greenish yellow, flesh 
white, negative ; November, February. 

White Astrachan. 

Transparent de Moscovie, j Glace de Zelande. 

Foreign ; medium, roundish conical, white faint streak of red, flesh white, 
dry, poor ; August. 

Winter Cheese. 

American ; medium, greenish, with stripes of dull brownish red in sun, 
mealy, poor ; December, January. 

Willis Sweet ? 

Large, roundish, oblong conical, yellow, marbled with dull red, flesh white, 
sweet, cooking ; October, November. 

Wormsley Pippin. 

Knight's Codlin. 

Foreign ; medium, roundish, greenish yellow, acid ; October, November. 



180 THE APPLE. 

Winter Queen. 

Winter Queening. 

American ; medium, conical, crimson and pale red, flesh yellowish, sub-acid ; 
December. 

Yellow Ingestrie. 
Foreign ; small, clear yellow, cri?p, spicy, not valued ; October. 

Yorkshire Greening. 

Foreign ; large, roundish flattened, dull dark green, striped with dull red, 
flesh greenish white, acid ; Winter. 

Zane. 

Zane Greening. 

American ; large, roundish, dull greenish yellow, poor ; February to June. 

Zieber. 
American ; small roundish, yellow, striped red cksek, flesh dry ; "good." 



THE BLACKBERRY. 181 



THE BLACKBERRY 

Rubus Villosus. 



A well known bramble, indigenous to this country. The fruit is 
so easily procured in its wild state, as not to have received due at- 
tention from, cultivators. 

Ripening, as it does, just as Raspberries are gone, when there is 
a dearth of the smaller fruits, it is surprising that exertions have not 
been made to grow improved varieties from seed. Plants selected 
from the wild state, placed in the garden, and well cultivated, have 
produced fruit of double the usual size and improved in flavor. 

Seedlings may be grown in the same way as Raspberries, and the 
plant requires similar soil and culture. 

There are, in its wild state, many varieties, but all answering the 
same botanical description. They are known under the common 
names of High Blackberry, Bush Blackberry, Low or Trailing Black- 
berry, &c. ; the stems being tall and more or less branching. The 
fruit ripens from 20th July to 10th August, and is highly esteemed 
for making syrup, which is regarded valuable as a preventive as 
well as curative of diarrhoea, dysentery, &c. As a dessert fruit, and 
for cooking, when well grown and ripened, it is esteemed, and often 
advised by Physicians, on account of its healthful character. 

There is a variety known as the White Blackberry, differing not 
in habit, but with shoots and fruit of a greenish white. 



182 THE CHERRY. 



THE CHERRY. 

Cerastes Sylvestris, and 0. vulgaris, Arb. Brit. Rosacea of Botanists. 

The Cherry, in its wild state, is a native of most parts of the 
United States, and also of Britain ; but the cultivated variety is re- 
corded as having been brought from Cerasus (whence the name), 
a city of Pontus, in Asia Minor, and planted in the gardens of Italy 
by the Eoman General, Lucullus, after he had vanquished Mithri- 
dates, in the year 69, B. C. 

In 1824, Rev. Dr. Robert Walsh made communication to the 
London Horticultural Society, stating the Cherry to be now grow- 
ing in the land of its origin, whence it was brought near 2,000 years 
ago. 

He describes two varieties. " The first of these varieties is a 
Cherry of enormous size, which grows along the northern coast of 
Asia Minor, from whence the original Cherry was brought to Eng- 
land. It is cultivated in gardens, always as a standard, and by a 
graft. The second variety is an amber colored transparent Cherry, 
of a delicious flavor. It grows in the woods, in the interior of Asia 
Minor, particularly on the banks of the Sakari, the- ancient Sanga- 
rius. The trees attain gigantic size — the trunk of one measured in 
circumference five feet ; height, to where the first branch issued, 
forty feet ; summit of highest branch, ninety feet — and this im- 
mense tree loaded with fruit." 

From Italy it was introduced into England as early as the forty- 
second year B. C, although some authorities date its introduction 
as late as fifty-five years after the Christian Era — that is, in the early 
part of the reign of Nero. The former date appears to be con- 
firmed by Pliny, who says : " Italy was so well stocked that, in less 
than twenty-six years after, other lands had Cherries, even as far as 
Britain, beyond the Ocean." The poet, Lydgate, who wrote in or 
about 1415, says that Cherries were then exposed for sale in the 
streets of London, much as they are at the present day ; and in a 
curious poem, entitled Lickpenny, is found the following allusion to 
them : 

" Hot pescodes one began to cry, 
Straberys rype and Cheneys in the ryse.- J 

From England and Holland both seeds and trees were introduced 
into this country early after its first settlement. 



PKOPAGATION. 183 

u Pliny mentions eight kinds of Cherries as being cultivated in 
Italy when he wrote his Natural History, which was about 71, 
A. D.;" and from this date up to the present time, the varieties have 
been gradually increasing until we have now described, in various 
works, upwards of one hundred and fifty. 

The disposition of Americans to combine the useful with the or- 
namental, has induced the planting (where the Cherry succeeds) of 
many as ornamental or shade trees ; while examples of reward pe- 
cuniary, from sale of fruit on trees so planted, has probably been 
additional inducement. The symmetrical form and rapid growth of 
the Cherry fit it well for a street tree throughout the country, and 
we wish we could induce the following of example of our Connect- 
icut forefathers in 1760, and recently renewed by Prof. J. P. Kirt- 
land, of Cleveland, Ohio, who has planted the Cherry as a street 
tree upon the entire front of his grounds. Mr. Loudon, in his Ar- 
boretum, gives an account of long avenues of the Cherry in Ger- 
many ; and more recent travelers have written repeatedly of and 
described them in such manner, that it is not a little strange our 
people, as a body, have not as yet seen and acted upon the plan to. 
the advantage of their pecuniary as well as social interests. Says 
Mr. Loudon : "These avenues in Germany are planted by the de- 
sire of the respective Governments, not only for shading the travel- 
er, but in order that the poor* pedestrian may obtain refreshment 
on his journey. All persons are allowed to partake of the Cherries, 
on condition of not injuring the trees ; but the main crop, when 
ripe, is gathered by the respective proprietors of the land on which 
it grows." 

In our view, this practice, if extensive in this country, would ren- 
der less of one crime in the summing up of her annals — i. e., the 
robbing of orchards ; and possibly, a law like that enacted in the 
terrritory of Erfurth in 1795, would be beneficial. It provided that, 
in case of the robber not being discovered, the district in which the 
offence was committed should be obliged to make compensation for 
the damage sustained. This made every individual interested in 
preventing depredations on his neighbor's property. 

Propagation. — The Cherry is propagated from seed — by bud- 
ding — by grafting — and occasionally, by pieces of roots. 

By Seed. —The seed of the black mazard is that generally used, 
and considered best for propagating the Heart and Duke varieties 
upon, while the Mahaleb is used only for the purpose of creating a 
dwarf habit. Seeds of the Graffion or Yellow Spanish will occa- 
sionally reproduce trees bearing fruit similar to the parent ; while 
seeds of many of the cultivated kinds will not vegetate, there being 
no germ or seed bud within the. stone. The seed should not be per- 



184 THE CHERRY. 

mitted to get dry, but immediately when gathered, rubbed and 
washed clean of pulp, and mixed half and half with sand, placed in 
boxes of, say, four inches deep, having holes in the bottom for drain- 
age, and then set in the open air, on the north side of a building, 
clear of direct sunlight. The ground should be well drained, and, 
if possible, fresh turf, and spaded or plowed in the fall one foot 
deep. As soon as the frost is out in the spring, rake down the 
ground level, mark out drills six inches wide and one inch deep, sow 
seed so that it will be about three inches apart, cover with the soil 
one inch, and add one inch of sand or leaf mould. 

By Budding. — This is done as described on page 22 ; but in the 
Cherry, and especially when the buds are a little unripe, it is best in 
cutting the bud from the scion to take liberally of the wood, thereby 
preventing its drying as soon as otherwise. The season for budding 
the Cherry is, when the tree on which you are going to operate is 
forming its terminal bud, and varies in seasons, as also in the age of 
the trees ; trees of four or five years old, in sections south of Cin- 
cinnati, being ready by middle of June, while plants transplanted 
the past spring will not be ready until early in July. North of this 
section line, the season will vary from two to four weeks later. Oc- 
casionally it will answer to bud in September, as it sometimes hap- 
pens that a second growth is made about that time. 

By Grafting. — This should be performed in all sections south of 
Cincinnati early in February, and for those north, from the last week 
in February to middle of March. Saddle grafting is best where 
both stock and scion are equal in size ; whip or tongue grafting is 
best where the stock is not over half to three-fourths inch diameter ; 
and cleft grafting, where large stocks are to be changed. This last is 
dangerous, inasmuch as it gives too great a check to the tree ; it is 
better to graft the small limbs and branches. Side grafting is the 
mode most advisable for young beginners, and also where the work 
has been put off a little too late. 

By Roots. — The root of the mazard Cherry, cut into pieces of 
about four to six inches long, and having the upper end set about 
one inch under ground early in spring, will often throw up strong 
shoots, and where a person is unable to get seedlings, this is the next 
best mode of obtaining stocks, as they are no more liable to sucker 
than if from seed. 

Transplanting. — When, from the seed bed to the nursery row, it 
should be done in the fall on dry soils, and early in spring on soils 
not perfectly dry in winter. They should be set in rows four feet 
apart, and one foot apart in the row, and the plants should have one 
half of last year's growth cut off, and all long, straggling, as well as 



SOIL AND SITUATION. 185 

the tap root, cut back to six inches. These, if the season is good, 
will be suitable for budding the same summer. Orchard trees, and 
also dwarfs for gardens, should have one half of the previous year's 
growth cut off, and the roots trimmed smoothly at ,ends with a sharp 
knife. The distance apart for standard trees in orchard, should be 
about twenty-five feet, while dwarfs may be planted at distances of 
eight feet each way. 

Standard Trees. — Are best for orcharding, and should, in no situa- 
tion, have their heads formed more than four feet from ground, and 
throughout the West and South, not more than two feet. 

Dwarf Trees. — Are produced by propagating the Sweet or Duke 
varieties on the Mahaleb, or Morello roots. They should in all cases 
be worked just at the crown of the root, as it is there a union is 
best formed ; and also, by means of pruning, (see page 30,) they 
should be made to form heads branching immediately from the 
ground. 

Soil and Situation.. — The soil best suited to most Cherries is 
that of a rich light loam on a gravelly sub-soil, but they will grow 
and produce fruit freely in all soil not wet. The roots of the maz- 
ard or sweet Cherries are very impatient of water, and will only 
endure a few seasons in strong soils void of drainage, or where 
water stands most of the winter. To this want of drainage in great 
measure, is attributable the destruction of the Cherry in most of the 
prairie soils throughout Southern and Western States ; and not until 
we manage to drain freely our rich alluvial deposits, can we succeed 
perfectly with the Sweet Cherries. The roots of the Duke's, Morel- 
lo's, and Mahaleb, are less open and spongy in texture, and, there- 
fore, less impatient of water. They, however, do not flourish vigor- 
ously for any length of time, unless drainage is effected. To this 
point in the culture of the Cherry, we beg especially to call atten- 
tion of our Western and Southern readers, assuring them that, what- 
ever of theory may have been advanced referable to climate, they 
will find drainage, or the want thereof father, to be the primary 
cause of destruction. Situated at a point where the Cherry proba- 
bly does as well as at any place in the United States, we have had 
occasion to notice the result of trees situated in what appeared suit- 
able soil, but where, on examining, after having lost several trees, we 
found water to have stood a long time about the roots. 

Naturally, most of the soil of Western and Southern States, is 
rich in vegetable matter, giving vigorous, even rampant growth to 
the Cherry tree ; which, added to the fact, that most trees have their 
roots standing in stagnant cold water, induces tendency to disease 
from the first. If, then, when about to plant Cherry trees, perfect 
drainage is made, so that no water will stand for twenty-four hours 



186 THE CHERRY. 

together about the roots, an application, on prairie soils, of sulphur, 
and finely broken or ground bones be made, the ground work to 
success will be performed. 

Situations sloping south will affect the producing of early bloom, 
rendering less chance of fruit from effect of late vernal frosts, and, 
also, render the tree more liable to second growth in the fall, and 
thus, unfit it for the severe changes of temperature throughout winter. 
Northern exposures are recommended, but, an eastern one we regard 
best. The forenoon sun may excite circulation, but not as rapidly 
as the mid-day, or from one to three o'clock, p. m. ; while there is, 
also, more or less of moisture in a morning atmosphere, and none 
in the afternoon ; the tree, also, has a chance to have its circulation 
gradually checked ere the cold of night, which it has not when 
planted on ground sloping south, west, or north. When planting on 
either of the last exposures, or on level land, let your tree slope to 
the south-west, as the sun has less effect upon it in that position. 

Cultivation. In nursery rows, the earth, in spring, should be first 
turned away from the trees ; in about ten days, it should again be 
stirred and left nearly level, and so kept throughout the growing 
season. In October, it should be turned up toward the trees. The 
plants budded last season, should be cut back to within six inches 
of the bud, as soon as the same commences to swell strongly. The 
buds, after having grown six to eight inches, should be tied up to the 
stocks, and, in June, the stock should be cut with a slope downward, 
close to the bud. The second year, they should be headed back to 
four feet, when some will throw out branches two feet from the 
ground ; others, where headed back. The third year, they should 
be transplanted. Throughout the West, on the rich prairie soils, it 
has been found impolitic to hoe, or otherwise use any' mode of cul- 
ture toward keeping the ground clean, after August ; it induces sec- 
ond growth, immature ripening of wood, and consequent injury in 
winter. Orchard and garden trees should be lightly spaded around 
in July, and a quantity of mulch, or stones, laid over the roots. 

Pruning and Training. The Heart Cherry, as a standard, needs 
little pruning, except to cut away limbs liable to cross one another. 
This is best done in July, when the cut, if made smooth, and close 
to the body or large limb, will at once heal. If disposed to grow 
too rapidly, dig around a tree, of, say, four inches diameter, a circu- 
lar trench, three feet distant from the body of the tree, and two feet 
deep, cutting off with a sharp spade, every root and fibre outside 
that space. And, for every inch diameter, up to a tree twelve 
inches through, add four inches distance of trench from tree. Often, 
the top of the tree will also require pruning, so as to give it a round 
head, as of an acorn, based on the circle of the trench. 



INSECTS AND DISEASES. USES. 187 

The Dukes and Morellos need somewhat more pruning than the 
Heart varieties, but all are impatient of the knife ; yet, if to be done, 
let it be in July, or when the terminal buds are forming. 

Dwarfs are trained to please the fancy of growers, and mostly by 
the " pinching-in " process. And as they grow with extreme vigor 
on the Mahaleb, for three or four years, they require, not only to 
have their tops pruned, but also, to be root-pruned annually. 

If possible to be avoided, large branches should never be cut 
from a sweet cherry tree. We have examined the results of many 
cases, when large branches were lopped in spring, for the purpose 
of changing the tree to a different variety, by grafting ; the result 
has almost invariaby been death after two summers. When 
necessary to be done, the wound should be covered with grafting 
composition, or gum-shellac, to exclude the air, and the body wrap- 
ped in straw or matting. Encasing the body during the winter and 
spring months, with straw, cloth, or moss, will often prevent injury ; 
for the cause of bursting of bark is in winter, not summer months, 
although it does not always exhibit itself until July or August. 
The atmospheric blight, injuring young shoots, acts, at once, in sum- 
mer. 

Insects and Diseases. The aphis, slug, caterpillar, and curculio, 
are more or less destructive to the cherry, but as they are described 
in other chapters we must refer the reader thereto. The diseases, 
according to writers, are, in the West, numerous ; but, as they all 
centre in the bursting of bark and exudation of gum, we shall only 
note on that. Under the head of Soil, we have given what we term 
the primary cause of this disease, and, if added to what we have said 
under heads of Cultivation and Pruning, we believe will have e'ffect 
to check, in great measure, the evil. That it will render the tree 
entirely free of the disease, we are not prepared to say; but, if to it 
be added selections of buds from healthy trees, and growth in nur- 
sery on ground well drained, and not over stimulated by barn-yard 
manures, we believe a change for the better will be the result. 

Uses. The wood of the wild or Virginia Cherry is used by cabi- 
net makers, being susceptible of a fine polish. The fruit of the 
Sweet Cherries is universally esteemed for the dessert, and that of the 
tender-fleshed, like Belle de Choisy, is regarded as wholesome. 
The Sour Cherries, either dried or fresh from the tree, are much 
esteemed for culinary use, while the Mazard and wild Virginian 
Cherries are used in flavoring liquors. " The celebrated German, 
Kirschwasser, is made by distilling the liquor of the common black 
Mazard ; (in which the stones are ground and broken and ferment- 
ed with the pulp;) and the delicious Ratijiia cordial of Grenoble, is 
also made from this fruit. Mareschino, the most celebrated liquor 
of Italy, is distilled from a small Mazard, with which, in ferment- 



188 THE CHERRY. 

ing, honey and the leaves and kernels of the fruit are mixed. The 
gum of the cherry is nearly identical with gum-arabic, and there 
are some marvelous stories told of its nutritive properties." 

Gathering the Fruit. The flavor and character of the cherry is 
best obtained when gathered early in the morning ; but, if intended 
for distant market, they should always be gathered with the stem 
attached, and when dry. 

Classification. In order the more readily to distinguish varieties 
of the cherry, authors have entered into classification ; but as those 
heretofore made, have seemed rather to perpetuate error than induce 
correctness, we have ventured upon a partially new order. Lind- 
ley, in his Guide to the Orchard, makes two divisions ; one embrac- 
ing varieties, the fruit of which is round, acid or sub-acid ; the other, 
sweet, and heart-shaped. Downing, in his Fruits and Fruit Trees, 
makes four divisions or classes, viz : Heart-shaped, Bigarreaus, 
Dukes, and Morellos; and, in a measure, all other writers have 
adopted these classifications. The two last terms of Mr. Downing, 
— Dukes and Morellos, — we shall continue, as they are not inappli- 
cable, and the trees are distinct in growth. But the word Bigarreau, 
being derived from Bigarreb, originally meaning, and intended to 
convey the idea of a parti-colored, or yellow and red fruit, and not 
meaning, (as it is generally used and understood by pomologists) 
firm-fieshed, we can see no just cause for continuing in use. Again ; 
there are varieties which, although round in form, are yet sweet, and 
partially tender-fleshed, and however erroneous, would have (if the 
old classification were pursued) to come under the head of Heart- 
shaped. There are, also, varieties where the characters, both of tree 
and fruit, of those determined by the two distinctions — Heart and 
Bigarreau — are so closely commingled, as to often perplex the ama- 
teur, and thus increase rather than lessen his troubles. We shall, 
therefore, designate in our text descriptive of each variety, the classes 
heretefore known as Hearts and Bigarreaus, being rapid growing, 
lofty and spreading trees, as Sweet, of which the old Black Heart 
may be taken as the type. The Dukes are mainly distinguished by 
the trees having narrower leaves than those of the Sweet Cherry, 
being upright in growth while young, but forming a low, spreading 
head, with wood less strong, and somewhat darker colored than the 
Sweet Cherries. Fruit, generally round, of one color, and when fully 
ripe, rich sub-acid. 

The Morellos are less upright in growth thnn the Dukes. 
Branches, small, slender, drooping ; foliage, narrow, dark green; fruit, 
acid. 

Engravings. These have been made from medium sized speci- 
mens, taken direct from the tree, and placed in the engraver's 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



189 



hands. They represent the cherry cut in half, and are intended to 
show the form of fruit in that way, and, also, exhibit the lines of tis- 
sue in the flesh, which are different in varieties, but uniform in 
numerous specimens of the same variety. 



CLASS I. — Worthy General Cultivation. 
Belle de Choisy. 



Ambree de Choisy, 
Cerise Doucette, 
Cerise a Noyau Tendre, 



Ambree a Gros Fruit, 
Cerise de la Palembre, 
Scheme Von Choisy. 



Raised in 1760, at Choisy, a village near 
Paris, France. The tree is of a Duke habit — 
thus far proving hardy in nearly all locations. It 
bears regularly every year, but only moderate 
quantity. Its delicacy and exquisite peculiar 
flavor, render it one of the most desirable for the 
table, but unsuited to market purpose. 

Fruit, round, or slightly depressed ; shin, 
thin translucent, showing the netted texture of 
flesh beneath ; of pale amber in the shade, mot- 
tled with red and yellow where more exposed ; 
and grown fully in the sun, becoming a bright 
cornelian red ; flesh, amber yellow, slightly 
tinged with pink radiating lines or tissues, in ir- 
regular long curves, very tender, delicate, juicy, 
sub-acid, nearly sweet, peculiar and agreeable 
flavor ; pit, small, round, a little pointed at apex; 
stalk, often short, but varying. Season, last of 
June. 




Black Tartarian. 



Bishop's Large, 
Frazer's Black Heart, 
Ronald's Heart, 
Circassian, 
Superb Circassian, 
Black Russian, 



Ronald's Black Heart, 

Frazer's Black Tartarian, 

Tartarian, 

Black Circassian, 

Ronald's Large Black Heart, 

Double Heart. 



190 



THE CHERRY. 




This variety is supposed to have originated 
in Spain, whence it was transmitted to Russia, 
and thence introduced into England, about 
1794 or 1796, whence it found its way to this 
country, and in 1810 was cultivated in Mid- 
dletown, Ct., as Bishop's Large, and in 1813 
as Ronald's Black Heart. The tree is of pe- 
culiar upright growth, unlike any other variety, 
or most resembling the Black Mazard. Its 
vigorous habit, erect . form, large foliage, 
and large sweet fruit, have rendered it perhaps 
the most popular variety in cultivation. The 
tree requires somewhat more pruning to thin 
it out than other varieties ; otherwise, as the 
trees grow old, they become too thick, and the 
fruit attains only medium size. 

Fruit, large, heart shape, often obtuse, ir- 
regular uneven surface, glossy, purplish black, 
slight suture half round ; jiesh, liver color, 
juicy, sweet, half tender, separating freely from 
pit, mild, pleasant, not high flavor ; pit, below 
medium size ; stalk, sunk in a regular cavity. 
Season, last of June. 




Black Hawk. 

Raised by Prof. J. P. Kirtland, near CI eve" 
land, in 1842. Commenced fruiting in 1846. 
The tree is of heal thy ,vigorous,spreading habit, 
with much of the general character of Yellow 
Spanish ; flowers, above medium ; soil of 
origin, a gravelly loam. As a table fruit, 
its high flavor will always commend it; 
while, as a market fruit, its size and pro- 
ductive habit of tree place it among the very 
best. 

Fruit, large, heart shape, often obtuse, 
sides compressed, surface uneven ; color, 
dark purplish black, glossy ; fiesh, dark 
purple, half tender, almost firm, radiating 
lines irregular, without form, juicy, rich 
sweet, fine flavor ; pit, medium size, un- 
even surface; stalk, varying, inserted in a 
broad cavity. Season, from 20th June to 
1st July. 



WOKTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



191 




Brant. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, on a gravelly 
loam. The tree is vigorous, with large foli- 
age, and spreading, or rather round regular 
form ; flowers, large, and open irregularly, so 
that often a portion may be injured by late 
frosts, and others escape. 

Fruit, large, rounded, angular, heart shape, 
sides slightly compressed ; color, reddish 
black ; flesh, dark purplish red, radiating lines 
whitish, partially indistinct, half tender, juicy, 
sweet and rich ; pit, nearly smooth, slight de- 
pressions, round oval ; stem, medium, set in a 
cavity slightly angular. Season, early — say 
middle of June. 



Belle Magnifique. 

Beile et Magnifique. 

First introduced into this country from France by Gen. Dear- 
born. The tree is of Duke habit, hardy, healthy, and vigorous. It 
is a moderate bearer, the fruit, if permitted, hanging on the tree 
until August, although much of it suitable for cooking last of June. 
As a fruit for culinary purposes, it is very 
desirable. 

Fruit, when trees are well cultivated, of 
the largest size, ovate rounded, often pointed, 
heart shape ; color, clear rich red on pale 
yellow; when fully exposed to the sun, mostly 
red ; flesh, yellowish, tender, sub-acid when 
fully ripe, sprightly, separates freely from the 
pit ; stem, planted in a deep yet open cavity 
or basin, and varying from 1 1-4 to 1 3-4 
inch in length. Season, middle June to Aug. 

Cleveland. 

Cleveland Bigarreau. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, on 
a gravelly loam soil. The tree is thrifty, 
with stout shoots, and of a rounded spread- 
ing habit ; large leaves ; flowers, above 
medium, profusely abundant, and, thus far, 
it has proved healthy wherever grown. 




192 



THE CHERRY. 



Fruit, large, round heart shape, flattened at apex, generally a 
regular uniform surface, occasional seasons it has a projection on one 
side, near the stem ; color, bright clear red on amber yellow ground, 
and occasionally blotched with carmine red ; flesh, pale yellowish 
white, almost firm, deepest in color next the pit, radiating lines in- 
distinct, juicy, rich fine flavor ; pit, medium size; stem, rather stout, 
medium length. Season, about one week before Elton, or say 23d 
to 25th June. Very productive. 

Coe's Transparent. 

Raised by Curtiss Coe, Middletown, Ct. Tree, upright, some- 
what spreading, vigorous, healthy habit. 

Fruit, medium size, occasionally large, regular rounded form, 
often slightly angular at junction of stem ; color, pale light amber 
yellow, with a bright clear red, indistinctly mottled on two-thirds 
the surface ; flesh, with irregular radiating lines, yellowish, tender, 
juicy, rich sweet and excellent ; pit, above medium ; stem, rather 
short, in a moderate depression. Season, middle to 25th June. 




Doctor. 

The Doctor. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842. The tree 
is of healthy habit, not extremely vigorous, up- 
right, rounded in form, bearing even to excess 
of fruit, so much so that unless well cultivated 
the fruit becomes small. Original soil, gravelly 
loam. 

Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape, with a 
suture extending all round ; color, light yellow 
and red, the latter most prevailing ; flesh, white, 
tinged with pale yellow, juicy, tender, sweet, 
with a delicious flavor ; pit, small ; stem, rather 
slender, in a round regular basin. It ripens 
early in June, but will hang until July. 



Downer's Late. 

Downer, | Downer's Late Red. 

Raised by Samuel Downer, Dorchester, Mass., 1808. The 
tree is vigorous, half spreading in habit, healthy, hardy, and abundant 
bearer. 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



193 



Fruit, medium size, round heart-shape, 
slightly compressed on one side ; color, a bright, 
lively red, mottled with amber in the shade ; 
flesh, amber color, stained slightly with red next 
the pit, radiating lines slight ; tender, sweet, and 
delicious when fully ripe. It is often gathered 
before fully ripe, when it is a little bitter ; pit, 
above medium size, oblong rounded ; stem, 
medium, inserted in a narrow, slight depression. 
Season, from fourth to twelfth July. This va- 
riety sufferflfcess than most varieties, from warm 
wet weather. 



Delicate. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, upon a 
gravelly loam. The tree is of thrifty, healthy 
habit, spreading so as to form a round head. It 
is productive, and as a dessert cherry, its del- 
icate, translucent character, rich, juicy, sweet, 
high flavor, will always render it a favor- 
ite. 





Fruit, medium to large ; form, regular, 
roundish, flattened, with a slight suture one 
side ; color, rich amber yellow, overspread 
and mottled with light carmine red, while the 
flesh is so translucent, that held to the light, 
the tissue is distinctly traced, and red appears 
as though mingled throughout, when, on exit- 
ing it, the flesh is a whitish-yellow, with dis- 
tinct radiating lines, — tender, juicy, sweet, de- 
licious, high flavor; pit, small, roundish 
oval, with a broad ridge; stem, medium, set 
in a deep, round depression. Season, about 
first July. 



Early Prolific. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842. The original tree fruited 
three years, during which, we carefully noted the fruit. It then was 
lost by being removed ; meantime, buds had been sent to Mr. Chas. 
Downing, and it is from the character shown under his hands, that we 
are induced to place it in this class. Its large size, rich flavor and 
early habit of maturity, class it among the most desirable, for pri- 
9 




194 



THE CHERRY. 



vate or marketing collections. Tree, healthy, vigorous, upright, 
slightly spreading. 

Fruit, medium to large, round, obtuse heart-shape, bright car- 
mine red, mottled on light amber yellow ; and, on one side, a distinct 
line, edged with yellow; stem, varying both in size and length; 
flesh, half tender, almost firm, juicy, rich, sweet, and delicious flavor ; 
very productive. Season, early in June. 

Elton. 



Bigarreau Couleur de chair, 

Flesh Colored Bigarreau, 

Gros Bigarreau Couleur du chair, 

Gros Bigarreau Blanc, 

Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Blanc, 

Large Heart-Shaped Bigarreau, erroneously, 



Bigarreau de Rocmont, 
Cceur de Pigeon, 
Bigarreau Belle de Rocmont, 
Guigne gros Blanche, of some, 
Bigarreau Common, ,, 
Belle Audigeoise, 




Raised in England, in 1806. Its superior 
qualities have made it a great traveler, and 
although often introduced to notice, under a 
new name, it is always worthy place. 

The trees grow vigorously, with a spread- 
ing, rather drooping habit ; leaves, with pur- 
plish footstalks. First introduced to this 
country in 1823. 

Fruit, large, long, heart-shape, pointed; 
color, beautiful light yellow ground, mottled 
and streaked with bright glossy red ; flesh, 
yellowish, radiating lines not bold, half ten- 
der, when fully ripe, nearly tender, juicy, 
sweet, with an exceedingly rich, high flavor ; 
pit, above medium, oval, rounded, with a 
sharp point ; stem, long and slender, set in 
rather a deep basin ; very productive. Sea- 
son, last of June. 



Early Richmond. 



Kentish, 
Virginian May, 
Common Red, 

Sussex, 



Muscat de Prasrue. 



Pie Cherry, 

Kentish Red, 

Montmorency a longue queue, 

Commune, 



An old European sort, but extensively grown in this country, 
under the name we have adopted. It is probably, the true Kentish ; 



WOETHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



195 



but, under that name, it becomes so often con- 
founded with the common Sour Pie Cherry of 
our country, that we have preferred to continue 
it here, under the name it is best known in this 
country. The tree belongs to the Morello class ; 
grows about twenty feet high, with a roundish 
spreading head ; very productive, ripening its 
fruit in May, but, in dry seasons, holding it until 
July. It is indispensable to every garden ; and 
for market, coming as it does so early, is very 
profitable. It is remarkable for the corolla re- 
maining on the stalk, and for the tenacity with 
which the stone adheres thereto. 

Fruit, of medium size, borne in pairs, round, 
bright red, becoming darker as it hangs on the 
tree a long time ; flesh, of a reddish cast, juicy, 
very tender, sprightly, rich, acid flavor ; stem, 
usually short, say, one and a quarter inch, set in 
deep, round basin. Season, twenty-sixth May to first of July. 




Purple Guigne. 

Early Purple. Guigne, | German May Duke, 
Early Purple Griotte. 

The origin of this valuable variety we have 
been unable to decide. Eastern cultivators 
received it from England, where it was figured 
and described by Mr. Thompson, in the London 
Hort. Society's transactions. Western Cultiva- 
tors received it through a party of emigrants 
from Germany, under name of German May 
Duke, by which it is much grown in Ohio. The 
trees are poor growers in the nursery, of a strag- 
gling, loose, irregular, somewhat pendent habit, 
but of healthy, hardy character, only moderat- 
ly productive w T hile young, but as they grow 
older, become more prolific. Its earliness and 
delicious character, must always render it popu- 
lar where known. 

Fruit, medium to large, roundish, heart- 
shaped, with an indenture at the point or apex ; 
color, when fully ripe, dark purplish black ; flesh, 
dark purplish red, juicy, rich, sweet, and excellent ; 
'pit, medium ; size, roundish oval ; stem, long, 
slender, inserted in a shallow, narrow basin. 
Season, last of May and first of June. 




196 



THE CHERRY. 



Governor Wood. 




Raised by Prof. Kirtland, 1842, and named 
in honor of Reuben Wood, late Governor of 
Ohio. 

The tree is a vigorous, healthy grower, 
forming a rounded, regular head ; very pro- 
ductive while young ; flowers large. 

Fruit, of the largest size, roundish, heart- 
shape ; color, rich, light yellow, mottled or 
marbled with a beautiful carmine flush ; grown 
fully exposed to the sun, it becomes a clear, 
rich red ; suture half round, followed on oppo- 
site side, by a dark line; flesh, light, pale 
yellow, with radiating lines, transverse, acu- 
minate, half tender, juicy, sweet, and fine, 
rich, high flavor ; pit, roundish ovate, con- 
siderably ribbed ; stem, varying in length and 
size. Season, middle of June. 

In even small collections, this variety 
should always have a place. 



Hildesheim. 



Hildesheim Bigarreau, 
Tardif de Hildesheim, 
Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim, 



Tree, 



upright, 



Bigarreau Marbre de Hildesheim, 
Bigarreau Blanc Tardif de Hildesheim, 
Bigarreau Noir Tardif. 



strong grower, unproductive 



From Germany, 
while young. 

Fruit, medium, heart-shaped, yellow, mottled, marbled and 
splashed with red ; stem, long, slender ; basin, shallow, broad ; sut- 
ure broad, half round, with hollow depression at apex ; flesh, pale 
yellow, firm, sweet ; pit, medium, surface marbled with red. Sea- 
son, last of July to twentieth August. The true variety is rarely 
sold, but when obtained, is truly valuable, as coming just before 
peaches, and when there are few fruits in market. 



Hortense. 



Reine Hortense, 
Lemercier of E. and B. 
Monstreuse de Bavay, 



Belle de Bavay, 
De 16 a la livre, 
Belle de Petit Brie. 



Introduced to this country from France, in 1842. 
Duke habit, vigorous, healthy grower, forming a 
round head, and promises to be very hardy, and extremely desirable 



The tree is of 
dense, upright, 



in rich, moist 



soils, where the Sweet Cherries do not succeed as 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



197 



well. It is moderately prolific, the fruit quite large, and ripen- 
ing as it does, quite late in the season, combined with the habit of 
hanging long after ripe, and its rich, spright- 
ly, sub-acid juice, must render it extremely 
popular, when it becomes fully known. 

Fruit, quite large, round, elongated, sides 
compressed, smooth, glossy, regular surface; 
.suture, shallow, half round, followed by a 
marked line, terminating at base, in a knob- 
by projection ; color, bright lively red, mar- 
bled and mottled on amber ; grown in the 
sun, it is mostly red ; flesh, pinkish yellow, 
with radiating lines, distinct, but irregular 
in form, tender, and when fully ripe, sepa- 
rating freely from the stone, often even ex- 
hibiting a hollow, vacant space, between pit 
and flesh, high, sprightly, slightly acid 
flavor ; pit, rather large, oblong, rounded ; 
stalk, two inches long, generally slender. 
Season, twelfth to twentieth July. 





Joc-o-sot. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, and 
named after a noble Sioux chief, who died at 
Cleveland, in 1844. Tree thrifty, half spread- 
ing, or round-headed, and productive. 

Fruit, large, very regular, uniform, heart- 
shape, slightly obtuse, and with a deep inden- 
tation at apex : sides, compressed ; suture, 
broad, half round, followed with a dark line, 
and often a knob-like projection ; surface, un- 
even ; color, rich, glossy, dark liver-color, al- 
most black ; jiesh, with indistinct radiating 
lines, dark liver-color, tender, juicy, with a 
rich, sweet flavor ; pit, below medium size, 
regular, smooth ; stem,, long, and of medium 
size. Season, near the last of June. 




193 



THE CHERRY. 




Kirtland's Mart. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland,in 1842, described 
and named by ourself, in compliment to 
the daughter of Prof. K. The tree is a strong, 
healthy grower, upright, rounded in form, 
shoots strong, not rampant ; flowers, large and 
open, very prolific. The fruit is one of the 
most beautiful of all cherries, quite firm-flesh- 
ed, but withal possessing delicacy and high 
flavor, that renders it one of the most desira- 
ble varieties, either for dessert or market pur- 
poses. 

Fruit, large, roundish, heart-shape, very 
regular ; color, light and dark rich red, deeply 
marbled and mottled on a yellow ground, 
grown fully in the sun, is mostly a rich, dark 
glossy red ; flesh, with distinct irregular radiat- 
ing lines, light yellow, quite firm, rich, juicy, 
sweet, and very high flavored ; pit, medium, 
regular, rounded, with distinct prominent lines 
or ridges, flesh adheres slightly to it ; stem, 
moderately stout, varying in length. Season. 
last of June and first of July. 




Kirtland's Mammoth. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland from a pit of the 
Yellow Spanish, grown on a tree remote from 
other varieties. Its name is given from the ex- 
treme large size of the fruit, being one-eighth 
greater than any other variety. The tree is of 
strong, vigorous growth, with very large leaves 
and large flowers. Jt is, however, only moder- 
ately productive. Soil of origin, gravelly loam. 

Fruit, of the very largest size, often three 
and a half inches in circumference, obtuse, heart 
shape ; color, light clear yellow, partially over- 
spread, and marbled with rich red ; flesh, with 
distinct radiating lines, broad, ovate, reversed, 
almost tender, juicy, sweet, and with a very 
fine high flavor ; pit, roundish oval, regular, 
surface indented ; stem, generally short, moder- 
ately stout. Season, last of June. 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



199 



Late Bigarreau. 

Eaised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, on a 
gravelly soil. Tree, vigorous, shoots stout, 
not rampant, forms a round regular head; 
flowers, open, abundant, very productive. 

Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape, occasion- 
ally a little angular and with a deep broad in- 
denture at the apex ; color, a rich yellow 
ground, with a bright red cheek, frequently 
the red covers nearly the whole surface — 
occasionally it is blotched or mottled ; suture, 
shallow, half round, marked with aline on op- 
posite side ; flesh, with distinct radiating lines, 
yellowish, nearly firm, juicy, sweet, and of 
agreeable flavor ; pit, small, round, regular; 
stalk, one-and-a-half inch long, inserted in a 
broad open depression. Season, 4th to 12th 
July. 

Large Heart Shaped. 




Bigarreau Gaubalis, 
Black Bigarreau of Savoy, 
Bigarreau gros Couret, 
Bigarreau de Lyon, 
Guigne Noire luisante, 
Great Bigarreau ? 



Monstreuse de Mezel, 

New Large Black Bigarreau, 

Bigarreau gros Monstreux, 

Gros Couret, 

Large Heart Shaped Bigarreau, 

Ward's Bigarreau. 



This variety, originally from France, we have received from 
different sources, and fruited the past two 
years under most of the synonymes given. 
We are also under the impression that the 
" Great Bigarreau," noticed by Mr. Downing 
in the Horticulturist for 1851, will yet prove 
identical ; but we cannot yet speak confidently. 
The tree is a strong, vigorous grower, with 
large foliage. Its productive habit, fine flesh, 
and large size of fruit, render it very desirable 
as a market variety; while its want of deli- 
cacy and flavor unfit it for grounds of those 
who grow only for private use. 

Fruit, very large, roundish, heart shape, 
occasionally obtuse, dark shining red, becom- 
ing, when fully ripe, dark purplish black ; sur- 
face, very uneven ; flesh, reddish purple, coarse 
tissue, with a distinct dark line one side next 
the pit, not very juicy and lacking in high fla- 
vor ; pit, large, oval • stem, varying, inserted 
in a shallow depression. Season, 4th to 10th July. 




200 



TBE CHERRY. 




Logan. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842 ; soil a 
gravelly loam. Tree, hardy, healthy grower, 
somewhat spreading, moderately productive ; 
flowers, large, opening late, little liable to in- 
jury from frost. 

Fruit, medium or above, obtuse, sometimes 
regular, heart shape, with a shallow indenture 
at apex ; color, purplish black, when ripe ; 
flesh, liver color, radiating lines almost white, 
nearly firm, juicy, sweet, and rich flavor; pit, 
above medium, oval ; stem, varying in length 
in a deep cavity. Season, middle to last of 
June. 




Osceola. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842; soil 
gravelly. Tree, round, spreading regular form, 
hardy, healthy grower ; flowers, medium, open- 
ing rather late and in succession ; a good, not 
excessive bearer. 

Fruit, medium to large, regular, heart shape, 
with a deep, broad suture, half round ; color, 
dark purplish red, inclining to black ; flfsh, 
liver color, fine tissue, so much so that the 
radiating lines are almost obliterated, juicy, 
rich and sweet ; pit, medium or small, ovate, 
rounded ; stem, moderately stout in a deep, 
regular cavity. Season, last of June and early 
July. One of the best for all collections. 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



201 



PoNTIAC. 

Eaised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842 ; soil 
gravelly. Tree, upright, rounded form, 
slightly spreading, vigorous, healthy habit ; 
flowers, above medium size, opening in suc- 
cession ; regularly productive. 

Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape, sides 
compressed; color, dark purplish red~ ap- 
proaching to black when fully ripe ; Jlesh, 
purplish red, radiating lines irregular, half 
tender, juicy, sweet and agreeable ; pit, 
medium, smooth, parts freely from the 
flesh ; stem, varying from long to short, in- 
serted in a broad, open cavity. Season, 
last of June. 




POWHATTAN. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842 ; soil gravelly. Tree, vigorous, 
healthy, round headed, productive. 

Fruit, medium, size, uniform, roundish, flattened or compressed 
on sides, surface irregular ; color, liver like, highly polished ; suture, 
half round ; Jlesh, rich purplish red, marbled, radiating lines obscure, 
half tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant, but not high flavor ; pit, small, 
round, elongated; stem, medium. Season, late; 8th to 15th July. 

For profitable market purposes this is one of the very best ; the 
fruit ripening late, and all being uniform and regular in size. 



Rockport. 



Rockport Bigarreau. 



Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842 ; gravelly loam. Tree, strong, 
vigorous grower, forming a very upright habit, more resembling the 
Black Tartarian than any other variety we know. It is one of the 
first, of Prof. Kirtland's seedlings, that was described, and feeling 
interested in its success, in various parts of the States we distributed 
9* 



202 



THE CHERRY. 




it pretty liberally in shape of buds and grafts. 
It has now been fruited extensively, and we 
feel confident, while recommending this, that 
other varieties of the same origin will be 
equally successful. The tree wants good cul- 
ture, and its period of maturity is materially 
altered both by soil and culture, while its char- 
acter appears unchanged. Valuable, either 
for private or market gardens. 

Fruit, large, round, obtuse heart shape, 
surface generally slightly uneven, and always 
with a knobby or swollen projection on one 
side ; color, clear brilliant deep red, shaded 
and mottled on a pale amber yellow, with 
occasional carmine spots ; flesh, yellowish white, 
radiating lines irregular, a yellow tinge around 
the pit, firm, juicy, sweet, with a rich, delicious 
flavor ; pit, oval, regular and without ridges ; 
stem, usually of medium length — one, to one- 
and-a-half inches. Season, 20th to last of June. 



Red Jacket. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842. The 
original tree has always stood in ground uncul- 
tivated ; yet its fruit, from lateness of ripening, 
size and quality, renders it most desirable, and 
especially for market culture, as it is very pro- 
ductive. The tree forms a head similar to the 
Black Mazard, not quite as erect. 

Fruit, large, regular, long obtuse heart 
shape ; color, fine, clear, light red, when grown 
in the sun, but of an amber color, overspread 
with pale red, and often a yellow russet patch, 
when grown in the shade ; flesh, with radiating 
lines distinct, half tender, juicy, of good, not 
high flavor ; gathered before ripe, it is a little 
bitter ; pit, medium ; stem, rather long and 
slender, set in an open, moderately deep basin. 
Season, middle of July. 



Shannon. 

This is a Morello raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1829 ; first de- 
scribed in 1849. Named in respect to Wilson Shannon, once gov- 




FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 203 

ernor of Ohio. The tree is very hardy, having been tested in many 
locations. 

Fruit, slightly above medium size, globular, flattened at junction 
with stem, dark purplish red, when ripe ; flesh, tender, reddish pur- 
ple, juicy, acid ; pit, small ; stem, long, slender, inserted in an open 
cavity. Season, middle of July. 

Tecumseh. 

Eaised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, on a soil of gravelly loam. 
The tree is moderately vigorous, spreading, hardy, producing its 
blossoms late in the season. 

Fruit, medium to large, obtuse heart shape, compressed, with a 
broad, shallow suture; color, when fully ripe, a reddish purple, or 
dark liver color, mottled somewhat with red ; flesh, reddish purple, 
irregular, distinct radiating lines, half tender, very juicy, sweet, but 
not high flavor ; pit, medium size, smooth, round, slightly elongated ; 
stem, varying, set in an open, rather deep cavity. Season, middle to 
20th July. Very valuable for a late market variety.. 



CLASS II.— New and Untested — suited to Certain Localities, or Exten- 
sive Grounds of Amateur Pomologists* 

Arch Duke. 

Oriotte de Portugal, Late Arch Duke, 

Portugal Puke, J Late Duke. 

An English variety, first described by Lindley, since figured and de- 
scribed in Hovey's Magazine, from which we extract. The May Duke, 
or Late Duke, have almost always been sold as this variety. It is a more 
vigorous grower, and distinguished in its fruit by being more heart shape. 
Fruit, large, heart shape, compressed ; dark shining red ; flesh, light red, 
slightly adhering to the stone, tender, sub-acid ; stem, long, slender. Sea- 
son, early in July. 

American Heart. 

Probably a native of this country ; its origin is, however, uncertain. 
Tree, vigorous, spreading. Fruit, medium, heart shaped, four sides com- 
pressed ; pale yellow and red ; flesh, yellowish, watery toward the pit, 
juicy, sweet, second flavor : pit, medium ; stem, long, moderately slender. 
Season, early in June. 

Adam's Crown. 
English; little known in this country. Fruit, medium, round, heart 



204 THE CHERRY 

shape ; pale red ; flesh, tender, juicy and agreeable. Season, middle of 
June. 



An 



NE. 



We have had this variety growing for two years, but have not fruited 
it. Chas. Do wing, Esq., writes us that it originated at Lexington, Ky., 
ripens early, is very productive, and of excellent flavor. The tree is of 
the Sweet Cherry class. 

Burr's Seedling-. 

Originated in Western New York. Tree, vigorous, spreading, produc- 
tive. Fruit, medium to large, heart shape ; clear bright red on pale yel- 
low ; half tender, juicy, sweet ; stem, slender. Season, middle to last of 
June. 

D'Esperin. 

Bigarreau D'Esperin. 

New, from Belgium. Hovey says, the tree has a compact, spreading 
habit, of moderate growth, a good bearer. Fruit, large, roundish heart 
shape, depressed at ends, flattened on sides ; suture, all round ; color, 
clear, soft amber in the shade, mottled with pale red in the sun ; flesh, 
pale amber, tender, juicy, excellent ; pit, medium, oval ; stem, long, slen- 
der. Season, early in July. 

Belle of Orleans. 

Belle de Orleans. 

New, from France. Tree, vigorous grower, good bearer, promises to 
be valuable. Fruit, medium, roundish ; light yellowish white, with clear 
pale red covering about one half the surface ; flesh, tender, juicy, and de- 
licious. Season, early in June. 

Buttner's Yellow. 

Butlner's Wach's-Knorpel Kirsche, Buttner's Gelbe Knorpel Kirsche. 

From Germany. Tree, vigorous, spreading ; only as a novelty is it de- 
sirable. Fruit, medium, regular heart shape, flattened at stem end ; pale 
lemon yellow, with russet marblings ; flesh, whitish yellow, firm, even 
tough, without flavor, adheres to the pit ; stem, medium length and size, 
in an open, round, regular cavity. Season, middle to last July. 

Black Eagle. 

English, raised by the daughter of Mr. Knight. Tree, healthy, strong 
grower, unproductive at the West. Fruit, above medium, borne in threes, 
obtuse heart, shape ; deep purple, almost black ; flesh, reddish purple, half 
tender, with a rich, sweet, high flavor. Season, early in July. 

Buttner's Black Heart. 

Buttner's Herz Kirsche, Schwarze Neue Herz Kirsche. 

From Germany. As a late variety, firm fleshed, for market this pro- 
mises well. Fruit, large, heart shape purplish black when fully ripe ; 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 205 

flesh, reddish violet, firm, juicy, good, not high flavor . SL-ason, middle to 
last of July. Tree, productive, a vigorous grower. 

Downing's Red Cheek. 

Raised by Chas. Downing, Newburgh, N. Y. Tree, vigorous, half 
spreading. Fruit, medium to large, obtuse heart shape ; yellowish white, 
with a rich dark crimson, covering more than one half the fruit ; flesh, 
yellowish, half tender, delicately sweet; pit, medium; stem, set in an 
even hollow of moderate depth. Season, middle to last June. 

" Champagne. 

Raised by Chas. Downing, Newburgh, N. Y. This variety is highly 
commended by the late A. J. Downing, but we have been unable to fruit 
it sufficiently to place it among those of general cultivation. For large 
orchards, we think it desirable as a bearer, but not of size to com- 
mand price in market. Tree, vigorous, healthy, productive. Fruit, me- 
dium, roundish heart shape, slightly angular ; color, shades of lively red ; 
flesh, amber color, juicy, sprightly, rich flavor ; stem, moderate length, in 
a shallow cavity. Season, middle of June, but hangs well into July. 

Cumberland. 

Triomphe,of Cumberland, ! Brenneman's May, 

Monstrous May, J Sterei's May, 

Cumberland Seedling. 

This is claimed to be a seedling of Cumberland Co., Pa. Having fruited 
it from two sources, one proving identical with Yellow Spanish, and the 
other identical with Tradescant's Black, we have some doubts as to its being 
a seedling or new variety. In the ad-interim report of the Pennsylvania 
Hort. Society, it is thus described : Large, obtuse heart-shaped, some- 
times roundish, compressed at the sides ; deep crimson, almost purple 
when fully ripe ; suture, indistinct ; stem, rather long, slender, inserted 
in a broad, open cavity; apex, slightly depressed; stone, roundish 
oval, compressed; flesh, rather solid, red, slightly adherent to the stone ; 
flavor, fine ; quality, " best ;" period of maturity about the middle of June. 

China Bigarreatj. 

Chinese Heart. 

Raised by William Prince, Flushing. Tree, hardy, healthy, spreading. 
Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape ; bright amber yellow, becoming 
mostly red when fully ripe ; flesh, half tender, juicy and rich, but, unless per- 
fectly ripe, slightly bitter ; stem, long and slender ; very productive. 



Carnation. 



Wax Cherry, 

Crown, 

Cerise de Portugal, 



Griolte de Villennes. 



Cerise Nouvelle d'Angleterre, 
Grosse Cerise Rouge Pale, 
Griottier Rouge Pale, 



A variety of the Morello, that from its hardiness has been pretty largely 
disseminated through our Western and Southwestern States. Fruit, 
above medium ; yellowish white, becoming, when fully ripe, a lively red 



206 



THE CHEEKY. 



slightly marbled; flesh, tender, juicy, and, when fully ripe, less acid than 
most of this class ; stem, stout. Season, middle to last of July, but will 
hang a long time. Tree, a good grower, with strong wood, and a profuse 
bearer. 

Carmine Stripe. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree, vigorous, healthy, spreading ; very 
productive. Fruit, above medium, heart shape, compressed on sides, 
often an uneven surface, with suture half round, followed by a line of car- 
mine ; color, amber yellow, shaded and mottled with bright lively car- 
mine ; flesh, tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly and agreeable ; pit, small ; stem, 
varies. Season, last of June. 



Caroline, 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree, much resembles 
Belle de Choisy ; in growth healthy, hardy, vigor- 
ous, and productive ; it promises to become valuable 
as a dessert Cherry. 

Fruit, above medium, round oblong; one side 
compressed slightly ; color, pale amber, mottled 
with clear light red, and when fully exposed to the 
sun becomes rich red ; flesh, slightly tinged with 
pale red or pink, translucent, very tender, juicy, 
sweet, and delicate ; pit, medium, oblong oval. 
Season last of June. 

CONESTOGA. 

This variety originated in Conestoga Township, 
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Fruit, very large, 
obtuse heart-shaped, slightly indented at the apex; 
dark purple ; stem, from an inch and three-quarters 
to two and a quarter long, slender, inserted in an 
open cavity ; flesh, purplish, firm ; flavor, sugary, 
and very pleasant , quality "best" (W. D. B.) 

Christiana. 

Raised by B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush, N. Y., and resembling, in charac- 
ter of tree and fruit, the May Duke. Not having fruited it, we only note 
from the Horticulturist, where the fruit is said to be borne in clusters, of a 
bright lively red color, and sprightly sub- acid flavor. 




Donna Maria. 

A Morello cherry, forming a small tree, but very prolific. Fruit, of 
medium size; dark red; tender, juicy, rich acid; valuable for cooking. 
Season, middle July. 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 



207 



Duchess of Pallua. 

A variety introduced from France by Hon. M. P. Wilder, of Boston, 
and fruited first time in this country, this year, 1853. 

Fruit, medium size, heart-shaped ; purplish black ; juicy, half tender, 
sweet ; stone, small, oblong ovate. Season, 15th to 20th June. Promises to 
be a productive valuable variety. (Hov. Mag.) 

DOWNTON. 

English : raised by T. A. Knight. Tree, healthy, regular round head ; 
moderately productive. 

Fruit, medium, globular flattened ; bright red on yellow ; flesh, yel- 
lowish, half tender, juicy, sweet, but not rich flavor ; pit, medium ; stem, 
set in a deep cavity. Season, early in July or late of June. 

Elizabeth. 

Raised by Caleb Atwater, of Portage County, 0., in 1823. Original 
soil, clay. Tree, vigorous, upright, pyramidal rounded ; very prolific. 

Fruit, medium to large, heart-shape, flattened on sides ; color, rich 
dark red, when fully ripe ; flesh, yellowish, slightly tinged with red, half 
tender, juicy, pleasantly sweet; pit, ovate rounded; stem, medium ; set 
in a regular basin. Season, middle to last of June. 



Favorite. 



Elliott's Favorite. 



Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842 ; gravelly soil. 
Tree, vigorous, half spreading, productive. 

Fruit, medium, round regular, slightly compressed ; 
color, pale amber yellow, with a bright carmine red 
cheek, mottled and marbled ; flesh, pale amber, trans- 
lucent, delicate, juicy and sweet ; pit, small ; stem, 
medium, inserted in an even basin* Season, last of 
June. This variety requires high cultivation, other- 
wise the fruit is small., and the flavor only good. 




English Amber. 

This is undoubtedly an old variety, but we have as yet been unable to 
identify it with any described variety. The tree is of vigorous strong 
growth, forming a rounded pyramidal head, and very productive. 



208 THE CHERRY. 

Fruit, medium size, roundish heart-shape, very regular, borne in threes ; 
color, delicate amber, beautifully mottled will* pale red ; flesh, whitish 
yellow, half tender, delicate, juicy, and very sweet; pit, medium; stem, 
long. Season, middle to last of June. 

Florence. 

Knevett's Late Bigarreau. 

From Florence, in Italy. The tree is of stocky strong growth, spread- 
ing, unproductive while young, becoming more productive as it grows 
old. Fruit, large, roundish heart-shape, flattened at base ; pale amber, 
mottled or mostly covered with bright red ; flesh, amber color, firm, rich, 
sweet, fine flavor ; pit, small, roundish oval ; stem, inserted in a broad ba- 
sin. Season, middle July. 

GlJIGNE NoiR LuiSANTE, 
Black Spanish, 

Or bright black red, is a cherry of the Duke or near Morello class. 
Tree, erect in habit, healthy, hardy, forming a pretty round head, regular 
moderate bearer. In 1823, it was cultivated in New Jersey, as Black 
Spanish, and under that name brought to Ohio. Fruit, of medium size, 
heart-shape, globular ; glossy blackish red ; flesh, reddish purple, tender, 
juicy, rich acid ; pit, round ; stem, medium. Season, middle to last 
July. 

Graffion. 

Bigarreau, Italian Heart, 

Yellow Spanish, , Bigarreau Gros ? 

Fellow's Seedling, West's White Heart, 

White Bigarreau ? Figarreau Tardif, 

Amber or Imperial, Groote Princess, 

Turkey Bigarreau ? Hollandische Grosse, 

Bigarreau Royal, Prinzessin Kirsche, 
Corise Ambree. 

The G-raffion, or Yellow Spanish as it is generally known throughout 
the states, is truly one of the richest and best cherries, but its tendency 
to decay just as it is on the point of ripening, makes it unprofitable. The 
tree is of strong spreading, healthy habit, and productive. 

Fruit, large, regular obtuse heart-shape ; whitish yellow, mottled and 
mostly overspread in the sun, with bright red ; flesh, yellowish, firm, 
juicy, rich, sweet, delicious ; pit, small, round ovate ; stem, stout, in an 
open basin. Season, early July. 

Holland. 

Bigarreau d'Hollande, Armstrong's Bigarreau, 

Spotted Bigarreau, I Turkey Bigarreau ? 

Holland Bigarreau. 

Mr. Downing, in his work on Fruits, says this variety was first import- 
ed to this country from France. In the Jardin Fruitier it is stated to 
have been originally received from Holland. Mr. Thompson of the Lon- 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 



209 



don Horticultural Society makes it synonymous with Graffion. We have 
received trees from different sources, and as they all in fruitiDg prove to be 
the Napoleon, we are unable to decide, and therefore copy Mr. Downing's 
description. Fruit, large, heart shape, rather pointed ; white or pale yellow 
in shade, mottled or spotted on the sunny side with bright carmine red ; 
stem, rather slender, set in a deep hollow ; fruit, borne in thick clusters ; flesh 
firm,' but not so much so as that of Graffion, more juicy, sweet and excel- 
lent. Season. 20th June. 



HOADLEY. 



Eaised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, named by our- 
self, in compliment to one of our best pomologists, 
Geo. Hoadley, Esq.. of Cleveland. Tree, of healthy, 
vigorous habit, forming a round, spreading head. 
Fruit, above medium, regular round heart shape ; 
light clear carmine red, mottled and striped on pale 
yellow, with some tinges or blotches of russet 
bronzed yellow ; flesh, yellowish, tender, almost 
translucent, juicy, rich, sweet and delicious ; pit, 
medium, roundish oval ; stem, medium, set in a 
shallow basin. Season, 20th to last June. This 
promises to become one of the most valuable as a 
dessert cherry, not quite -as sweet as Coe's Trans- 
parent, but more delicate and sprightly, with a pit 
of less size. 



III 1 I II 

■HiW 



QpW 



HOVEY. 

Raised by C. M. Hovey, Esq., Boston. Tree, vigorous, forming a pyram- 
idal head. Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape, depressed point at apex ; 
rich amber color, mottled or nearly covered with brilliant red ; stem, 
short ; flesh, pale amber, rather firm, but tender, slightly adhering to 
stone ; stone, small, oval. 15th to last July. (Hov. Mag.) 



Imperial. 

Imperial Morello. 

A variety of Morello, forming a small, low-headed tree ; very produc- 
tive. Fruit, rather above medium size, roundish heart shape, elongated, 
sides compressed ; dark "purplish red when fully ripe ; flesh, tender, juicy, 
rich acid; if gathered unripe, quite bitter; pit, small, long, pointed. Sea- 
son, very late, last of July to middle of August. 



210 



THE CHERRY. 



Large Morello. 

Kirtland's Large Morello. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, promises valuable, but as yet not all tested. 
Fruit, above medium, roundish ; dark red. juicy, rich acid, good flavor ; 
pit, small. Season, early July. 

Knight's Early Black. 

English. Tree, moderate grower, requiring good culture and sheltered 
situation to obtain good fruit. As it makes only a tree of second class in 
size, it is well suited to small gardens ; moderately productive. Fruit, 
medium or rather above, obtuse heart shape, broad, open suture half 
round, with a knobby projection opposite ; purplish red, becoming nearly 
black ; flesh, parts freely from pit, tender, juicy, rich, sweet ; pit, medi- 
um ; stem, inserted in a deep, open basin. Season, last of June. 

Kennicott. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, and named by ourself, 
after the most enthusiastic horticulturist in the 
West, J. A. Kennicott, M.D., of Northfield, 111. 
Tree, vigorous, hardy, spreading, very productive. 
Fruit, large, oval heart shape, compressed ; suture, 
shallow, half round; color, amber yellow, mottled 
and much overspread with rich bright clear glossy 
red ', flesh, yellowish white, firm, juicy, rich and 
sweet ; pit, below medium size, smooth and regu- 
lar ; stem, short in cavity, with bold surrounding 
projections. Season, 8th to 16 July. As a market 
fruit, the time of ripening, size and beauty of this 
variety will make it popular when known. 



Keokuk. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree, strong, vigorous grower, forming a 
large tree. Fruit, large, heart shape; dark purplish black; flesh, halt 
tender, purple, rather coarse, deficient in flavor ; its dhief value, a market 
variety ; pit, medium ; stem, stout. Season, early in July. 




Merveille de September. 

Tardive cle Mons. 

The Marvel of September is a new French cherry, marvelous only 
because it ripens the last of August or early in September. Tree, vigor- 
ous. Fruit, small, dark red, firm, dry, sweet 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 211 

Mary. 

Raised by B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush, N. Y., and noted in the Horti- 
culturist as similar to Christiana. 

Manning's Mottled. 

Mottled Bigarreau. 

Raised by Mr. Manning, Salem, Mass. Tree, vigorous, spreading, very 
productive. Fruit, large, roundish heart shape ; suture, half round, dis- 
tinct line opposite ; amber color, mottled and overspread with red ; flesh, 
yellowish white, half tender, juicy, sweet, deficient in flavor ; pit, large, 
oval, lays in a hollow separated on all sides but one from the flesh ; 
stem, in a broad hollow. Season, last of June. 

Madison. 

Madison Bigarreau. 

Raised by Mr. Manning. Tree, healthy, moderate grower, tolerably 
productive. Fruit, medium ; color, red, marbled on light yellow ; flesh, 
half tender, juicy, sprightly very agreeable ; pit, small, oval ; stem, slender. 
Season, last June. 



May Duke. 



Early Duke, 
Large May Duke, 
Morris Duke, 
Morris' Early Duke, 
Benham's Fine Early Duke, 
Thompson's Duke, 
Portugal Duke, 



Buchanan's Early Buke, 

Millett's Late Heart Duke , 

Royal Hative, 

Cerise Guigne, 

Coularde, 

De Holland, 

D'Espagne. 



From France. Tree, hardy, upright growth. It produces freely, but 
ripens so irregularly that we have entirely discarded it : from young trees 
one can rarely gather a pint of ripe fruit at any one time. The Holman's 
Duke, Jeffrey's Duke, Late Duke of most gardens, Royal Duke, and Le- 
mercier, a new vaiety from France, are all so similar to May Duke that 
one description will suit all. They are only sub-varieties, and the Late 
Duke probably obtained by propagating from late ripening branches 
of May Duke. Fruit, roundish obtuse heart shape ; red at first, becoming, 
when fully ripe, a dark purplish red ; flesh, reddish, tender, juicy, sub-acid. 
Season, last of May to last of June. 

LlNDLEY. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland from seeds given him by Mr. M. Lindley, of 
Euclid, 0. Tree, vigorous, moderately prolific. Fruit, large, heart shape, 
surface uneven ; dark purplish red ; flesh, almost firm, tinged with red, 
juicy, but deficient in richness of flavor. Season, first of July. 

Leather Stocking. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842 ; gravelly soil. Tree, vigorous, hardy, 
moderately productive. Fruit, medium to large, heart shape, often ob- 



212 THE CHEERY. 

tuse ; color, faint dull red, becoming, when fully ripe, rich reddish black ; 
flesh, very firm, tinged with red, sweet, good flavor ; pit, medium ; stem, 
in an open, but deep basin. Season, middle to last of July. As a variety 
to transport long distances to market this will prove valuable. 

Napoleon. 

Napoleon Bigarreau, Lauerm arm's Kirsche, 

Bigarreau Lauermann, | Clarke's Bigarreau. 

From Holland. Tree, erect, vigorous grower ; productive. The best 
SAveet cherry for cooking purposes, and, on account of its showy appear- 
ance, always sells well in market. It is, however, liable to- decay on the 
tree before fully ripe. Fruit, large, heart shape, inclining to oblong ; 
bright delicate yellow, with shades of rich red marbled and spotted over 
nearly two-thirds surface ; flesh, pale yellow, very firm, moderately juicy, 
and, unless perfectly ripe, a little bitter ; pit, medium, oblong ; stem, stout, 
set in a narrow basin. Season, last of June. 

Ohio Beauty. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, and described by us in 1847 ; shortly 
after which, the original tree was destroyed, and since that we have not 
seen the fruit. "We had, however, previously sent out buds and grafts 
and have often heard of its success. Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape ; 
dark red on pale re$ ground, somewhat marbled ; flesh, white, tender, 
delicate, juicy, with a fine flavor ; pit, small, oval ; stalk, long, set in a 
deep, open basin. Season, middle of June. 

Proudfoot. 

Proudfoot's Seedling. 

Raised by D. Proudfoot, Cleveland, 0. Soil, sandy. Tree, vigorous, 
round, spreading head ; moderatively productive. This promises to be- 
come valuable on account of large size and lateness in ripening, often, even 
on warm, sandy soil, (and sheltered in a city garden.) holding its fruit un- 
til the 20th July. Fruit, large, heart shape, flattened at base ; color, 
when fully ripe dark purplish red ; flesh, yellowish, firm, juicy, sweet ; 
pit, large ; stem, set in a shallow, open cavity. Season, 15th to last July. 

President. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, 1842. Tree, vigorous, spreading. Fruit, 
large; dark red slightly mottled; suture, all round, deep, distinct; flesh', 
yellowish white, half tender, juicy, sweet ; pit, medium ; stem, short, 
slender. Season, middle to last of June. 

Richardson. 

Large, heart shaped, rather short, and tapering to the point; dark red, 
inclining to black; stem, short, slender ; flesh, deep red, half tender, juicy 
saccharine, rich, luscious flavor. Last of June and first of July. It keeps 
well on or off the tree. Good grower and bearer, rather upright, hardy 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 



213 



in tree and fruit. Original tree, as far as known, m the garden of J. R. 
Richardson, Esq., Boston. (Cole.) 

Roberts' Red Heart. 

Raised by David Roberts, Salem, Mass. Tree, moderate, healthy 
grower ; productive. Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape ; pale amber 
ground, nearly overspread and mottled with red ; suture, distinct ; flesh, 
white, juicy, sweet, tender, and well flavored ; pit, medium ; stem, long, 
slender. Season, last of June. 



Elkhorn. 



Tradescant's Black Heart, 
Large Black Bigarreau, 
Bigarreau Noir Tardive, 



Bigarreau Gros Noir, 
Guigne Noir Tardive, 
Grosse Schwarze Knoorpel. 



This is probably an old variety from Europe, but as it was first made 
known in this country and distributed under name of Elkhorn, we have 
preferred following that to copying from the London Hort. Society. Trees, 
very vigorous, with broad leaf and bark of peculiar gray color, producing 
fine large fruit while young, but as they grow older, unless very highly 
cultivated, the fruit diminishes to near the size of the old Black Heart. 
Its period of late ripening has heretofore kept it favorably before horti- 
culturists, but we now think it must give way to later and better varie- 
ties. Fruit, large, heart shape, uneven surface ; purplish black ; flesh, 
firm, purple, moderately juicy ; pit, large ; stem, short. Season, middle 
July. 

Vail's August Duke. 

Raised by Henry Yail, Troy, 1ST. Y. We have not fruited it, but copy 
from the Horticulturist. Tree, hardy, healthy, moderate grower. Fruit, 
above medium, borne in pairs, obtuse heart shape ; rich bright red in the 
shade, a lively cornelian in the sun ; flesh, tender, sub-acid ; pit, oval ; 
stem, thick, when it joins the fruit, set in a deep narrow cavity. Season, 
middle to last of August. 

Wendell's Mottled. 

Wendell's Mottled Bigarreau. 

Raised by Herman Wendell, M.D., Albany, N. Y. Tree, upright 
thrifty growth, early and prolific bearer. This variety has proved highly 
valuable during the few years it has been before the public ; as yet it has 
not fruited at the West. Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape ; dark purplish 
red; flesh, firm, juicy, well flavored; pit, small; stem, set in around, 
regular basin. Season, first to middle of July. 



Waterloo. 

We have never been able to obtain this variety to meet the descrip- 
tion given by Downing in his Fruits and Fruit Trees. At the last Pomo- 
logical Congress, Hon. M. P. Wilder stated it to be synonymous with 
Moustreuse de Mezel. This we conclude must be error, either in the 



214 THE CHERRY. 

variety grown by Mr. Wilder, or in description given by Mr. Downing. 
"We copy the latter's description; "Fruit, large; obtuse heart shape; 
dark purplish, becoming black at maturity ; stalk, long and slender; flesh, 
purplish red, juicy, tender, when fully ripe, with a rich, sweet flavor. Be- 
gining of July." 

Werder's Early Black. 

Werdersche Fruhe Schwarze Herzkirsche. 

This variety is, as yet, comparatively new in this country. It is 
somewhat doubtful whether it will ever deserve more than a trial. 
Fruit, medium ; roundish heart shape ; surface, slightly uneven ; dark 
purplish red, becoming nearly black; flesh, purplish, tender, juicy, rich, 
sweet ; pit, small ; stem, medium. Season, middle of June. 



CLASS IIT. — Unworthy farther Culture. 



American Amber. 

Bloodgood's Amber, | Bloodgood's Honey, 

Bloodgood's New Honey. 

American ; fruit medium,.roundish heart shape, amber and bright red, flesh 
tender, juicy, variable ; pit large, stem long slender. Season, last June. 

Amber Gean. 

Gean Amber. 

Fruit small, oval heart shape, pale yellow and red, flesh white, juicy, sweet, 
often bitter or mazardy, stem long, slender. Season, early July. 

Belle de Sceaux. 

Chatenay. 

A Morello from France ; fruit round, deep red, flesh yellowish, juicy, acid. 
Season, June. 

Brown's Seedling. 

American ; fruit medium, yellow and red, sweet, half tender, wanting in 
flavor. 

Bauman's May. 

Bigarreau de Mai, | Wilder's Bigarreau de Mai. 

From France ; fruit small, dark red, oval heart shape, flesh purplish, tender, 
sweet. Season, last of May or early iu June. 



UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 215 

Black Heart. 

Early Black, Ansell's Fine Black. 

Black Russian, Spanish Black Heart, 

Gnigne Grosse Noir, J Guinier a fruit Noir. 

An old variety hardy and productive, but at this day surpassed by many ; 
fruit above medium, heart shaped, dark, nearly black color, flesh almost ten-> 
der, juicy, sweet. Season, last of June. 

Black Mazard. 

Hazard, I Common English, 

Wild English Cherry, | Black Honey, 

Bristol Cherry. 

This is the wild species of Europe from which many of our sweet cherries have 
sprung. It is now found in nearly every village or cultivated region of the 
States, and is valuable mainly for its seed for growing stocks on which to bud. 
There are numerous varieties, as all are grown from seed ; some are red, some 
black, and some nearly white, all more or less bitter. Fruit small, oval heart 
shape, flesh tender, juicy. Season, middle to last July. 

Black Bigarreau. 

Bigarreau Noir. 

Fruit middle size, heart shape, nearly black, flesh firm, sweet, dry. Season, 
July. 

Bleeding Heart. 

Gascoigne's Heart, | Red Heart, 

Herefordshire Heart, Guigne Rouge Hative. 

Fruit medium, long pointed, heart shape, dark red mottled, flesh half tender, 
sweetish. Last of June. 

Buttner's October. 

Buttner's October Morello, I Du Nord Nouvelle, 
Du Nord , De Prusse. 

A Morello, of medium size, dark red, roundish, of no value except as hang- 
ing long on the tree. 

Boreatton. 

Small, roundish heart shape, nearly black, flesh half tender, sweet, poor 
flavor. Middle July. 

Cerise de Xavier. 
A Morello, medium, dark red, round, acid. 

Corone. 

Couronne, I Coroun, 

Herefordshire Black, Black Orleans, 

Large Wild Black. 

Fruit small, roundish heart shape, dull black, flesh tender, mazardy. Middle 
July. 



216 THE CHERRY. 

Coe's Late Carnation. 
Fruit medium, roundish, red, acid, only for cooking. 

Cluster. 

Cerise a Boquet, | Chevreuse , 

Boquet Amarelle. 

Fruit small, borne in clusters, round, lively red, acid. Last of June. 
Chinese Double Flowering. 

Yung To, | Cerasus Serrulata, 

Serrulated leaved Cherry. 

A tree of dwarf habit, valuable only as ornamental. 

Corwin. 

A Morello, medium size, roundish, red, flesh tender, acid, pit large. Season, 
July. 

Clarke's Superb. 

Clarke's Bigarreau ? 

Fruit medium, roundish heart shape, bright red with a dark maroon colored 
stripe half round, flesh whitish, half tender, mingling of sweet and bitter. 
Season, early July. 

De Spa. 

A Morello, medium size, dark red, acid. 

Dwarf Double Flowering. 

Double Flowering Kentish, | Cerisier a fleurs doubles. 

A variety of the Kentish or sour cherry with semi-double flowers ; a pretty 
ornamental shrub tree. 

Davenport. 

Davenport's Early, | Davenport's Early Black. 

Tree tender, fruit medium, heart shape, dark purplish black, flesh tender, 
juicy, sweet. Season, last cf June. 

White Heart. 

Early White Heart, Arden's Early White Heart, 

Arden's heart, | Dredge's Early White Heart, 

White Transparent, Amber Heart, 

Bowyer's Early Heat, Herefordshire White, 

River's Early Amber, | Sweedish, 

Sweedish Red Heart. 

An old variety and generally known throughout the States. It is a variable 
and uncertain bearer, and does not ripen sufficiently early to compete with 
many new vareties. Fruit medium, or a little below, heart shape, whitish yel- 
low, often nearly covered with pale red, flesh half tender, juicy, sweet. Season, 
middle June. The Early Red and Yellow of Manning is very similar. 



UK WORTHY OF CULTIVATION. "217 

Early May. 

Cerise Indulle, May Cherry, 

Small May, | Precoce. 

A Morello, with small fruit, round, slightly flattened, lively light red, flesh 
tender, juicy, acid. 

Flemish. 

Montmorency, I Kentish, 

Cerise a Courte Queue, Montmorency a Gros Fruit, 

Gros Gobet. 

Fruit large, round, flattened at both ends, bright lively red, flesh yellowish 
white, juicy, sub-acid, stem stout, short, fruit borne in pairs. Last of July. 

Gridley. 

Apple Cherry, j Maccarty. 

American ; fruit small, roundish, color almost black, flesh firm, purplish, 
moderately juicy. Season, early July. 

Honey. 

Sparhawk, Cream, 

Large Honey, Yellow Honey, 

Late Honey, | Meresier a fruit blanc , 

Sparahawk's Honey. 

Little better than a mazard ; small, roundish oval, yellow and red, flesh ten- 
der, sweet. Middle July. Pit large. Sumner's Honey of Cole is very similar 
and probably identical with this. 

Hyde's Red Heart. 

Hyde's Seedling. 

Fruit medium, heart shape, red on yellow, flesh whitish, sweet mazardy. 
Early July. 

Hyde's Late Black. 

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse heart shape, purplish black, flesh half tender, 
juicy, sweet. Early July. 

Kentish. 

Late Kentish, ! Common Red, 

Pie Cherry, Common Sour Cherry, 

Kentish Red. 

This is probably a seedling of this country, which is found every where that 
man has cleared the forest. Throughout the West, it appears as though it had 
been among the household goods brought by first settlers, and that wherever 
planted it has grown, and by suckers, increased '■ seventy fold." It is hardy 
and fruits abundantly, and many think it indispensable, but not after having 
grown and fruited the Early Richmond. Fruit medium size, round, lively red. 
tender, juicy, acid. Middle to last July. 

10 



218 THE CHEERY. 

Knight's Late Black. 

Medium to large, roundish heart shape, flesh half tender, sweet, dry. Season, 
middle July. 

Lady Southampton's Yellow. 

Lady Southampton's Duke, ! Lady Southampton's Golden Drop, 
Yellow or Golden, j Spanish or Yellow. 

Fruit small, heart shape, yellow, flesh firm, dry. Middle July, 

Large Double Flowering, 

A beautiful ornamental tree, with large showy double white flowers, like little 
roses, without fruit and therefore placed here, as unworthy cultivation on 
account of fruit. As an ornamental tree, it is beautiful when in flower 

Lundie Gean. 

Fruit medium, roundish elongated, dark purplish black, flesh tender, juicy, 
sub-acid harsh. July. 

Louis Phillip. 

Morello from France ; fruit medium, roundisb, dark red, flesh red, juicy, 
tender, acid. Middle July. 

Manning's Late Black. 

Manning's Late Black Heart. 

Fruit medium size, heart shape, dark purplish black, flesh purple, half tender, 
sweet, pit large. Season, early July. 

Manning's Early Black. 

Fruit medium, heart shape, purplish black, flesh tender, sweet, good. Middle 
June. 

Morello. 

English Morello, Large Morello, 

Dutch Morello, j Late Morello, 

Ronald's Large Morello. 

The true English Morello is rare in this country, nor do we see any reason 
for introducing it, as seedlings may be raised from the common Morello equaling, 
if not often surpassing, the one so favorably described by most writers. In 
growth, it varies from o;ir common Morello only in the branches being more 
strong and upright, while the fruit is one third larger. Fruit medium or 
above, round, dark red or purplish black, flesh purplish red, tender, juicy, sub- 
acid. Season, middle to last July. 

Ox Heart. 

Lion's Heart, | Bullock's Heart, 
Very Large Heart. 

Fruit above medium to large, obtuse heart shape, dark red, nearly black, 
flesh red, half tender, sweet. Season, early July. 



UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 219 

OSTHEIM. 

Ostheimer "Weichsel. 

A Morello, fruit below medium, round, dark red, tender, acid. Middle July. 

Prince's Duke. 
Like carnation, but poor bearer. 

Plumstone Morello. 

Fruit large, roundish, deep red, flesh tender, juicy, agreeable acid. Last of 
July. Its very large pit renders it unworthy, as compared with Shannon. 

Pink Heart. 
A small mazard, of pinkish red, oval, stem short. July. 

Red Bigarreau. 

Large Red Bigarreau, | Gros Bigarreau Rouge, 
Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Rouge. 

Fruit very large, oblong heart shape, irregular, color yellow or red, becoming 
dark red in sun, flesh yellowish stained with red, firm, sweet. Early July. 
Poor bearer. 

Remington 

Remington White Heart, Remington Heart. 

Fruit small, heart shape, yellow, flesh dry, bitter, sweet Middle of August. 

Rumsey's Late Morello. 

This variety matures its fruit late, but we have been unable to find qnalities 
in it worthy of extensive or even moderate growing ; the pit is too large, and 
the tree a miserable grower. Fruit medium, roundish heart shape, lively red, 
juicy, acid. August. 

Tobacco Leaved. 

Four to the Pound. 
Fruit small, round, red, firm dry flesh, large pit. 

Transparent Guigne. 

Transparent Gean, | Transparent. 

Fruit small, oval heart shape, yellowish white shaded with red, flesh trans- 
lucent, tender, melting sweet, a little bitter. Early July. 

Sweet Montmorency. 

Allen's Sweet Montmorency. 

Fruit medium or small, round, amber and light red, mottled, flesh yellowish, 
tender, sweet. Middle to last July. 



220 THE CHERRY. 

Virginian Wild Cherry. 

This native cherry is valuable as a beautiful shade tree, and its fruit for fla- 
voring liquors, but is not worthy a place in garden or orchard. It is too well 
known to need description, being the Cerasus Serotina of Torrey and Grey, 
while the Choke Cherry, as it is commonly known, is the Cerasus Virginiana. 

Virginia May Duke. 
A variety of mazard. 

White Tartarian. 

Fraser's White Tartarian, | Fraser's White Transparent, 
Amber a petit fruit. 

Fruit small, obtuse heart shape, reddish cream color, flesh whitish yellow, 
half tender, sweet. 

White Bigarreau. 

White Ox Heart, Large White Bigarreau, 

Ox Heart. Harrison Heart, 

Turkey Bigarreau. 

Fruit large, heart shaped, yellowish with red in the sun, flesh almost firm, 
sweet, delicious, poor bearer. Last of June. 

Weeping, or all Saints. 

Ever Flowering Cherry, Cerise Tardive, 

Cerisier Pleurant, Cerise de St. Martin. 

Fruit of no value ; as an ornamental tree, its peculiar weeping habit makes 
it very desirable. 

Warren's Transparent. 

Small, roundish heart shape, pale yellow and red, tender, sweet. Middle 
July. (Cole.> 

Wilkinson. 
Fruit medium size, nearly black, half tender, juicy, sweet. Middle July. 

Wellington. 

Fruit medium size, obtuse heart shape, black, almost firm fleshed, dry, sweet. 
Early July. 



THE CURRANT 

Kibes rubrum, Lin. Grossularice of Botanists. 

The Currant of our gardens is from the north of Britain. The 
native varieties of our country are valueless. Of easy growth, pro- 
ducing abundance of fruit, even in the most neglected positions, it has 
found its way into every garden, and is the first fruit shrub planted 
by all new settlers. Had attention, commensurate with its merits, 
ever been given to reproduction of varieties from seed, we have no 
doubt the size might ere this have been increased, equaling that of 
the Kentish Cherry. 

The Cherry Currant, a variety of comparative new introduction, 
by cultivation in rich soil, comes nearest in size to what might be ex- 
pected, and what we hope in few years to see realized. To the 
Dutch horticulturists belongs the credit of first reproducing from 
seed, and improving the currant ; and not until the latter period of 
the life time of Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., did English horticul- 
turists give it any attention. Mr. Knight originated several new 
kinds, varying, however, so slightly from the old Dutch Red as to 
be hardly worth retaining as distinct varieties. 

Propagation. — Where intention is to produce new and improved 
varieties, seed should be selected from plants permitted to produce 
but little fruit, in order to perfect and increase the vigor of seed. 
When ripe, the fruit should be crushed sufficient to wash the seeds 
clean, when they may be wrapped in paper and laid aside until early 
in following spring, when they should be sown in light, rich soil, and 
covered about half an inch deep ; or, they may be at once sown in 
a cold frame or border with northern exposure, and, on approach of 
winter, have two inches deep of tan bark or leaf mould scattered 
among the plants. 

The continuance of varieties by means of cuttings is performed in 
similar manner, and at same time as directed under head of Goose- 
berries. 

Transplanting. — This is best done in October, or early in spring ; 
but may be done at almost any season except July or August, as 
the currant is so tenacious of life that failures to grow rarely occur. 
The distance apart of plants should be not less than four feet each 
way. 

Soil and Situation. — The currant will grow in almost any soil, 
producing fruit abundantly, but it is only when grown in rich, deep 
soil, under high culture, that varieties exhibit their peculiar charae- 

(221) 



222 THE CURRANT. 

ters. We have grown the Cherry Currant in a poor, gravelly soil, 
and on a rich loam, and could hardly recognize the fruit as the same : 
the first, being only of medium size and indifferent character ; while 
in the second, they were large, as described, and possessing the 
sharp acid characteristic of the variety. The situation should be 
free from shade of trees, but if shaded by hedge or fence, so as to 
give the morning and evening and not the noonday sun, the fruit 
will ripen and hang on much later, serving, by means of a few plants 
so placed in each garden, to continue the currant season from July 
to September. 

Culture. — The soil should be well enriched with rotted barn-yard 
manure every fall ; this should be spaded or forked in lightly, and, 
during the fruit season, the ground should be kept clean of weeds. 

Pruning. — This should be pursued much as is described under 
head of Gooseberries, except that the suckers, or a portion of 
them, should be permitted to grow ; while wood of three years old 
should be regularly cut out. Where new shoots springing from the 
root are not permitted to grow, but plants kept as miniature trees, 
it will be necessary to furnish plants every four or five years ; and 
as the best and largest fruit is borne upon wood of the preceding 
year's growth, it is always best to retain as much of that as possible, 
compatible with form and habit of the plant ; which should present, 
when fairly grown, or at three years from setting, a bush of pyram- 
idal shape, three to five feet high, and about two to three in di- 
ameter. 

The Currant, as well as Gooseberry, may both be trained as Espa- 
liers, or otherwise, to suit the fancy or particular situations ; produc- 
ing freely of fruit in all positions, and of good quality when well 
supplied with food. 

Insects. — The Currant Borer (JEgeria tipuliformis) is the only de- 
structive insect which attacks the currant, and this is seldom met 
with in the West, or in gardens where the three years' old wood is 
regularly cut away, thereby giving vigor to the remainder of the 
plant. This insect is produced from a blue black moth, appearing 
about the middle of June, and depositing its eggs near the lower 
buds ; these hatch, and the young borer enters the stem to the pith, 
w T hich it devours. The best remedy is to cut off and bum all 
branches affected. 

The Abraxas (?) Riberaria is said to destroy the foliage of the Cur- 
rant and Gooseberry, and prevent the perfection of fruit. We have 
not seen the insect at the West. It is fully described in the N. Y. 
State Ag. Transactions for 1847, pages 461 to 469, by Asa Fitch, M.D. 

Uses. — Familiar to every one are the uses of the currant ; green 
it is made into pies, and bottled for similar use in winter, by gather- 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 223 

ing when of fall size, or just before they commence turning red ; 
have thera dry, put them in glass bottles, cork and seal tight, and 
pack in sand in a cool cellar. 

Currant jelly, made when the fruit is fully ripe, is considered by 
many persons an indispensable accompaniment to many dishes. 
Currant shrub and currant wine are also made from the ripe fruit, 
numerous receipes for which are in all the Horticultural journals. 
The fruit of the black currant made into a jelly is regarded by 
many invaluable as a remedy for sore throat, quinsy, &c.° 

Varieties. — Of the varieties there are but few truly worthy of 
cultivation. The Ribes rubrum or common red currant, is distinct 
in leaf and habit from the Ribes nigrum, or Black Currant. The 
Ribes aureum has ever been considered only as ornamental, and cul- 
tivated only for that purpose. Nor do we think the variety with 
prefix « large fruited" anymore deserving attention of fruit-growers. 
The Ribes sanguineum. with its clusters of crimson flowers, is a 
pretty ornamental shrub, deserving place only in large grounds. 
The Ribes floridum, or American Black, may perhaps have qualities 
and habits rendering it desirable as a parent from which to produce 
new varieties. 



CLASS [.— Worthy General Culture. 

Black Naples. 

The largest fruited and most productive of the Black Currant. 
Hardy in all sections of the States; but in the Southern said not 
to be productive. 

Gondouin. 

Gondouin Red. 

From France. Strong growth, large, matures late, should be fur- 
ther tested, but not largely planted. 

Knight's Sweet Red. 

Varying from Red Dutch only in the fruit, being less deeply col- 
ored and slightly less acid ; resembling more the White Dutch. 



224 THE CURRANT. 

Red Dutch. 

Long Bunched Red Dutch, I Large Red Dutch, 
New Red Dutch, j Red Grape, 

Iilorgan's Red. 

Distinct from the variety usually grown in most old gardens, in 
the fruit being somewhat larger, clusters longer, and acid less sharp. 

Victoria. 

May's Victoria, I Goliath, 

Raby Casth 3 , Houghton Castle. 

Bunches very long, fruit red, somewhat larger than Red Duteh ? 
and slightly more acid, ripens later and hangs a long time. Plants 
vigorous, of a spreading habit. Its very large long bunches make 
it the most desirable of all currants for market culture. 

White Dutch. 



New White Dutch, 
White Crystal, 
White Leghorn, 



Reeve's White, 
Morgan's White, 
Large White. 



Differing from the Red Dutch in being of a yellowish white, and 
less acid, therefore preferred for table use. 

White Pearl. 

A new variety we have not seen. Hovey says it is announced as 
having bunches four inches long, quarter inch in diameter, color of 
pearl ; raised near Brussels. 

White Grape. 

River's White Grape. 

Slightly larger in fruit than the White Dutch, with branches 
more spreading. The two are not sufficiently distinct to be desirable 



in small gardens. 



Palnau. 

Fertile Currant of Palnau. 



This was described in the Horticulturist, 1852, as a new variety 
from Tours, in France, and of great excellence, flowering early, and 
producing abundance of fruit less acid than others of the reels. It 
requires yet to be tested in this country. 



UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 225 

CLASS II. — Unworthy farther Culture. 

American Black. 
Unproductive. 

Black English 

Common Black. 

Bunches short, poor flavor, unproductive. 

Black Grape. 

Ogden's Black Grape. 

Better than the preceding, but not equal to Black Naples. 

Common Red — Common White. 
Well known old sorts. 

Champagne. 
Pale red, very acid. 

Cherry. 

Italy ; comparatively new, very acid, poor bearer, and only of medium size, 
except with very high culture. 

Missouri. 

Missouri Fragrant, | Jefferson. 

Valuable only as ornamental ; fruit large, bluish black, flavor requiring a 
peculiar taste to admire it. 

Missouri Large Fruited. 

Missouri Eatable. 
Similar to the foregoing. 

Knight's Early Red. 
Claimed to ripen ten days earlier than others, but does not sustain it. 

Knight's Large Red. 
Hardly to be distinguished from Red Dutch. 

Striped Fruited. 

Valuable only as a curiosity, in the fruit being striped slightly with white 
and red. 

10* 



THE GOOSEBERRY. 

Ribes Grossularia — Grossulaceoe of Botanists. 

The Gooseberry is found wild in m ost of the northern and middle 
portions of our country, but, with few exceptions, its fruit is prickly 
and unworthy. On some of the islands of our upper Lakes, where 
the climate is moist and cool, there are varieties that produce abun- 
dantly of fruit, small in size, but of good flavor, smooth and free 
of prickles. Our garden varieties generally cultivated, have all 
been introduced from England, reproduction of new kinds from seed 
having been rarely attempted in this country, owing to the low price 
at which the best kinds can be purchased in England, and the almost 
certainty of success of importations made in the autumn. 

The moist, cool climate of Lancashire, England, joined to the en- 
thusiasm for culture of this fruit by a class of people employed 
there as weavers, and possessing only very small yards or gardens, 
has been the origin of most of our approved varieties. Gooseberry 
Shows were held in England as early as 1743 ; and it has long been 
customary to issue annually a Gooseberry Book, in which all new 
varieties are noticed and all previous varieties named, with accounts 
of size, &c. This list has now swollen to over twelve hundred kinds ; 
yet a selection embracing those truly best and most profitable, and 
with distinctive marks, would not exceed forty kinds. 

Throughout our Southern and inland States, except in sections 
bordering on large bodies of water, it requires great care to succeed 
well with this fruit. The deep, rich soil of our Western praries 
suits the plant in its growth, but the heat and dry atmosphere, in sec- 
tions distant from bodies of water, induce mildew to the destruc- 
tion of perfect fruit. Easily grown from seed, it is worth the atten- 
tion of some one to make experiments by raising from seed of our 
best varieties, sown in the rich soils of the West ; the result of 
which, it might safely be expected, would be^ plants, vigorous, and 
comparatively free from disease as our natives. 

Propagation.— Seed should be sown in rich loam, covered half an 
inch deep, and shaded from all but morning sun. This course is 
only advisable where production of new varieties is the object. The 
most general mode of propagating is by cuttings. These should be 
made of the new wood of present year, say in August, or early in 
September, or as soon as the season's growth is completed and the 
wood ripened. The cutting should be about ten inches long, with 

(226) 



TRANSPLANTING. SOIL AND SITUATION. 227 

all buds on the lower six inches cut out, and the lower end cut 
square and even, immediately underneath the bud. Plant perpen- 
dicularly in a soil two- feet deep, composed of loam and sand, and 
exposed only to the morning sun ; set the cuttings six inches deep, 
fill up two inches and tread very firm and compact, the remaining 
four inches fill in loosely. Grafting on the stalk of the Yellow Flow- 
ering, or Missouri Currant, has been practiced and is said to prevent 
mildew. 

Transplanting. — This is best done in early October, at which time 
the bushes transplanted (if it has not previously been done) should 
be pruned back to within three bads of this year's growth. The 
distance of plants, one from another, should not be less than three 
feet, each way. Immediately after transplanting, cover the whole 
ground with three inches deep of tan bark, saw-dust, sea-weed, or 
new mown grass. Fresh plantations should be made every five or 
six years, as young plants bear better and larger fruit than old ones 

Soil and Situation. — The soil should be two feet deep, well en- 
riched, and of a loamy, clayey texture ; where your ground is sandy, 
haul on clay or turf loam. The situation should be open, airy, and 
away from under shade of trees ; but, where it can be done, shaded 
from the mid-day sun by a fence or hedge. 

Culture. — Where mulching is practised, the ground dug up once 
early in spring, and liberally supplied with well rotted manure and 
soot from chimneys or stove pipes, will be all required, save the 
pulling of the few weeds which struggle through the mulch in course 
of summer. 

Pruning. — This, in training the Gooseberry like the Dwarf Pear, 
consists much in the " pinching in " process, i. <?,, by means of thumb 
and finger stopping back, in months of May and June, such branches 
as become straggling, irregular, or getting too much vigor for suc- 
cess of balance of plant ; leaving the fruit on strong branches, and 
pulling most of that on weak ones. Late in August, or early Sep- 
tember, the time best suited for cuttings, the plant may have such 
shoots cut out as have been neglected to be stopped in, or rubbed 
off, and are tending to make the top so thick as to obstruct free cir- 
culation of air. All suckers should be destroyed. Some cultivators 
prune in February ; we prefer the fall. The following simple pro- 
cess of training or ripening is sometimes pursued, and with good 
success : — In a row, the first bush has the branches of the year's 
growth cut back one-third ; the second bush has every branch cut 
back to two, close to the stem : the third, trimmed same as first ; 
fourth, same as second, and so on alternately. The next year this 



228 THE GOOSEBERRY. 

course is reversed, and No. one takes place of No. two. This sup- 
plies fresh wood, and some think the increased vigor given to the 
plant in only fruiting every other year has a tendency to prevent 
mildew. 

Mildew. — This is regarded as a parasitical plant or fungus, at- 
taching itself to the fruit and covering its surface as with an appear- 
ance of scurf. It is induced by heat, want of moisture in the atmos- 
phere and free circulation of air, and perhaps unhealthy state of the 
plant. The remedies are, mulching the ground three or four inches 
deep, with tan bark, sawdust, salt hay, or sea-weed, serving to ke< p 
the roots cool and moist, and adding vigor to the plant. The salt 
is, by some, regarded as effective in itself; we think it acts only in 
creating moisture. Sprinkling the bushes freely early in spring, and 
after the fruit is set, twice a week, with strong soap suds or such as 
come from the weekly wash of families, is also a preventive. 

Uses. — In its green state, the Gooseberry is esteemed for pies, 
tarts, &c, and is often bottled for winter use. This is done by fill- 
ing the bottles nearly full of berries, then turning in clear soft 
water, then placing the bottles a few moments in boiling water, cork- 
ing and sealing, and burying them in a cool cellar with necks downward. 

Half ripened, the fruit is capable of yielding a juice, which after, 
fermentation and a little necessary compounding, forms a liquor re- 
sembling champagne. 

The ripe fruit is agreeable to the palate, and, coming immediately 
after cherries when there is little variety, finds ready sale in market. 

Varieties. — As before remarked, the varieties of the Gooseberry 
are far too numerous for any practical uses, very many of them va- 
rying only in some slight shape of the fruit or shade of leaf. We 
have therefore selected the following, as kinds which have been well 
tested in this country. 



Bright Venus. (Taylor's.) 

Branches erect ; fruit whitish green, middle size, obovate, hairy, 
flavor best, hangs a long time. 

Bunker Hill. (Capper's.) 

Branches spreading ; fruit yellow, large, roundish, smooth, flavor 
very good. 

Champagne. 

Branches erect ; fruit red. small, roundish oblong, hairy, very 
good ; extremely productive. 



THE GOOSEBERRY. 229 

Crown Bob. (Mailing's.) 

Branches spreading ; fruit red, very large, oblong, hairy, flavor 
best. 

Early Sulphur. 

Branches erect ; fruit yellow, medium size, roundish, hairy, flavor 
best ; ripens very early, 

Duckwing. (Buerdsill's.) 

Branches erect ; fruit yellow, large, obovate, smooth, flavor very 
good ; ripens late. 

Green Walnut. 

Branches spreading ; fruit green, medium size, obovate, smooth, 
flavor best. 

Green Gage. (Pitmaston's.) 

Branches erect ; fruit green, small, obovate, smooth, flavor best ; 
hangs late, 

Houghton's Seedling. 

Branches erect, spreading, slender ; fruit pale red, oval, medium 
size, flavor good, productive. This is claimed an American seedling, 
and thus far has proved entirely free of mildew. 

Heart of Oak. (Massey's.) 

Branches drooping ; fruit green, very large, oblong, smooth, fla- 
vor best. 

Ironmonger. 

Branches spreading ; fruit red, small, roundish, hairy, flavor very 
good, productive. 

Jolly Angler. (Collier's) 

Branches erect ; fruit green, large, oblong, flavor best. 

Keen's Seedling 

Branches drooping ; fruit red, medium, oblong, hairy, flavor best ; 
early and productive. 

Laurel. (Parkinson's.) 

Branches erect ; fruit green, large, obovate, flavor best. 



230 THE GOOSEBERRY. 

Pale Red. 

Branches erect, slender ; fruit .pale red, medium, oval, flavor very- 
good, very productive. We received this variety from England, in 
1847, and have fruited it yearly since. It so closely resembles 
Houghton's Seedling that we have somewhat doubted the latter being 
distinct. We have grown it in good and in poor soil, with and with- 
out cultivation, and have never had it mildew ; while for productive- 
ness we have not its equal, a single branch often producing two 
hundred fruit. 

Roaring Lion. 

Branches drooping ; fruit red, large, oblong, smooth, flavor best ; 
hangs late. 

Red Warrington. 

Branches drooping ; fruit red, large, roundish oblong, hairy, flavor 
best. 

Sheba Queen. (Crompton's.) 
Branches erect ; fruit white, large, obovate, downy, flavor best. 

Whitesmith. (Woodward's.) 

Branches erect ; fruit white, large, roundish oblong, downy, flavor 
best. 

, White Honey. 

Branches erect; fruit white, medium, roundish oblong, smooth, 
flavor best. 



THE AMERICAN GRAPE. 

Vitis labrusca, L. — Vitacea of Botanists. 

Throughout nearly every portion of the United States the Grape, 
in its wild state is found growing. Of these, classes are divided, the 
vitis labrusca, being our common Fox Grape, and from which we 
are yet to suppose the Diana, Catawba, and Isabella, are accidental 
seedlings ; while the Frost Grapes vitis cordifolia, may perchance 
have been the parent of the Elsinburgh, Clinton, &c. Hardy, and 
almost equaling in delicacy many of the varieties of foreign Grape, 
they have become the companions of our advanced civilization, until 
almost every American can sit under his own vine and eat the fruit 
thereof. They have made our country already known as a wine- 
producing country, after repeated trials and failures with foreign va- 
rieties, and are destined to add millions to our wealth, and temper- 
ance to the character of our people. Records of immense vines are 
made, as growing on the rich soil of our valleys bordering on 
streams of waters, yet, when age is taken into consideration, we deem 
them all surpassed by a vine of Catawba Grape which we saw last 
year growing on Kelley's Island, in Lake Erie. It had been planted 
out but two years, yet had reached at least three hundred feet in 
length, with a girth, near the ground, of main stem, five inches, and 
had produced that year over 200 lbs. of fruit. 

The secret of this extraordinary growth rests in the soil abound- 
ing in lime, while the wash-water, soap-suds, &c, &c, of the house 
had its escape near the roots. 

We may also remark, that, upon this island, we have seen grapes, 
more perfectly grown and ripened, than in visiting any of the vine- 
yards of the Ohio ; and wine possessing all the boquet and aroma 
so much esteemed by connoisseurs. 

Vineyards. — The vineyards of the Rhine and of the territory of 
France have world-wide celebrity. The quantity produced by the 
latter country having been stated as high as 900,000,000 gallons an- 
nually, for which nearly 5,000,000 acres of ground were required. 

" The Romans cultivated the vine at an early period of their .his- 
tory, and used wine in their libations at their sacrifices. Romulus, 
however discouraged its use, which prevented the introduction of it 
as a beverage until his edict was abolished. The general culture 
was then encouraged, and increased to such excess, that it became 



232 THE GRAPE. 

necessary to restrict the use of wine by severe laws. At one 
time women were prohibited from using wine in any case whatever, 
under the penalty of death, and men until they had attained the 
age of thirty years. Cato mentions that the custom among rela- 
tions of kissing women when they met, was to ascertain by their 
breath if they had been drinking wine. 

" Pliny gives an account of a renowned Roman who so improved 
his farm, near the city of Rome, that in one year the product of 
his vines sold for four hundred thousand sesterces. 

" The vine was highly esteemed by the heathen nations, and the 
invention of wine was ascribed by the Egyptians to Osiris, by the 
Latins to Saturn ; and the Greeks elevated Bacchus to the rank of 
a deity, for having brought the vine from Arabia Felix. 

" It is said by Pliny, that Bacchus was the first who ever wore 
a crown, and as the god of vintage, his crown is formed of the 
vine and its twining branches, bedecked with clusters of fruit. The 
manufacture of wine was known to the people in the early part of 
the Christian era, as we are informed that our Saviour, at a wed- 
ding, changed the water into wine. 

"At several periods of the history of the world, the cultivation of 
the vine was prohibited by severe laws, but since the twelfth century 
a new impulse has been given, which extended through all portions 
of Europe ; and we now find the banks of the Rhine, the moun- 
tains of Hungary and Switzerland, and the plains of France and 
Italy cultivated with more than two hundred varieties of the grape. 
Those most highly esteemed in France for the manufacture of wine, 
are the Burgundy grapes, three varieties of which produce the 
champagne wine. The German and Swiss grapes are principally 
celebrated as wine grapes, and four or five varieties are highly 
esteemed for their prolific bearing and regular crops. 

" The Madeira grapes are all celebrated for wine. The table 
grapes of France are principally the Chasselas, the Frontignac and 
other Muscat grapes." Noah planted a vineyard and made wine; 
and among the bessings of the promised land are mentioned " wheat, 
barley, and vine." 

Although we have record of wine being made from a native 
grape in Florida as early as 1564, no vineyards of note are spoken 
of in the United States until those established at Vevay and New 
Harmony, Ind., Lexington, Ky., &c, about 1812, the originals of 
which are are now mostly destroyed. 

Jefferson recorded his opinion, that "no nation is drunken where 
wine is cheap ; and none sober where the dearness of wine substi- 
tutes ardent spirits as the common beverage." A wish to sustain 
and exemplify this assertion, if not to exhibit the profitableness of 
the pursuit, would seem to have held sway in the minds of denizens 
of the " Rhine of America," i.e., the borders of the Ohio river, 



THE GRAPE. 233 

above and below Cincinnati, where now, it is probable, over ten 
thousand acres are occupied with vines mostly of the Catawba 
grape, the produce of which is made mostly into, what is there 
termed, "dry wine," much resembling the better class wines of the 
Rhine. That the culture of the vine and manufacture of wines within 
the section named is only now in its infancy, no one will pretend to 
dispute ; and ten years, we doubt not, will increase ten-fold the pres- 
ent amount. 

Medical men have looked upon this establishment of vineyar* 
in our own country with favor, in a point of view as relating t 
health. Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, says : " During an extensive prac 
tice in the medical profession, for more than twenty-five years, . 
have frequently found it important to employ wine and other diffu- 
sive stimulants as medicines ; and while I am disposed to go as far 
as any one in excluding strong drinks from the daily use of people 
in health, I must express my satisfaction at finding we can produce, 
in our own country, a pure, healthy wine, well adapted to medicinal 
purposes, and far superior to the poisonous foreign compounds, that 
often find their way to the bedsides of the sick, under the names of 
" Lisbon," " Madeira," &c, &c. 

Most of the earlier planted vineyards in this country were of for- 
eign vines, which, not succeeding, native varieties were adopted ; and 
at this time only two, the Catawba and Schuylkill, are advised to be 
planted to any considerable extent. 

Notwithstanding the borders of the Ohio River have thus far tak- 
en the lead in production of wine and extent of vineyards, there is 
no good reason to suppose that the boundary where success may be 
had. On the contrary, abundant sites may be found throughout the 
entire State of Ohio and West, where, by application of manures 
suited to the wants of the vine, and found deficient in the soil, equal 
success would be had as on the Ohio River — Seneca County and 
Kelley Island ripening the Catawba equally as well, if not superior. 

The whole extent of Western Prairies, rich in all the constituents 
of the Grape vine, (if we except Potash, and, possibly, in sections, the 
phosphates) are yet destined to be tenanted with immense vineyards, 
and at no greater outlay of expense, for constituents toward success- 
ful- culture, than the vineyards of the " Rhine of America," which 
have thus far been made dependent on the natural inherents of the 
soil, and have already shown failure, i. e., decay by rot, where food, 
in the form of potash and bone dust, has not been supplied. 

North of latitude 42,° however, it may be doubted whether saccha- 
rine sufficient can be obtained from the most valuable wine grapes yet 
known, to make wines in competition with those grown farther South ; 
but as this subject is one so extensive that, if thoroughly written on, 
would more than occupy the number of pages intended for this entire 
book, we must forbear, and only devote our space to such instructions 



23i THE GRAPE. 

as will enable the inexperienced to make the first start correctly, pre- 
mising that once interested and engaged in the subject, disposition 
will be found, freely to avail himself of all works yet issued devoted 
to the subject. 

Propagation, By Seed. —This course is only pursued where intend- 
ed to originate a new variety. At this time, large offers of premium 
are circulated in the journals of the day for the production of a 
hardy grape, surpassing the Catawba as a wine grape. Fertilizing 
some variety of the vitis vinefera with pollen of vitis lahrusca, or vice 
versa, will be the course to pursue with any expectation of success ; 
the seed so fertilized, gathered carefully and sown in rich vegetable 
mould. Cultivation of our wild grapes only increases the size with- 
out ameliorating their character. 

By Cuttings. — These are taken from the strongest vines of the 
last year's growth, cut to a length, embracing three or four buds, ac- 
cording as the joints are long or short of the variety ; where possi- 
ble, a little piece of the old wood left on the lower end is preferred. 
These being made in the fall, when pruning the vines, are laid away 
in bundles in a cool cellar until spring ; when, as soon as the ground 
is ready, they should be soaked or swollen in a tub of water for four 
or five days, or until the buds become fully swollen. They are 
then planted in rows, if in the nursery, by bending into nearly the 
form of a half circle, as represented by fig., which shows the cutting 

as it appears in about one month from plant- 
ing. By this, it is seen that the upper bud is 
covered nearly an inch: in clayey soils, or 
those retentive of moisture, the upper bud 
should be just even with the soil. The rows, 
in nursery, should be three feet apart, -and the 
plants one foot distant each in the row. This 
is the best and most successful mode of, growing the grape vine. 
The earth should be pressed firmly at the base of the cutting, and 
left light and loose at top. 

By Grafting. — The best season to perform this operation is when 
the leaves are about half grown. Earlier, the sap is very abundant, 
and at same time watery, and grafts do not succeed well. Whip 
grafting, as it is termed, is best ; or, if stock and graft are near of 
size, saddle grafting. The graft should have been cut early in the 
season, before any flow of sap or swelling of buds, and have been 
kept in a cool yet moist place. The point on the stock at which it 
is best done, is at or near the ground, and, after insertion, earth up a 
small mound around it, to protect from change of temperature, sun, 
&c. If the operation be performed farther up on the stalk, wrapping 




TRANSPLANTING. 235 

the place of union with grafting clay will be requisite. Care must 
be taken that the inner bark of both graft and stock join each other 
perfectly, otherwise success will be uncertain. The practice is only 
advised where a new variety is desired to be tested, as new vines 
are almost alway better than the patching up of old, neglected 
plants, which have never been " cared for " either in branch or root. 

Transplanting and distances. — In taking up the vines at one year's 
growth from the catting, (which is best,) care should be taken to 
mutilate as little as possible, and also to keep the roots from expo- 
sure to the sun, or drying air or winds. Cut back the growth of the 
past year to two buds. Have the ground mellow, rich, dug deep ; 
the hole broad ; spread the roots carefully and as naturally as they 
grew ; after having pruned each end and bruised or broken root with 
a sharp knife, fill in the earth carefully and finely until only the two buds 
are visible, then avoid treading on it. The distance apart, if making a 
vineyard plantation, depends on the variety. That for the Catawba 
or Isabella should be four by six feet ; the Schuylkill and Herbe- 
mont, five by seven feet ; the Missouri and Clinton, three and a half 
by three feet. These two latter should be pruned low, while the 
former varieties may rise seven to eight feet. 

■ Cost per acre of Vineyard. — The estimated cost of trenching, fur- 
nishing cuttings, stakes, and planting an acre of vineyard, is not far 
from two hundred dollars; and at the expirationofthreeyears.it 
may be estimated to yield annually about 200 gallons of wine, at a 
cost, however, for dressing vines, pruning, gathering, &c, of about 
seventy-five dollars ; leaving, therefore, about one hundred dollars a 
year (supposing the wine to sell at one dollar a gallon) as the net 
profit, per acre. The quantity here estimated will, no doubt, be 
thought low by many, but while it will often exceed this quantity, 
seasons do occur when even less is the result ; and we therefore 
stand on the safe side if we found our vineyard on this basis of ex- 
pectation. 

Position and Soil. — R Buchanan, Esq., who has written a capital 
treatise on the " Culture of the Grape," as well as practically trained 
the vine, has the following on this point : 

"A hill side with southern aspect is preferred, although an east- 
ern or a western exposure is nearly as good. Some have recom- 
mended the north, on account of safety from late spring frosts, but 
it will scarcely afford sun enough to ripen the grapes in cold, wet 
seasons (if the declivity is steep), and may perhaps be more subject 
to ' the rot.' Any undulating surface, if dry, is preferable to a 
level one. 

" The Soil best suited for a vineyard, is a dry calcareous loam— 



236 THE GRAPE. 

with a porous sub-soil — not retentive of moisture.; if mixed with 
some gravel or small stones, so much the better. Some prefer a 
sandy soil with a gravelly substratum ; as in this the grapes are less 
subject to rot; the juice, however, is not so rich, — lacking in saccha- 
rine matter, — and in dry seasons the vines will suffer from the 
drought, shedding their leaves prematurely,, and preventing the 
grapes from ripening well. In warm, sandy soils, the fruit-buds on 
the vines, if swelled prematurely in autumn, are sometimes killed 
by the frosts of a severe winter. 

"Any soil underlaid by a stiff, wet clay, is to be avoided, as also 
wet or spongy lands. No trees should be allowed to grow within 
one hundred feet of the vineyard." 

Preparing the Ground. — " In autumn, or early winter, dig or 
trench the ground all over, two to two and a half feet deep, with the 
spade ; this is far better than plowing ; turn the top soil under. 

" Wet spots in the vineyard may be drained by small stone cul- 
verts, or by what is termed a French drain, a ditch, with some loose 
stones thrown into it edgewise, covered with flat ones, and filled up 
with the earth again. Surface draining may be obtained by concave 
sodded avenues of ten feet wide, and intersecting each other at 100 
or 120 feet, thus throwing the vineyard into squares of that size. 
This will do for gentle declivities ; but steep ones must be terraced 
or benched with sod or stone. These benches should be as broad as 
they can be made conveniently, and with a slight inclination to the 
hill, that they may be drained by stone or wooden gutters, running 
into the main trunks, to carry off the water without washing away 
the soil. This is important, and requires good judgment and skill. 

Cultivation of the ground. — The first two years the grounds should 
be kept clean of weeds, by use of the German hoe, a two pronged 
instrument. A light plow is sometimes used in the spring, but the 
best vine dressers object to it. The third year, and afterwards, the 
earth should be kept clean until July, after which time it should not 
be stirred; this especially through the Western prairie country. 

Pruning and Training. — Tact and judgment are necessary to 
perform this portion of vineyard work, and none but general in- 
structions can be given. Buchanan says : " In the spring, cut the 
young vine down to a single eye, or bud, at first ; if two are left for 
greater safety, take off one, afterward ; drive a stake six or seven 
feet long firmly to each plant. Locust or cedar is preferred, but 
oak or black walnut, charred at the end, driven into the earth, or 
coated with coal tar, will, it is said, last nearly as long. Keep the 
young vine tied neatly to the stake with rye or wheat straw ; pick 
off all suckers, and let but one stalk or cane grow. 

" The second spring after planting, cut down to two or three eyes, 



PRUNING AND TRAINING. 



237 



or joints, and the third year to four or five ; pinching off laterals 
tying up, and hoeing the vines as recommended above. Replant 
where failures have occured. The third year the vines will produce 
a few grapes. Train two canes to the stake this year, and take off 
laterals." We advise the cutting down or pruning to be done as 
soon as the fall of the leaf in autumn, but any time when the frost 
is not in the wood will answer. " Pruning the fourth year requires 
good judgment, as the standard stem or stalk has to be established." 
" Select the best shoot or cane of last year, and cut it down to six 
or eight joints, and fasten it to the adjoining stake in a horizontal 
position, or bend it over in the form of a hook or bow, and tie it to 
its own stake. The ties should be of willow. This is the bearing 
wood. The other cane, cut down to a spur of two or three eyes, to 
make bearing wood for the next season. 

" ' Give the shoot the first tie on the stake nine inches from the 
ground, and the second, nine inches above it ; then bow it over to 
the neighboring stake in a horizontal position, and give it the third 
tie to the stake, at that top of the vine.' 

"In the succeeding, and all subsequent years, cut away the old bear- 
ing wood, and form the new bow, or arch, from the best branch of 
the new wood of the last year, leaving a spur as before, to produce 
bearing wood for the coming year, thus keeping the old stalk of the 
vine down to within eighteen to twenty-four inches from the ground. 
The vine is then always within reach, and control." 




.Fig. 4. Fig. 3. Fig. 2. Fig. 1. 

To show fall and summer pruning, the above figures are inserted. 

Fig. 1. The vine second year before pruning. 
Fig. 2. « " third « " li 

Fig. 3. . " " fourth << pruned. 
Fig. 4. " " fourth " summer training. 



238 THE GRAPE. 

Summer pruning, or pinching in, should be cautiously and care- 
fully done. Every leaf acts as a lung to the plant, and, unless one 
has experience, the safest plan is to avoid any summer pruning ex- 
cept just pinching the extreme ends of shoots after the fruit has 
acquired the size of large shot, and taking away of all suckers. Dr. 
S. Mosher writes as follows upon this part of pruning : 

" Soon after the grapes are set and about the size of common shot, 
my rule is to pinch off the ends of the bearing branches — leaving 
four good leaves for the first bunch of grapes, and two additional 
leaves for every other bunch on the same branch — so that if there 
are three bunches there will be eight leaves to supply their wants. 
I have tried leaving these bearing branches to grow their full length 
without pinching them off, but I rind they encumber the ground too 
much, without any perceptible improvement of the fruit. After 
these bearing shoots have been pinched off, especially if done too 
early, the buds in the axils of their leaves will push out. These I 
pinch off also when quite young, sometimes permitting one or two 
leaves to remain on them. The leaves on these laterals do not seem 
to subserve the wants of the fruit, like the original leaves on the 
bearing wood, which should be carefully preserved. At the fifth 
spring pruning, the vines will have the two good canes, as in the pre- 
vious spring, with the addition of the old hoop or circle that bore 
fruit. This I cut off as close down as possible to the uppermost 
cane, and the other two canes are managed exactly in the same 
manner as in the preceding year. I never allow the old stock to 
rise more than six to ten inches above the ground ; the lower they are 
kept the more healthy they will remain and be much more easily 
managed. Pruning the vine for wine requires a bold hand and 
much firmness of purpose, otherwise the old stock will get too high 
and become encumbered with too many shoots. It must be borne 
constantly in mind that one single bearing shoot or cane, having 
from six to ten eyes, will throw out as many bearing branches. 
From these ten bearing branches it will be easy to select from ten 
to fifteen bunches. These bunches, in any ordinary favorable season, 
may be made to yield one quart of good grapes, which will make, 
at least, a pint of wine. One acre of ground planted three feet by 
five will contain 2904 vines. If each vine, then, yields one pint of 
wine only, there will be 2904 pints, or 363 gallons, from each acre. 
This is more than the average yield per acre — and for the reason 
only that we are too greedy ; by overloading the vines, we fail 
to obtain a reasonable quantity, as well as a good quality of 
wine." 

Dr. Lindley, good authority in England, has the following, rela- 



ITS CULTIVATION. 



239 



tive to autumn stopping or pruning, which is equally applicable here : 
"When, however, the branches have grown for many weeks, and 
are in the autumn begining to slacken in their power of lengthening, 
theory says it is then right to stop the shoots by pinching off their 
ends, because after that season newly formed leaves have little time 
to do more than organize themselves, which must take place at the 
expense of matter forming in the other leaves. Autumn-stopping 
of the vine shoots is therefore advantageous ; for the leaves which 
remain after that operation will then direct all their energy to the 
perfection of the grapes." 

Trellises made by setting posts well braced at either end of the 
row, and running coarse wire through standards intermediate from 
post to post, we have seen much practiced elsewhere than at Cincin- 
nati, and with great success. The vines are trained horizontally as 
represented in the accompanying figure. 




And when heat and full exposure to the sun's rays are desired, 
we think it preferable to the mode previously described. 

For private gardens where ground is scarce, the vine should be 
well supplied at its roots with liquids hereafter named, and permitted 
to run or ramble upon lofty trellises. Spur pruning, which consists 
in training the old or main stem, and yearly cutting back the late- 
rals to two or three good buds, must here be pursued ; care should 
be taken, however, not to cut back and preserve the same side 
branches or spurs from year to year, lest by so doing they soon be- 
come enfeebled, and the fruit ripens imperfectly ; but new side shoots 
should be yearly selected of the strongest growth and cut back to 
the two or three bearing buds, while that of last year's bearing is cut 
away. 

Manures. — The analysis made by Prof. Emmons, of the common 
wild grape vine is as follows 



240 THE GRAPE. 




Wood. 


Bark. 


Potash, 20.84 


1.77 


Soda, 2.06 


9.27 


Chlorine, _ 0.02 


0.40 


Sulphuric acid, . 0.23 


trace 


Phosphate of lime, .... 15.40 


5.04 


Phosphate of peroxide of iron, . . . 1.20 


5.04 


Carbonic acid, . . . . . 34.83 


32.22 


Lime, ....... 17.33 


39.32 


Magnesia, 4.40 


0.80 


Silex, 2.80 


14.00 


Soluable silica, 0.00 


0.30 


Coal and organic matter, . . . .2.20 


1.70 



100.21 



100.86 



From this any one moderately conversant with the components of 
soils can readily see what is required for his vines. Burying the 
refuse cuttings and leaves, sprinkling on gypsum, (plaster of Paris,) 
and supplying freely the soap-suds, and wash-water of a family, 
with animal (or barn-yard) manures, and wood ashes, are most 
advisable, aside from the specific application of potash and bone dust. 

Insects and diseases. — -The aphis and slug, described fully in " Har- 
ris' Treatise," appear in the months of May" and June. They are 
easily destroyed by syringing with tobacco-water. The grape vine 
flea-beetle, (Haltica Chalybea) a small, glossy, greenish-blue beetle 
about three-twentieths of an inch long, sometimes preys upon the 
buds, causing them to appear as if bored. This insect was first (we 
believe) described by David Thomas, in Silliman's Journal of Sci- 
ence, and is also noticed in Harris' Treatise. The eggs are depos 
ited early and soon change to a greenish, smooth worm, which pre} r s 
upon the tender leaf and young bunches. It is destroyed in this 
state by syringing with tobacco-water or sifting lime over the vines 
when wet with dew. The rose -bug iinelolontha) occasionally attacks 
the vines in great numbers, eating off the upper surface of the leaf 
and causing the vinous fibres left to look like a sieve. They are 
best destroyed by spreading a cloth underneath and shaking the 
vines in the cool of evening or near sun-set. They will fall and may 
then be burned. A few dollars expended in this way, we have 
known to have saved the entire crop for the year, as well as prevent 
their presence to any extent another season. The curculio some- 
times attacks the grape, but thus far we have never heard of any 
serious injury to the crop. 

Mildew is rarely met with, when specific nutrition has been ap- 
plied. It is easily checked by free sprinkling of powdered sulphur 
over the vines and earth when wet with dew. It is a fungus attack- 



USES — WINE-HOUSE. 



241 



ing the plant when not in perfect health. The rot, so mueh depreca- 
ted by Vignerons, at Cincinnati, we regard as attributable to same 
cause as mildew, viz : a want of consistent food for the perfection of 
the fruit Some, we notice, consider it attributable to too late and 
clean cultivation ; and as late cultivation only tends to late growth, and 
formation of new eaves to exhaustion of what is required for per- 
fection of those already formed, the theory is good, so far as it 
goes ; and possibly in soils greatly deficient in the constituents to 
perfect the grape, it may in a measure be the cause ; but in soils 
well supplied with the required food, late cultivation would only 
cause the bursting of new buds and continuance of growth. 

^^.—Universally esteemed when well ripened, as a dessert fruit, 
tTJZ P t ^ al ^ hl g% valued by many physicians, as in its free use 
tending to health and the prevention of rheumatic affections of the 
human system. For culinary use, and for making of preserves, they 
aie sought for, both in a green and ripened state. Carefully gath- 
ered when ripe, laid in heaps for a few days on the floor of a cool 

fZ r,° m ' th Z T ead out for one OT two days, and packed in shal- 
low boxes with layers of cotton batting at bottom and interme- 
diate between layers of fruit, as well as between bunches, they may 

winter d r m ?™° 1 ™ om and ke P* fr esh throughout most of the 
winter Last, though not least, made into wine, a sketch of the de- 

wess Jp'f ' "?f CU t ^ trative of P lan <> f * wine house and 
p*ess, we extract from the "Western Horticultural Eeview :" 




B. — Back door of wine house. 
€, — Front door of wine house. 
11 



242 



THE GRAPE. 



D. — Opening through which the stems are thrown from the ma- 
chine. 

E. — Tables for picking over and assorting the fruit previous to 
being stemmed. 

F. — Stemming and crushing apparatus. 

G. — Large press, capacity of one hundred bushels. 

H. — Small press, capacity of forty bushels. 

L. — Door opening into the basement. 

Signs of Mipcness of Grapes. — The stem of the grape should he 
of a brown color. The cuticle of the berry must be clear and 
transparent. The berries should separate easily from the stems. 
The seed must be of brown color. The juice must be sweet and 
sticky. 

Do not cut the grapes early in the morning with the dew on, nor 
during rainy weather, nor shortly after rain. 

Gathering. — The grapes, when fully ripe, are gathered in baskets 
containing about one bushel, as well as in a sort of " pannier " of 
wood, made very light and strong, and which is supported by straps^ 
or thongs of willow, on the back of the gatherer. 

Picking. — This consists in removing by hand, all green, shriveled 
or decayed grapes, which are thrown into tubs or barrels and 
pressed separately, to make a common wine or vinegar. The finest 
grapes are carried thence to the stemming apparatus where they un- 
dergo another operation. 

Stemming. — Consists in separating the berries from the stem ; it 
is done in F. (of the ground plan) by means of the apparatus of 
which a cut is appended. 

The grapes are thrown on 
the wire sieve M., which is 
open enough to allow the 
berries to pass, but retains 
the stems ; a little plank P., 
is held in an inclined position, 
to which a backward and for- 
ward movement is given, 
so as to force the berries 
through the sieve, and re- 
move out of the way all the 
stems as they are stript. 

Mashing. — After passing 
through the stemming pro- 
cess, the grapes fall, into a 
wooden mill, consisting of two rollers ridged obliquely, to one oi 




VARIETIES. 



243 




BURRIDGECUaj- 



which is attached a set of screws, by which their distance from each 
other may be graduated to the proper degree ; it being desirable 
that every grape should be crushed, but that the seed should not be 
broken. 

The rollers are turned by hand ; the foregoing cut exhibits in E 
K. a section of these rollers, and that which follows shows two men' 
one stemming, the other mashing the grapes. From the rollers the 
grape (being entirely separa- 
ted from the stem, and thor- 
oughly mashed) passes into 
the press, when the first oper- 
ation of separating the juice-is 
performed. The wine passes 
from the bed of the press by 
means of a conductor, into the 
basement, from whence it is 
conveyed into casks containing 
260 gallons each; these, though 
by no means so large a size as 
used by some wine manufactur- 
ers, are of very convenient ca- 
pacity for ordinary crops. The 
first fermentation takes place 
immediately, and at the end of six or eight weeks the wine becomes 
perfectly clear, or, what is technically termed, " fine ;" a second fer- 
mentation takes place in the spring, about the period of the bloom- 
ing of the grape. The wine should not be bottled until it is at least 
one year old, though it is frequently bottled for immediate use, just 
previous to the second fermentation ; this may be done with safety, 
if the bottles can be kept in a very cool place. 

VARIETIES. 

Over one hundred varieties of our native Grapes have been noticed 
by Prince, in his " Treatise on Grapes ;" but as few are worthy cul- 
tivation, therefore of no practical benefit, we have confined our de- 
scriptions to those most known and meritorious. 

Ada. 
For the following account and description of this new grape, we are in- 
debted to the originator, Dr. Valk, of Flushing, L. I., who produced it 
in 1845, from a cross of the Isabella and B. Hamburgh : " First fruit- 
ed in 1850. The vine is of strong and vigorous growth, frequently mak- 
ing shoots of 12 and 18 feet in a season. The shoots become partially 
brown as the wood ripens, and wholly so when it is quite ripe. The 
joints are about six inches from eye to eye, and the leaf large and 



244 THE GEAPE. 

handsome. The vine fruits freely. The bunches are usually large, 
very compact, the berries crowding against each other. On some 
bunches they will occasionally hang loose. In color, they are very 
dark ; when ripe, almost black, and of large size ; the flavor, sweet 
and vinous, very juicy ; the skin, thin and slightly acid and astringent. 
The bunches will average a pound weight at maturity. The vine 
requires and deserves careful cultivation in a rich and proper soil, to 
do it justice ; it is perfectly hardy. A southern aspect suits it best, 
and a net tacked over it in winter, not to protect it from the frost, but 
from the sun." 

Bland. 

Bland's Virginia, | Powell, 

Bland's Madeira, | Bland's Pale Red. 

Found on the eastern shore of Virginia by Col. Bland. It is not of 
value north of Philadelphia, on account of not often ripening, and is 
by many discarded from its habit of only bearing moderately. In 
1820, it was well grown and ripened in New Haven, Conn., on sandy 
soil -; and in 1828, sent to Northern Ohio by Geo. Hoadley, Esq. 
As a table grape, in latitude where it will ripen, it is of the best. 

Foliage, a light shade of green, smooth ; propagated by layers ; 
bunches, long, loose ; berries, round, on long stalks or pedicels ; skin, 
pale red, thin ; flesh, slightly pulpy, slightly astringent, but of pleas- 
ant, delicate flavor. Late in ripening, and valuable for packing 
away for winter use. 

Catawba. 

Red Muncy, ! Catawba Tokay, 

Lebanon Seedling, | Singleton, 

Arkansas. 

Through Dr. S. Mosher, of Cincinnati, Dr. Solomon Beach is said 
to have found this variety, in the summer of 1821, growing wild in 
Buncombe Co., North Carolina, on the border of the Catawba river. 
We have found this to ripen equally as well, and as far north as the 
Isabella, when correctly pruned and grown in dry or well drained 
soil. It is esteemed both for dessert and wine use. In growth and 
foliage, it resembles Isabella, except that the wood is darker color, 
shorter jointed, and more round, and, at base of every leaf, there is 
a white downy spot. n 

Bunches, medium size, shouldered ; berries, nearly round, large, 
pale red, becoming deeper when fully ripened in good soil, and cov- 
ered with a lilac bloom ; flesh, slightly pulpy, sweet, juicy, with a 
rich aromatic, musky flavor. 

Too often gathered when only just turned in color, and then sour 
and unpalatable ; hence the impression of many that they are not 
equal to Isabella. 



THE AMERICAN GRAPE. 245 

Pond's Seedling, To-Kalon, Clermont, White Catawba, and Zane, 
are sub-varieties of the Catawba, but not equalling it. The " Mam- 
moth Catawba " is also a sub, which, under high culture, surpasses 
the original only in size. 

Clinton. 

Worthington. 

This variety is claimed to have its origin in Western New York, 
but we have seen vines taken from the woods in Northern Ohio that 
so closely resemble, in both leaf, wood, and fruit, that grown under 
this name, as to make us doubt its coming from the origin stated. 

It is not a strong grower, although perfectly hardy, and suited to 
border planting three feet apart, and stake training not exceeding 
four feet high, in gardens. Its greatest recommendation is that it 
ripens some ten days or two weeks earlier than Isabella, and, there- 
fore, suited to higher or more northern latitudes. 

Foliage, small ; wood, short jointed ; bunches, medium or small, 
not shouldered, compact ; berries, nearly round, small, black, thin 
blue bloom, pulpy, juicy, with a harsh flavor ; productive. 

Diana. 

"This," says Mr. Downing, " is a seedling from the Catawba, 
grown by Mrs. Diana Crehore, near Boston, Mass." It is smaller 
size than its parent, but has the character of maturing its fruit two 
weeks earlier. It is yet comparatively new, and, although stated to 
have surpassed its parent, when grown at Mobile; at Cincinnati it 
has not equaled the Catawba. 

Bunches, below medium size, compact ; berries, round, delicate 
pale red ; flesh, juicy, sweet, little pulp, rich, and slightly resem- 
bling Catawba in flavor. 

Elsinburgh. 

Elsinboro, | Elsinborough , 

Smart's Elingburgh. 

The spelling of this name is matter of some difference in opinion 
among horticulturists, but the manner we adopt, being that of all 
previous writers, we choose to continue it. The variety is said to 
have come from a village in Salem Co., N. J. It is a nice little 
grape, suited for the dessert, and for growing on trellises in gardens. 
A moderate, regular bearer, ripening a little before or with Isabella. 

Wood, slender, long jointed ; leaves, five lobed ; bunches, medium, 
loose, shouldered ; berries, small, round, thin skin, black, covered 
with blue bloom ; flesh, without pulp, melting, sweet ; " best." 



246 THE GRAPE. 

Herbemont. 

Herbemont's Madeira 

The origin of this is yet in doubt; some claiming it same as Le- 
noir, and a native ; others claiming it as a French variety. Its hardy 
character and resemblance in foliage to the River grapes, however, 
seem rather to favor its being a seedling of our States. In fruit, it 
does not differ from the Lenoir, but in wood, N. Longworth says, it 
is quite distinct. 

Only moderately vigorous ; wood, dark color ; terminal leaves, 
red or brownish ; bunches, larg.e, compact, shouldered ; berries, small, 
round ; skin, thin, purple, slight bloom ; flesh, tender, without pulp, 
sweet, excellent, juicy, vinous, valued for dessert, and yields a wine 
like Spanish Manzanella. 

Isabella. 

This variety has, thus far, been stated to have originated in South 
Carolina, to have been taken thence to a garden in Brooklyn, N. Y., 
and there given to William Prince, who propagated, distributed, and 
named it after Mrs. Isabella Gibbs, who then, 1816, owned the gar- 
den. On the authority of Lewis F. Allen, it was grown several 
years previous at Norwich, Connecticut, as the " Vernet Grape," and 
claimed to have been brought from one of the French West India 
Islands. Other authority places it as a common variety of Spain, 
and imported by a Mr. Laspeyre, who cultivated and sold it as 
" Laspeyre Grape " in 1810. Geo. Hoadley, Esq., states that in 1824 
it was growing in Elizabethtown, N. J., where it was said to have 
been brought 30 years previous, from South Carolina or Georgia. 

We incline to belief of its being a native ; its hardihood, habit, 
and character, all tending that way ; but, come froin whence it may, 
its vigorous habit and productiveness will ever render it a favorite. 

As a wine grape, it is not esteemed. Bunches, large, rather loose, 
shouldered ; berries, oval, large, dark purple, when fully ripe nearly 
black, covered with a blue bloom ; fiesh, tender, with some pulp, 
which lessens as it ripens, juicy, sweet, rich, with slight musky aro- 
ma. 

Hyde's Eliza, Troy Grape, Pennsylvania, Marion, Sherman, Chil- 
licothe Seedling, and Lee's, are all sub-varieties ; not equal to the 
original. 

Lenoir. 

Sumpter ? | Clarence ? 

Thffe differs from the Herbemont only in being of " more vigorous 
growth, wood, light colored, with a light blue cast ; terminal leaves, 
green." So says N, Longworth. All we have ever been able to 
obtain have the character of Herbemont. 



THE AMERICAN GRAPE. 247 

Imitation Hamburg. 

A native variety we have not seen. Its fruit is said to be " large, 
dark purple, or as large, skin, as thin, pulp, as soft and juicy, but 
of inferior aroma and flavor to the Black Hamburg." Origin un- 
known. 

Missouri. 

Missouri Seedling. 

Said to be a native of Missouri : it is of slow growth, short jointed, 
and, like the Clinton, suited to border culture in gardens. From it 
a wine is made resembling Madeira. 

Leaves, deeply cut, tri-lobed ; bunches, below medium, loose ; ber- 
ries, small, round ; skin, thin, almost black, very little bloom ; flesh, 
tender, little pulp, sweet, and pleasant ; " very good." 

Norton's Virginia. 

Norton's Seedling. 

A native, unworthy culture. Bunches, long, little shouldered, 
compact ; berries, small round, dark purple, pulpy, harsh. 

Ohio. 

Longworth's Ohio, | Segar Box. 

The original of the vines now known under this name were some 
cuttings left in a segar box at the residence of N. Longworth, Esq, 
Cincinnati, during his absence from home. Its true origin is yet in 
doubt. North of Cincinnati it does not succeed, and wherever plant- 
ed should have long range on a trellis. Only valued for table use. 

Bunches, large, loose, shouldered ; berries, small, round, nearly 
black, blue bloom : flesh, without pulp, sweet. Only suited to the 
amateur. 

Schuylkill. 

Sehuyllrill Muscadel, ] Muscadine, 

Alexander, Cape Grape, 

Spring Mill Constantia. Clifton's Constantia, 

Madeira, of York, Pa.', | Tas Iter's Grape, 
Winne. 

From the banks of the Schuylkill, Pa. Its value is only as wine 
grape, and for that, not equal to Catawba. We have found it exten- 
sively distributed North and West as the Isabella. As the leaves 
are much more downy, it is easily detected in foliage, and the 
bunches being not shouldered, while the Isabella is always shouldered. 

Berries, often large, roundish, oval, thick skin, quite black ; flesh, 
firm pulp, juicy, musky, often harsh. 



248 THE GRAPE. 

ScUPPERNONG. 

Fox Grape, of the South, American Muscadine, of the South, 

Bull or Bullet, " | Roanoke, " 

A distinct southern species, vitis vulpina, too tender for the north, 
highly esteemed throughout the entire southern States, where it is 
much grown as a wine grape in vineyards, and is found wild from 
Virginia to Florida. 

Species, dioecious ; leaves, small, roundish, coarsely serrated, glos- 
sy on both sides ; young shoots slender, old wood smooth. The 
White and Black varieties differ only in the color of fruit, the White 
being light green, and the Black, dark red. with tendrils of vine cor- 
responding with color of fruit. 

Bunches, small, loose ; berries, round, large ; skin, thick ; flesh, 
pulpy, juicy, sweet, with a strong musky scent. 

Minor's Seedling, Shurtleff's Seedling, and some others are culti- 
vated in localities, but their good qualities seem destined to remain 
in circumscribed limits, not having yet been seen, when cultivated 
away from their first friends 

From the ad-interim reports of the Pennsylvania Hort. Society we 
copy the following accounts of two new seedlings : 

From William Canby, Wilmington, Delaware : — A Seedling 
Grape. Bunch, four and a half inches long, by two and three-quar- 
ters broad, so compact as frequently to destroy the rotundity of the 
berry; berry, from seven-sixteenths to nine-sixteenths of an inch in 
diameter ; roundish, inclining to oval ; shin, of a violet color, thickly 
covered with bloom, and semi-diaphanous ; seed, small, dark cinna- 
mon ; flesh, tender, very juicy, not pulpy ; flavor, sweet and pleasant ; 
quality " best " for a grape that will grow in open culture. Leaf, 
trilobed, but not deeply, interruptedly serrulate, auriculate. 

From Gerhard Schmitz : — A Seedling Grape. Large; oval ; pur- 
ple ; bunches, loose, large ; resembles the Isabella in appearance and 
flavor; quite equal to it in quality, and perhaps a little earlier. 



THE FOREIGN GEAPE, 



. Vitis vinifera, L, Vitacea of Botanists. 

From the earliest record of foreign lands, the vine has ever been 
held in high esteem ; its fruit valued for the dessert as well as for the 
making of wine, and itself held as symbolic of happiness and plenty. 
" The pages of Scripture abound with allusions to the fertility of the 
vine, as emblematical of prosperity." To trace its introduction and en- 
tire history up to this date would occupy more room than the limits of 
our present work will admit : we shall therefore content ourself by 
saying that the original type of the vitis vinifera came from Persia ; 
that it was probably cultivated in Britain not many years after the 
commencement of the Christian era; that the varieties native of 
Britain and America, are quite distinct : that those native of Britain 
are not edible, while those of our own land embrace a number of 
edible species. The success of the Foreign varieties, so far as tried 
north of 34° of latitude, has not been satisfactory, few or no varie- 
ties withstanding the extremes of our clim^e, without protection. 
Between 1760 and 1770, Lord Sterling imported large numbers of 
foreign grapes into New Jersej^, with a view to wine. The experi- 
ment failed, as have those of Longworth, and others since. 

Of the longevity of the vine, records are made giving it existence 
from six hundred years down, with immense length of vine, and 
stems six feet around, or sufficient to afford the cutting out of planks 
fifteen inches broad. 

Propagation. — The same practices as noted under head of American 
Grapes are applicable here, but that most generally pursued in prop • 
agating esteemed varieties of the foreign 
grape is by eyes, as represented in adjoining 
figure. This is done by selecting a strong 
bud and cutting it off from the remainder of 
the branch, at about two inches above and 
below, and planting it in a pot covered 
about half an inch deep with light loamy 
soil, then plunging the pot in a hotbed. By 
this means every bud on a shoot can be 
formed into a plant. 




Outdoor Culture. - 



-In sheltered locations, warm yards, in cities, 

(249) 



250 THE GRAPE. 

&c.j such varieties as the Black Prince, Trammer andRoyal Muscadine, 
may be grown in the open air by bending down the vines in the 
month of November, and covering them with tan-bark, or other 
mulch, and raising them again to their position in April. Free sup- 
ply of wood ashes and soap-suds will be found requisite to hasten 
their growth and maturity of fruit, as well as prevent mildew.* 

Cold Houses. — By this term is meant an enclosed structure of 
wood or brick, with a sloping roof covered with glass. These struc- 
tures as made at the east, and by a few wealthy men at the west, and 
represented in the Horticultural journals of the day, are too expen- 
sive to make the growing of the better foreign grapes general at the 
west. But expensive structures are not necessary ; many a man at 
the west has a south side of a building unoccupied ; this may serve 
as the back of his cold-house, by setting up pieces of four inch scant- 
ling against the building, nailing boards to it and filling in between 
with tan-bark, saw-dust, or fine charcoal, he has the back ; now, four 
inch square posts rising four feet from the ground, at a distance of say 
fourteen feet from the back, boarded on each side, and filled in 
same as the back, make the front wall ; leaving, however, two spaces 
six feet from either end, of about two feet square, for hanging 
shutters. Now the back wall being ten feet high, the ends are to be 
made in same way as the front, giving, of course, the slope from 
back to front, and leaving out at one end space for a door-way, and 
at the highest point of sides near the back at each end, a space for 
swinging shutters of say two feet square ; these opened will give ven- 
tilation, in connection with those in the front wall. This done, a 
joiner will be required to fit on a plate of two inch plank all around, 
and fit in rafters and sash ; the sash should be the entire length of 
width of house ; styles four inch wide by one and a half thick, bars 
one inch wide beveled to half inch on the under side, the upper 
style or head piece six inches wide, the lower one fourteen inches ; 
the rafters should be placed so that sash cannot be over forty-two 
inches wide, or sufficient for five lights wide of six inch glass. When 
the location of such house is not in a very cold climate, or where the 
thermometer rarely falls below zero, cotton cloth dipped in boiled 
oil and varnished will answer a very good purpose • but, perhaps in 
the end not be as cheap, as its durability will only be about two 
years. Those who wish for more expensive houses, we advise to pur 

* Geo .Hoadley, Esq., says, that in 1820 to 1830 there was growing in the garden 
where he then resided, in New Haven, Conn., many white grapes, received from 
David Deforest, as White Sweet-Water, which never mildewed. This garden 
was sixty or seventy rods from the harbor, (or salt water.) The prevalent 
winds were from the harbor, in summer, and in storms the shrubbery not unfre- 
q'lently covered with spray. 



VINE BORDERS,— -PLANTING AND TRAINING. 251 

chase "Allen's Treatise on the Grape," or if possible, visit the grape 
house of Wra. Resor, Esq., of Cincinnati. 

Vine Borders. — Upon the formation of vine borders for cold, as 
well as forcing houses, more has been written and published than one 
person could read at rate of ten hours a day, in one entire month. 
Some advise the formation of the border all outside, while others 
prefer inside. Our advice is, let the border embrace a width three 
feet inside the front w r all and six feet outside, making a border nine 
feet wide ; if sandy ground, no care will be required to form a 
drainage. ; but if on clayey, retentive soil, dig out all the earth three 
feet deep, form a drain in center at bottom, leading away from the 
house, prepare fresh virgin earth or turf from old pastures or woods, 
and mix well rotted barn-yard manure in about equal quantities, or 
perhaps a little most of the soil, add to this one tenth in quantity 
each of gypsum, (plaster of Paris, ) and ground bones, and one sixth 
of wood ashes ; let it be well mixed before putting in the border. 
Parings of horses' hoofs, and cinders from a blacksmith's shop, street 
scrapings, leather paring, old rags, bones, etc., are all used and all 
good, but the above named materials, with liberal watering with 
soap-suds and occasional sprinkling of sulphur (which will be necessary 
at times to check mildew) will for a time give good growth of vine 
and fruit. 

Planting and Training. — The vines, being obtained from a nur- 
sery, generally come in crocks or pots ; the earth should be well 
wet, and then by inserting the finger at the hole at the small end or 
bottom of the crock, the whole ball of roots entire is pushed out ; 
now plant just outside the front wall, and so that you can run the 
stem immediately under, leaving the roots only outside ; let each 
plant stand half way between each rafter, and as they grow 
train to a wire fastened at top each of front and back wall so as to 
be six inches below the glass. Spur pruning is regarded best .for 
cold houses, and is plainly described as follows : " In pruning in the 
fall, after the first year's growth, each alternate eye is disbudded on 
each side of the cane, leaving those wanted for breaking next season 
about fifteen inches apart. The next season, when pruning for spurs, 
the side shoots are cut back to three eyes, or even four, according as 
the lower buds may be plump and well rounded. In breaking, each 
bud puts forth a shoot; the most promising one nearest the top, and 
the one at the base, is allowed to remain, and the other is rubbed 
out. The top one is allowed to bear, and the fruit on the bottom 
one is pinched out. The fruit bearing spur is stopped three or four 
joints above the fruit, and the other one next to the base is also 
stopped, when it has grown seven or eight leaves. They are now 
trained as shown in the following figure. 




252 THE GRAPE. 

11 A. is the bearing shoot, and B. the one not to be fruited 
till next year ; at next pruning, (or what is still better, 
two or three weeks previous,) A. is cut clean out to the 
base of B., and, when the leaves fall, B. is cut back to 
three eyes as A. was last season, and so on from year to 
year." Every fall at approach of cold weather take down 
the vines, lay them on the border inside and cover with 
tan-bark four inches deep ; cover the border outside same 
depth with barn-yard manure. 

Routine of Culture. — The following brief instructions, from A. J. 
Downing, contain all that is essential for a cold house : " In a vinery 
without heat this is comparatively simple. As soon as the vines com- 
mence swelling their buds in the spring, they should be carefully 
washed with mild soap-suds, to free them from insects, soften the 
wood, and assist the buds to swell regularly. At least three or four 
times a week, they should be well syringed with water, which, when 
the weather is cool, should always be done in the morning. And 
every day the vine border should be duly supplied with water. 
During the time when the vines are in blossom, and while the fruit 
is setting, all sprinkling or syringing over the leaves must be sus- 
pended, and the house should be kept a little more closed and warm, 
than usual, and should any indications of mildew appear on any of 
the branches, it may at once be checked by dusting them with flour 
of sulphur. Air must be given liberally every day when the tem- 
perature rises in the house, beginning by sliding down the top sashes 
a little in the morning, more at mid-day, and then gradually closing 
them in the same manner. To guard against the sudden changes of 
temperature out of doors, and at the same time to keep up as moist 
and warm a state of atmosphere within the vinery as is consistent 
with pretty free admission of the air during sunshine, is the great 
object of culture in a vinery of this kind. 

Insects. — The aphis or " vine-fretter," is destroyed by fumigating, 
?. e., burning tobacco in the house, and syringing the vines freely af- 
terward. If red spiders are troublesome, syringe the vines at even- 
ing, and dust the leaves with flour of sulphur. 

VARIETIES. 

Eeeling that a multiplicity of varieties would only mislead and 
confuse the practical man, and our own experience with foreign grapes 
not having been sufficient to enable us fully to decide on which to 
recommend, we adopt and describe few besides those voted worthy 
of general cultivation by the Americai Pomological Society. 



THE FOREIGN GRAPE. 253 

Black Hamburgh. 



Warner's Black Hamburgh, 
Red Hamburgh, 
Dutch Hamburgh, 
Hampton Court Vine, 
Valentine's, 



Purple Hamburgh, 
Brown Hamburgh, 
Salisbury Violet, 
Gibraltar, 
Frankendale. 



This variety is one of the most esteemed for the vinery. In 
sheltered locations, out of doors, in cities south as far as Cincinnati, 
it does well with protection in winter. A good bearer.* Bunches, 
large, shouldered on both sides ; berries, very large, roundish inclin- 
ing to oval, brownish purple, becoming purplish black w 7 hen fully 
ripe ; of sugary rich flavor. 

Wilmot's New Black Hamburgh is similar, fruit larger, bloom 
very thick, flesh firm, nearly or quite equal to the common Ham- 
burgh. 

Allen's seedling Black Hamburgh, is of less value, bunches not as 
large, berries, black, oval. Victoria, heretofore regarded as a syn- 
onym of the old Hamburgh, is now regarded as a slightly improv- 
ed sub-variety. 

Black Prince. 



Alicant, 

Black Valentia 

Boston. 

Pocock's Damascus, 

Steward's Black Prince, 



Black Spanish, 

Black Portugal, 

Sir A. Pytche's Black, 

Cambridge Botanic Garden, 

Black Lisbon. 



This often succeeds well, with winter protection out doors, while 
in the house it is esteemed on account of hanging long after fully 
ripe. A profuse bearer. Bunches, long, often shouldered ; berries, 
large, thinly set, oval ; skin, rather thick, black, covered with blue 
bloom ; flavor sweet, excellent ; " very good." 

Black St. Peter's differs from this in having a thin skin. 

Black Frontignan. 



Muscat Noir, 

Muscat Noir Ordinaire, 

Black Frontignac , 

Bourdalos des Hautes Pyrenee's 



Sir Wm. Rowley's Black, 
Purple Frontignan, 
Purple Constantia, 
Muscat Moir de Jura. 



This is the variety from which the muscadine wine is made. A 
good bearer. Bunches, long ; berries, medium size, round, black ; 
skin, thin ; flavor, musky rich. 

Black Cluster. 



Black Morillon, 
True Burgundy, 
Small Black Cluster, 



Early Black, 

Pineau, 

Black Burgundy. 



Black Orleans. 

This variety is hardy and succeeds outdoors. It is valued in 

* A vine of this variety at Hampton Court Palace, planted in 1769, is 
stated to produce annually over one ton weight of fruit. 



254 THE GRAPE. 

France for wine, but will never take high rank in this country. It 
has been pretty extensively disseminated throughout the west, which 
is our main reason for noting it. It has over forty synonyms, but 
those given are all which we have ever heard applied to it in this 
country. Bunches, small, compact ; berries, medium size, roundish 
oval, black, juicy, sweet ; " good ;" distinguished from Miller's Bur- 
gundy, by absence of down on the leaf. 

Early Black July. 

July Grape, Madeleine, 

Madeleine Noir, | Raisin Preooce, 

Morillon Hatif, De St. Jean, 

Burgunder, August Traube, 

Jacob's Straube. 

The habit of ripening its fruit by the middle of August, or earlier, 
is its chief merit. Foliage, small, light green ; bunches, small, com- 
pact ; berries, small, round, black, with a blue bloom, a little acid and 
of indifferent flavor ; " good." 

Grizzly Frontignan. 

Grizzly Frontignac, Red Constantia, 

Muscat Rouge, Muscat Gris, 

&c, &c, in all thirteen Synonyms. 

Adapted only to the house, where it ripens early, and being of 
" best" quality is highly esteemed. Bunches, rather long, narrrow, 
slight shoulders; berries, round, medium size, grayish red, thick 
bloom, juicy, rich, musky, high flavor. 

Royal Muscadine. 



Chass°las de Fontainebleau , 
Golden Chasselas, 
Chasselas Dore, 
DArbois, 
Amiens, 



Chasselas, 
White Chasselas, 
Chasselas Blanc, 
Raisin d'Champagne, 
Amber Muscadine, 



Early White Teneriffe. 

This is highly esteemed ; is distinguished from White Sweet Wa- 
ter (often sold as this variety) by its larger berries and stronger 
growth. Grown out of doors, it requires not only winter protec- 
tion, but also to be well supplied with wood ashes, as otherwise it 
cracks and mildews. 

Allen says, the Royal Muscadine and Chasselas of Fontainebleau 
are distinct, but only in size of bunch. The Early White Musca- 
dine, he also says, only varies from this in ripening a few days ear- 
lier. 

Bunches large, long, shouldered ; berries above medium, round, 
greenish-white, becoming amber color when fully ripe, tender, rich 
delicious flavor. Ripens middle to last of September. 



THE FOREIGN GRAPE. 255 

Muscat of Alexandria. 



White Muscat of Alexandria, 

Jerusalem Muscat, 

Malaga, 

White Muscat of Lunel, 

Lun? 1 .., 



Frontniac of Alexandria, 
Muscat d 'Alexandria, 
White Muscat, 
Tottenham Park Muscat, 
Passe-longue Musque, 



Passe Musque 

Adapted only to house culture and even then benefitted by arti- 
ficial heat. 

This is probably the " Malaga" grape brought to this country in 
jars and sold by confectioners. 

Bunches very large, loose, irregular ; berries large, oval, pale am- 
ber, thick skin, firm flesh, crisp, musky, rich perfumed flavor, often 
seedless. A strong grower. 

The Cannon Hall Muscat, is esteemed a sub-variety not equaling 
its parent. 



Traminer. 



Red Traminer, 
Delaware, 
Fromentin Rouge, 
Rother Traminer, 
Rolher Klevner, 
Tokayer, 
Kleinbranner, 
Rothclauser, 
Ranfolig-a, 



Rothe Reifler. 



Heath , 
Gris Rouge, 
Fromentean, 
Decimanner, 
Rothedel, 
Rothfranken, 
St. Clauser, 
Marzimmer, 
Ran Folak, 



This variety was exhibited at the Ohio State Pomological Con- 
vention in 1852, as the Heath or Delaware Grape, having been 
grown in Delaware, O., under these names. It was stated to have 
proved perfectly hardy in the open air, being free from mildew or 
rot, a productive bearer, and never failing to perfectly ripen both 
fruit and wood. Allen says of it " a much esteemed wine grape on 
the river Maine." It is described in the London Horticultural So- 
ciety's Catalogue. It deserves a place in every garden. 

Bunches, medium size, compact; berries, roundish oval, middle 
size, uniform, pale reddish, tender, juicy, sweet, without pulp, rich 
and pleasant flavor. Ripens ten days before Isabella. 

White Frontignan. 

White Frontniac, [ White Constantia, 

Nepeans Constantia, Muscat Blanc, 

Raisin de Frontignan, Muscat Blanc de Jura, 

Moschata Bianca, Moscado Bianco, 

Moscatel Commun, | Muscateller. 

An old productive variety suited only to the house. Bunches, 
middle size, rather long, rarely shouldered ; berries, middle size, 
round, rather closely set ; skin, thin dull white or greenish yellow, 
thin white bloom ; flesh, delicate, sugary, rich musky flavor. 



NECTARINES. 

The Nectarine is claimed to be only a sport in nature from the 
Peach, to which occasionally plants grown from seed return ; record 
is also made of the Nectarine tree producing both Peaches and Nec- 
tarines on the same tree. Of this we confess some little unwilling- 
ness of belief ; certain, however, it is that the trees so closely resem- 
ble the Peach, as not to be detected except when in fruit. 

Grown under glass, or South, where the heat is greater than at the 
North, the Nectarine is a really fine fruit ; but here, it is inferior to 
the Peach, possessing a flavor, partaking of the peculiar flavor and 
taste of the pit. When we say the trees are undistinguishable from 
the peach, we speak the general view ; closely examined, the wood 
may be found, slightly more smooth, and possibly a trifle firmer or 
closer grained. The trees are usually propagated by budding, in 
same manner and time as the peach, and their after culture is the 
same. 

The fruit of the Nectarine being smooth skinned, is equally liable 
to attack from Curculio as the Plum, and the same remedies are 
adopted for prevention ; we, therefore, refer the reader to the article 
under head of Insects injurious to the Plum. The same marks dis- 
tinguishing varieties in the leaf are found in the Nectarine as in the 
Peach, and used accordingly. 



CLASS I. — Worthy General Cultivation. 
Boston. 

Lewis, | Perkins' Seedling. 

American. Claimed to have originated from a peach stone. It 
is probably one of the very best Nectarines and well adapted to all 
sections of our country. 

Flowers, small; glands, globose; fruit, large, sometimes eight 
inches round, roundish oval ; skin, light yellow, with deep red cheek, 
shaded off by a mottling of red ; flesh, yellow to the stone, sweet, 
with a pleasant, peculiar flavor ; stone, small, pointed. Season, first 
September. Freestone. 

(256) 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 257 

DoWNTON. 

Foreign. Flowers, small; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish 
oval ; skin, pale green, with violet red cheek ; flesh, pale green, melting, 
rich, high flavor. Season, last of August. Freestone. 

Early Violet. 



Violet Hative, 
Petite Violet Hative, 
Early Brugnon, 
Brugnon red at Stone, 
Hampton Court, 
Large Scarlet, 



New Scarlet, 
Aromatic, 
Brugnon Hatif, 
Violet Musk, 
Violet red at Stone, 
Lord Selsey's Elruge. 



Foreign. Tree, very hardy, often confounded with Elruge, from 
which it is distinguished by its deep red flesh and dark colored stone. 

Flowers, small ; ^/awcfo, reniform; fruit, large, roundish, narrowed 
at apex ; suture, shallow; skin, yellowish green in shade, dark pur- 
plish red. mottled with pale brown dots, in sun ; flesh, whitish, red at 
stone, melting, juicy, rich and high flavored ; stone, roundish, reddish 
brown Season, last of August. Freestone. 



Elruge. 



Common Elruge, 

Claremont, 

Anderson's 



Temple, 
Oatland's 
Spring Grove. 



Foreign. An old variety that has always maintained a first char- 
acter wherever correctly grown. 

Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish oval ; 
suture, distinct only at apex ; skin, pale greenish shade, violet or 
blood red, dotted with brown specks in sun ; flesh, greenish, slightly 
stained with pale red at stone, juicy, rich, high flavor ; stone, oval, 
rough. Season, early Sep. Freestone. 



CLASS II. — New and untested, suited to Amateur Pomologists or 

certain locations. 

Barker. 

Foreign. "Flowers small, glands reniform. Fruit large obovate, dark 
red next sun, pale yellowish green where shaded ; flesh fine, yellowish 
white, rayed with bright red at the stone ; stone large, kernel bitter. 
August. Freestone." New. not yet fruited in this country. 

Duke of Tellier's. 

Due du Tellier's, I Du de Telia, 
Du Tilliers, I Duke de Tilley, 

Du Tilly's. 

Foreign. Flowers small, glands reniform. Fruit above medium, roundish 



258 NECTARINES. 

oblong, pale green, purplish red check ; flesh greenish white, red at stone, 
second rate flavor. Last August. Freestone. 

Early Newington. 

Early Back Newington, New Early Newington, 

Lucombe's Black, Lucombe's Seedling, 

Early Black. 

Foreign. Flowers large, glandless. Fruit large, roundish ovate, point 
at apex, pale green, with shades of red marbled in sun ; flesh greenish 
white, red at stone. Early September. Clingstone. 

French Yellow. 

Foreign. Fruit medium, greenish yellow, dull red in sun ; flesh yellow, 
juicy, rich. September. Clingstone. (W. R. P.) 

Hunt's Tawny. 

Hunt's Large Tawny, | Hunt's Early Tawny 

Foreign. Flowers small, glandless. Fruit below medium, roundish 
ovate, point at apex, pale orange, red cheek, russety specks; flesh 
orange, juicy. Middle August. Freestone. 

Hardwicke. 

Hardwicke Seedling, Hardwicke's Seedling. 

Foreign. Flowers small, glands reniform. Fruit large, roundish oval, 
pale green, violet red cheek ; flesh pale green, little marked with red at 
stone, juicy. Last August. Freestone. 

Large Early Violet. 

Violetle Grosse. - 

Foreign. Similar to Early Violet, a trifle larger, and less high flavored. 

Neate's White. 

New White, j" Flanders, 

Cowdray White, Emerton's New White, 

Large White. 

Foreign. Flowers large, glands reniform. Fruit above medium, round, 
white reddish cheek in the sun ; flesh white, juicy. Early September. 
Freestone. 

Orange. 

Pitmaston's Orange, | William's Orange, 

William o Seedling. 

Foreign. Flowers large, glands globose. Fruit large roundish ovate, 
acute point at apex, orange yellow with dark brownish red cheek; flesh 
yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Last August. Freestone. 



UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION". 259 

Red Roman. 

Old Roman, Brugnon Violet Musquee, 

Roman, | Brugnon Musquee. 

Foreign. An old variety which proves best adapted to our northern 
sections. Flowers large, glandsreniform. Fruit above medium, roundish, 
greenish yellow, with dull red cheek, and russety specks; flesh firm, green- 
ish yellow, deep red at stone, juicy, vinous. Early September. Cling- 
stone. 

Stanwicke. 

As yet we do not know of this variety having fruited in this country, 
but from its high praise in England, where it originated, and the fact of 
our clear, sunny clime adding to the richness and sugary character of 
both Peach and Nectarine, as compared with England, we are led to sup- 
pose this will prove the very best Nectarh:e extant. 

It was. grown from a stone brought from Syria, and is described in the 
journal of the London Horticultural Society as above medium size, round- 
ish oval, slightly heart shape at base ; pa ] e greenish white, shaded into 
deep, rich violet in sun ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, rich, sugary, and with- 
out the slightest trace of prussic acid flavor; stone, middle size, ovate, a 
prominent sharp edge, rugged, and of chocolate color ; kernel, sweet. 



CLASS III. — Univorthy farther Culture. 

Broomfield. 

American. Glands,reniform ; fruit, large, roundish ; dull yellow, red cheek ; 
flesh, yellow, pleasant ; second rate. Middle September. Clingstone. 

Fairchild's. 

Fairchild's Early. 

Foreign. Glands, r en iform ; fruit, small, round; yellowish green, red cheek ; 
flesh, yellow, dry, poor. Early August. Freestone. 

Golden. 

Orange, | Fine Gold Fleshed. 

Foreign. Glands.reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish ovate ; light yellow, 
red in sun ; flesh, orange yellow, firm, sweet ; second rate. Early September. 
Clingstone. 

Murrey. 

Murry, j Black Murry. 

Foreign. Glands,reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish ovate ; pale green, red 



260 NECTARINES. 

cheek ; flesh, greenish white, sweet, good flavor ; poor bearer. Last Aug- 
ust. Freestone. 

Newington. 

Scarlet Newington, 1 French Newington, 
Scarlet, Sion Hill, 

Old Newington, Rough Roman, 

Smith's Newington, Anderson's Round. 

Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, large, roundish ; greenish yellow, red in sun ; 
flesh, firm, juicy, deep red at stone. Middle September. Clingstone. 

Princes Golden. 

American. Glands, reniform ; about one-fourth larger and a week later ; 
otherwise, of second quality, and resembling the " Golden." 

Peterborough. 

Late Green, | Vermash, 

Gen'^a or Genoese. 

Foreign. Under the last synonym it has, of late, been disseminated as new. 
Glands,reniform ; fruit, small, roundish ; green, with dull red in sun ; flesh, 
greenish white, juicy. Early October. Freestone. 

Sweet Yellow. 

Jaune Lisse, | Late Yellow. 

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, small ; yellow, with dull red cheek in 
gun ; flesh, yellow, dry. October. Freestone. 



THE PEACH. 

Persica vulgaris, Dec. Rosacea of Botanists. 

Found wild on the Himalayan mountains, and not mentioned by 
Jewish history, it is doubtful whether the Peach is, as generally un- 
derstood, a native of Persia and also of China. It was, however, in- 
troduced into Italy by the Romans, and, as early as 1550, was culti- 
vated in Britain. About the year 1680 it was introduced into this 
country, and, with the exception of portions of the northern New 
England States and northern New York, it is now cultivated in every 
settled portion of our States. History clothes the peach with hav- 
ing once possessed deleterious qualities, and Pliny mentions that it 
was supposed the King of Persia had sent them into Egypt to poison 
the inhabitants, with whom he was then at war. This, however, 
with traditions, making the fruit of a Peach tree, when eaten, to con- 
fer immortality, knowledge, and the like, are now regarded as mys- 
ticisms of a past age, of which, nought but the tradition is left. In 
portions of China, Spain, Italy, and the South of France, as well as 
our own country, the Peach is grown without aid of glass, or artifi- 
cial, or condensed heat, by means of walls, etc, ; we have therefore 
looked to receive some variety from thence that would surpass our 
American Seedlings, but, as yet, none have been introduced. 

The wood of the Peach, being of a more open,. coarse fibre than 
that of most fruits, we find it more susceptible to sudden and severe 
changes of temperature, and therefore less hardy, and of shorter du- 
ration. That this character is materially affected by soil, seems not 
to admit of a doubt ; writers generally conceding that while in 
unfavorable soils the Peach decays in four to ten years, in favor- 
able soils it continues healthy and vigorous for forty or fifty years, 
and, with the addition of being annually, correctly and freely pruned, 
may be made to produce regularly for near one hundred years. 
Of this we speak more at length under the head of Soil. 

Propagation. — By Seed. The seed of the Peach, if carefully 
planted in the autumn, will often vegetate in the ensuing spring, 
and, in good soil, make a growth the first year of three to four 
feet ; but in order to succeed surely, it is best to gather the stones 
from late fruiting varieties, of hardy, healthy trees ; spread them 
about four inches thick on some light, sandy knoll and cover with 
about four inches earth. In spring, when the frost is fully out of the 
ground, leaving it fit for working, these stones will be found to have 



262 THE PEACH. 

mostly cracked and the germ jjist started ; they should then be care- 
fully planted in rows, four feet apart, and one seed every foot in the 
row, covered about two inches deep. The stones that are not 
cracked by the frost should be taken and carefully cracked, by plac- 
ing on a wooden block and striking the side edge with a hammer ; this 
will not injure the germ, as is often done when they are cracked by strik- 
ing the ends. Separated from the stone, the kernels should be 
planted same as above, but in rows by themselves, as all are not sure 
to grow, and, even if they did, would not as soon as those already 
started, and therefore the rows in culture would often have trees un- 
fitted for budding at same time ; or frequently those coming from, 
the last named kinds would be entirely too small for budding the 
first year. 

It is well to know that most of the yellow fleshed Peaches have a 
tendency to produce varieties similar to the parent ; hence the in- 
numerable new sorts that now swell the nursery-men's catalogues, 
and that are yearly being introduced to the public as " highly superi- 
or." If an orchard is desired to be produced of seedlings, by select- 
ing seeds of the Yellow Rareripe, Crawford's Early, Bergen's Yel- 
low, Lemon Cling, and Crawford's Late, it is very probable a col- 
lection would be obtained preserving in great measure the charac- 
ters, qualities, and times of ripening of these varieties. So, also, 
may the periods of ripening of each kind be, to a certain extent, 
hastened or retarded, by selecting pits of the first or last that ripen 
on each particular tree. 

The grower should, however, recollect that while there is a strong 
tendency in these varieties to reproduce themselves, their capability 
so to do is often destroyed by the intermixture, while in flower of 
some other variety which is perhaps adjoining them only a few feet ; 
hence, in order to feel any degree of certainty toward the raising of 
kinds valuable, or resembling the parent, it is necessary that the 
tree from which the pits are taken should stand perfectly isolated, 
or certainly distant two hundred rods from any other Peach tree. 

Those who have not the dry sandy knoll whereon to place the pits, 
to prepare them for the ensuing spring, may place them in a moist 
cellar until nearly the close of winter ; then take them out, soak 
them in water two or three days, spread them on the ground and 
cover two or three inches of saw-dnst or leaf mould over them ; thus 
exposing them to action of frost miril the season for planting. 

By Budding. — The seed sown as above will, early in the month 
of September, be found to have grown, in good soil, from three to 
four feet, when they should be budded as near the ground as possi- 
ble ; and in October one-half of the entire top should be cut back — 
not the limbs pruned off", leaving bare stems — but the growth of 
every limb should be shortened or cut back one-half; this is to pre- 



BY GRAFTING — TRANSPLANTING. 263 

vent injury from high winds or heavy snows, which frequently break 
the tree, just at the insertion of the bud. 

Some bud upon the plum stock, for the purpose of dwarfing the 
tree ; and when so done the month of August is best. The exact 
time cannot be stated, as seasons vary even in the same section of 
country, but the watchful eye will soon learn to detect the period 
when the young stock is about to form its terminal bud, and then is 
generally the best time. If the bud is inserted too early in the sea- 
son, on the Peach stock, it is liable to overgrow and " gum." 

Budding the Peach may also be performed in the month of June, 
on trees of two or more years old. It is done in same manner as 
that in common budding, except in selecting the buds, you select a 
young shoot, of about one to two inches grown, and, cutting it back 
to one or two leaves, you insert and tie as in the common mode. 

By Grafting. — This is rarely performed at the North, but may be 
made tolerably successful if performed very early on trees standing in 
warm, light soil. A strong, sharp knife or spade should first be used 
around, cutting off all the roots of the tree, at about one foot from 
the body of a tree four feet high — the tree headed back about one 
half, and the lower limbs cut into about two buds each — the graft 
inserted in the manner termed tongue or whip-grafting, tied with 
soft bark, and covered with a ball of grafting-clay. When the graft 
has made one foot growth, the ligature should be loosed, and the 
lower limbs cut in smoothly to the body. Some cultivators in the 
southern States graft into the crown of the root, and when the stocks 
are small it is a good way ; but the cleft grafting mode is then best. 

Trans-planting. — In transplanting from the nursery to the orchard, 
the limbs, or branches, should be shortened back to the form of a 
pyramidal, rounded head, having the lower limbs within two feet of 
the ground, and not exceeding one foot long. The side roots should 
only have their ends smoothed with a sharp knife, all broken or 
bruised roots cut away, and the tap root cut off to within one foot 
of the crown. 

Distances apart. — On light, sandy soils, twelve feet apart each 
way is sufficient for the peach ; but on good strong soil, the trees re- 
quire from eighteen to twenty-five feet, in order, when full grown, to 
enable them to mature '"heir fruit with full exposure to the sun. 

Soil and Situation. — The soil whereon to make plantations of the 
peach is a matter of great import, as thereby hang the main chances 
of success or failure. The following analysis, made by B. Kirtland, 
Esq., of Poland, Ohio, from three esteemed varieties, viz., Yellow 
Rareripe, Morris Eed Rareripe, and Morrisania, will be found ex- 
tremely useful to every planter, as it is easy to get an analysis made 
of soils, and from the two the planter will know at once which par 



264: 



THE PEACH. 



ticular manure is required to perfect his fruit, and give vigor to his 
trees. Equal quantities of limbs and twigs from the three kinds 
above named, were taken, and after having been thoroughly dried 
(whereby they lost about 44 per cent, of water), carefully "burned 
with a moderate heat, yielding as follows : 



Charcoal and Sand, . 




% 




3.180 


Silica, .... 








1.480 


Perphosphate pf Iron, 




• 




2.174 


Potash, . 




t % 




. 12.545 


Soda, 




t % 




2.000 


Sulphate of Lime, . 




9 




2.258 


Lime, . . . 




9 




. 23.951 


Phosphate of Lime, 




m 




21.699 


Magnesia, 




t . 




7.052 


Peroxide of Manganese, 




B m 




.800 


Chloride of Sodium, 




( % 




.699 


Carbonic Acid, 




' 




. 33.350 




111.188 


Loss in Analysis, 








3.812 



115.000 

These analyses show the wood of the Peach tree as next to the 
Pear in amount of Phosphates, and also the erroneous impression so 
generally current, that the Peach requires a light, sandy soil. The 
most vigorous, healthy trees we have ever seen are growing on the 
borders of the Ohio River, on what is termed limestone soil, and 
where perfect drainage is naturally formed by the hills. On the 
prairies the trees grow rapidly, but to us have the appearance of a 
forced, green-house plant, and unable to endure aught but genial air, 
while feeding thus upon one or two of the elements of growth, and 
at the same time devoid of others requisite to the perfection of 
healthy wood. Lime and bone dust, we judge, will be found espe- 
cially beneficial in perfecting truly healthy trees, capable of endur- 
ing the great changes of climate on our western prairies. If to this 
application be added the practice of shortening in during the month 
of September, and perfect drainage of water from the roots, we be- 
lieve the tree will be found to endure more successfully the extreme 
changes of climate. 

The duration of the Peach tree we consider greatly dependent 
upon the soil being properly drained, and containing the proper pro- 
portions of food toward forming perfect wood. The doctrine of ex- 
cretions of vegetables, is one which we are yet inclined to support, 
having been unable to succeed, even with renewed preparation of the 



SEASON TO TRANSPLANT — CULTIVATION. 265 

soil, in growing two successive crops of the same kind of tree upon 
the same plot. 

A rank, luxuriant tree, with shoots spongy, sappy, plethoric, un- 
ripened, and incapable of being matured, with the roots in an un- 
dramed, cold, or wet soil, is too often regarded as thrifty, when in 
truth it is but the expression of a false stimulant, as in the human 
frame, exciting only to destroy. 

The situation of a peach-orchard should, if possible, be upon high 
grounds, as less subject to extreme and severe changes of tempera- 
ture, and as tending to more perfect maturity of wood in fall of year, 
and later period of blooming in spring. If the trees are low-branched 
and well shortened in, supplied with requisite inorganic elements in 
the soil, the lay of the land to the east, south, or north will only 
affect the time of ripening the fruit : that to the south maturing about 
one week earlier than that toward the north. Elevated situations, 
surrounded by, or bordering on, bodies of water, will often furnish 
fruits when adjacent valleys fail ; and this is especially true where 
the bodies of water do not entirely freeze over during winter: the 
southern shores of several of our lakes rarely failing to produce 
peaches when the entire crop is destroyed five or ten miles back in 
the interior. Even slight knolls often protect the crop, an instance 
of which we had in our own grounds, where trees were distant only 
thirty feet ; in one night all of the buds upon the lower limbs, or 
more than half v/ay up, being destroyed on the tree standing on what 
would be termed the level, while on the tree on the knoll not one 
was injured. 

The destruction of buds by extreme cold in the winter is of rare 
occurrence, except the tree has been excited by a season of warm 
weather, or has been grown in the manner called " thrifty," pre- 
viously noted. Where trees are steadily and healthily grown, they 
are capable of wishstanding 20° to 25° below zero without injury, 
unless immediately followed by clear, warm sun, or the tree being 
in an immature, unhealthy state. 

Season to Transplant. — Throughout the northern and western 
States it is best to transplant the Peach in the spring. South or 
Southwest, fall or midwinter may be best — but from remarks of 
many writers, we incline to the belief, that early in March or the 
last of February is best,, as they occasionally have some severe 
changes in January, very trying to newly planted trees. The ground 
should alway be prepared in the fall. 

Cultivation. — The ground about peach trees should always be 
kept clean ; if planted on light, sandy soil, running through an or- 
chard with a cultivator so as not to break the roots ; if upon rich 
prairie or limestone soils, the ground may be plowed and cropped 
without injury ; but on the sandy, light soil no crop except the white 
12 



266 



THE PEACH. 



turnip should ever be grown, and that pays best to be turned under 
by a very shallow plowing of, say, two inches deep. On rich, deep 
prairie soils, it is best not to stir the ground after midsummer. 

Pruning. — The fruit being borne only on wood of 
the preceding year, one of the great objects in pruning, 
is to keep all parts of the tree furnished with a regular 
and constant succession of annual bearing shoots. P. 
Barry, in his " Fruit Garden," has the following, so cor- 
rectly descriptive of the mode, that we adopt it, together 
with a cut illustrative of buds, on which C. D. E. are 
fruit buds, F. G. II. leaf buds, I. double buds, C. triple 
buds ; the two side buds being fruit buds, and the centre 
one a leaf bud. By referring to the branch, it will be 
seen that it is furnished with a certain number of wood 
buds and fruit buds. At the base, there are always one 
or more wood buds. 

Now, if that shoot were not pruned, all the fruit buds 
on it would produce fruit, — one, two, or three of the 
wood buds at the top would make new shoots ; these 
would necessarily be very weak, in consequence of the 
number of fruit below them. At the end of the season 
there would be a long, vacant space, entirely destitute of a 
young shoot or a living bud. This is the way that the inte- 
rior and lower parts of treesbecome so soon degarnished. 

But when that shoot is shortened, we will say one half, 
the sap is retained in its lower parts, one half of the 
fruit buds are removed, and the consequence is, that 
large and fine fruits are obtained from those remaining: 
young vigorous shoots are produced from the lower 
buds to bear next year, and 
take the place of those which 
have already borne. In this 
way regular uniform crops of 
large and fine fruit are ob- 
tained, and a constant succes- 
sion of young shoots is kept up. 



To form the head of a stand- 
ard Peach Tree. — We will 
suppose it the intention to 
form a standard tree, with a 

trunk tWO feet in height, and a Form of a low standard peach 
., , ° . . i tree, with astern two feet high, 

round, Open, and Symmetrical and a round, open head. 

head, like figure. We take 
a yearling tree and cut it back to within two feet and a half of the 




DISEASES AND INSECTS INJURIOUS. 267 

ground in the spring. Below this cut a certain number of shoots 
will be produced, from which three will be selected to form the main 
branches or frame- work of the head. All the others are rubbed off 
when two or three inches long or sooner. At the end of the season 
we have a tree with three branches. 

The second year these three branches are cut back full one half 
their length, and from each we take a shoot to continue the branch, 
and one to form a secondary branch. The other shoots produced 
below these are pinched or checked to prevent them from interfering 
with the growth of the leading branches. In the fall of the year we 
have a tree with six leading branches, and some bearing shoots be- 
low on the older wood. 

The third year each of these six branches is shortened one half, in 
order to obtain more secondary branches, and some fruit branches 
on the lower parts. All young shoots on the old wood, whether 
fruit branches or not, should be cut back one half, or as far as may 
be necessary, to cause the wood buds at their base to push, and 
make shoots to bear next year. 

The formation of the head goes on as described for two or three 
years more, when it is complete ; for peach trees, properly pruned, 
do not assume such wide spreading forms as they do naturally. The 
main branches and secondary branches should be at equal distances 
throughout, and far enough apart to give the bearing wood on their 
sides the full benefit of the sun and air. 

An equality of vigor should also be preserved amongst them by 
summer pinching. It is not uncommon to see a very vigorous shoot 
start up in a peach tree, and appropriate so much of the sap as to 
injure a whole branch ; these should be checked the moment their 
character is observed, unless they may be wanted to fill a vacancy. 
Every part of the branches should be furnished with bearing shoots, 
and these should, every spring, be shortened in one half or more, to 
produce others at their base, whilst those that have borne are cut out." 

With the advice above, as well as of most writers, to shorten 
back or prune the Peach in the Spring, we do not fully agree; be- 
lieving, rather, that if the operation be performed in September, it 
will enable the tree to more fully perfect the remaining buds, and 
fit it to endure changes of temperature during winter. 

Diseases and Insects injurious. The Curl of the Leaf. The first 
developed leaves, in the spring, often become diseased with a spongy 
and malignant growth, exhibiting reddish blotches or swellings on the 
upper side, that, after two or three weeks, causes them to fall off. " This 
occurs at a period when the vigorous circulation of the sap requires a 
corresponding action in those important organs. A second growth is 
soon forced out, which ultimately restores the tree to its wonted force 
and vigor. It is, however, evident, that though the recuperative 



268 THE PEACH. 

powers of nature may, for once, twice, or even thrice, restore a 
growth of leaves, the shock must at length impair the vitality, and 
induce an unhealthy condition." This curl of the leaf is produced 
by the punctures of a small plant-louse, the " Aphis per sica? fully 
described by Dr. Harris in his work on Insects. 

A mixture of tobacco water and strong soapsuds applied with a 
syringe, early, or as soon as the leaves are one third grown, will be 
found a good remedy. Barry regards the curl of the leaf induced 
by sudden change of weather — a number of warm days that cause 
the expansion of the young leaves, followed by a cold, rainy day ; 
the more severe and protracted the cold, the more severe and fatal 
the curl. 

The Yelloivs. What is regarded as the Yellows is little known 
throughout the West ; neither have we ever observed it, to any ex- 
tent, in the New England States, except where trees were procured 
from, or grown on poor, sandy soils, enfeebled and imperfect from 
their first start. That it may be perpetuated by innoculation, or 
sowing seeds from trees diseased, we have no doubt ; it therefore 
behooves every tree grower to be careful from whence he procures 
his pits for stocks. Prof. Kirtland says : " It is questionable whether 
any distinct disease occurs, to which this name is applicable. Per- 
haps it is only a collection of symptoms arising from causes acting 
either individually or collectively. Facts seem to favor this view, 
though the insight of popular opinion is in favor of its being a spe- 
cific and contagious disease." Depredations of the JEgeria exitiosa, 
Aphis persica, exhaustion of elements in the soil, and want of correct 
pruning appear to be the primary causes, and, in reference thereto, 
Prof. Kirtland further remarks : " In estimating the power and ex- 
tent of these causes, it should be recollected that an injurious im- 
pression, acting constantly upon successive generations of either 
animal or vegetable species, may ultimately establish a hereditary 
entailment that may be propagated in the form of predisposition 
to disease, or disease itself. The converse is equally true in pro- 
ducing health or physical development. 

These several causes have been exerting their influence on the 
Peach tree for a long term of years, impairing the stamina and 
health of its fruit germs. These impressions have been propagated 
and re-propagated, in conjunction with the action of the primary 
causes of impairment, till at length we have only a sickly progeny." 

The remedy is to cut down and destroy all diseased trees ; the 
preventive is judicious cultivation. 

Mildew. This is the name applied to a minute fungus which at- 
tacks the ends of the young branches of some particular varieties, 
termed serrated or glandless. It checks growth, and renders the 



THE PEACH WORM. 



269 




tree unsightly. Application, by means of a syringe, of one ounce of 
nitre to one gallon of water, in proportion, will destroy it, and, at 
the same time, add to vigor and health of the tree. Dusting of sul- 
phur is by some advised. 

The Peach worm or Borer, JEgeria exitiosa, was known as early 
as before the commencement of the present century, and has been 
repeatedly described. There are two sexes, and so remarkably 
different that some natu- 
ralists have almost hesita- 
ted in arranging them. 
"The insect, in its perfect 

state, is a slender, dark y^^ffii^M ^ ^^^^^^^^^0 

blue, four - winged moth. 
somewhat like a wasp, it 
commences depositing its 
eggs in the soft and tender 
bark at the base of the trunk, usually about the last of June, but at 
different times, from June to October. The egg hatches, and be- 
comes a small white borer 
or grub, (Jig. a), which 
eventually grows to three 
fourths of an inch long, pen- 
etrates and devours the bark 
and sap - wood, and, after 
passing the winter in the 
tree, it enfolds itself in a cocoon, (fig. b . under or upon the bark, 
and emerges again in a perfect or winged form in June, and com- 
mences depositing its eggs for another generation." 

Multiform have been the prescribed remedies for protection 
against this insect, but none have been found infallible ; and the 
careful cultivator will find the use of a sharp knife, once in June, 
and again in September, applied to cutting out the worm, whose lo- 
cation is easily discovered by exudation, near the crown of the roots, 
of gummy matter — a far better preventive, and also really cheaper, 
than heaping up of ashes, cinders, etc., etc. 

Gathering. — If for immediate use the peach should not be gath- 
ered until fully ripe, but if intended for market it is necessary often 
to gather while yet firm. 

Characters and Classification. — The general outward characters of 
many kinds are so nearly similar that it is necessary to resort to 
other means than exhibited in the fruit in order to identify varieties. 
This, even with all the means at command, is often very difficult, 
owing to the numerous seedlings constantly being produced. The 
distinction of freestones and clinsgtones (melters and pavies of the 




270 



THE PEACH. 



English) is the most natural and well understood; next, the distinc- 
tion by means of what are termed glands on the leaves, as also the 
indentations or irregular edge of the leaf termed creneate, serrated, 
and coarsely serrated ; and last the distinction by means of the flow- 
ers, as large or small. This last is open only to examination a short 
period, and therefore is not used except by the careful amateur po- 
mologist, or correct nurseryman. 

The accompanying figures are illustrative : 

Figure 1, the ser 
rated without glands; 
figure 2,coarsely ser- 
rated, and with glo- 
bose glands ; figure 
3, creneate and with 
reniform or kidney 
shaped glands. "The 
form of the glands," 
observes Lindley, 
" as well as their po- 
sition, is perfectly 
distinct ; they are 
fully developed in 
the month of May, and continue to the last permanent in their char- 
acter, and are not affected by cultivation. The globose glands are 
situated, one, two, or more, on the foot stalks, and one, two, or 
more, on the tips or points of the serratures of the leaves. The reniform 
glands grow also on the footstalks of the leaves, but those on the leaves 
are placed within the serratures, connecting, as it were, the upper 
and lower teeth of the serratures together ; their leaves, when taken 
from a branch of vigorous growth, have more glands than the leaves 
of the globose varieties. It will, however, sometimes happen, that 
glands are not discernable on some of the leaves, especially on those 
produced from weak branches ; in this case, other branches must be 
sought for which do produce them." Lindley, as well as most wri- 
ters since, have rendered these classes, with sub-classes or divisions, 
founded mainly on the structure of the leaves, but we have prefer- 
red, in this fruit as well as others, to embody the distinction in the 
text descriptive of a variety, and confine ourself to the practical 
every day wanted division of " best," " very good," and " good." 
The word "Melocoton" only meaning "peach," we have dropped, and 
only use it in connection with the synonyms. 

Uses. — The various uses made of the peach are so well known as 
not to require a word, yet the profit to be obtained from drying or 
preserving fresh, the fruit, when distant from market, induces us to 




PRESERVING THE FRESH FRUIT. 271 

extract the following descriptions. Downing says, " in Western 
New York, and indeed in most parts of the country where peaches 
are largely cultivated, the fruit is dried, and in this state sent to mar- 
ket in very large quantities. The drying is performed, on a small 
scale, in spent ovens; on a large scale, in a small drying house 
heated by a stove, and fitted up with ventilated drawers. These 
drawers, the bottoms of which are formed of laths, or narrow strips 
sufficiently open to allow the air to circulate through them, are filled 
with peaches in halves. They are cut in two without being peeled, 
the stone taken out, and the two halves placed in a single layer with 
the skin downward. In a short time the heat of the drying house 
will complete the drying, and the drawers are then ready for a sec- 
ond filling. Farther south they are spread upon boards or frames, 
and dried in the sun merely ; but usually, with the previous prepa- 
ration, of dipping the peaches (in baskets,) for a few minutes in 
boiling water before halving them." 

Preserving the fresh fruit. — Thomas describes the process as fol- 
lows : " Prepare the canisters in the best manner, of good tin — 
about seven or eight inches in length, and four to four and a half in 
diameter. Whatever be the size, they should be uniform, that they 
may be heated alike. The fruit selected should be just ripe and no 
more, free from specks or bruises. When the canisters are filled, 
the tops are to be carefully soldered on, leaving a hole in them 
about the size of a small pin for the escape of the air. They are 
then to be set in a vessel of water, to be kept boiling moderately, 
until the temperature of the fruit is raised to that of the water. 
The way in which this is ascertained, is to put a drop of water on 
the pin hole, which will continue to bubble as long as the air escapes 
from the canister. When the internal temperature is equal to that 
of the water, no more air will escape. The water is then to be 
wiped off, and a drop of solder immediately put in its place. The 
boiling water should be raised as near to the tops of the canisters as 
possible, so as not to cover them. If the operation has been pro- 
perly conducted, the ends of the canisters will, shortly after the cool- 
ing has taken place, be depressed, in consequence of the external 
pressure of the atmosphere. .The degree of heat to which the fruit 
is subjected does not cook it in the least. It is proper that the can- 
isters should be set in a cool place. The vessel in which the water 
is to be kept boiling, must of coarse have a level bottom ; and every 
one who is disposed to try the experiment can devise one for him- 

"I ^ 5? 

sel£ * 



272 THE PEACH. 



VARIETIES. 

The varieties of the peach have within a few years been largely 
increased, but as the fruit is, when matured, quickly perishable, we 
have endeavored to select out only those that are really valuable, 
and that will furnish a perfect succession from earliest to latest. 
Many varieties are undoubtedly good in their immediate locality, 
and often perhaps equal the best, yet there seems no necessity for 
increasing the numbers unless some evident superiority is found 
either in fruit or tree. 

The periods of ripening, which we have attached to each variety, 
mark its character on the southern shore of Lake Erie, in northern 
Ohio. At Cincinnati it will often be found two weeks earlier, while 
at Boston or Buffalo it will be eight or ten days later, 



CLASS L — Worthy General Cultivation, 
Bergen. 

Bergen's Yellow. 

American. It much resembles Yellow Rareripe, but ripens about 
ten days later ; a moderate regular bearer. Flowers, small ; glands, 
reniform ; fruit, large, globular ; depressed, broad suture, distinct, 
rather more than half round ; skin, deep orange, with a broad red 
cheek ; flesh, yellow, melting, and of luscious flavor. Season, early 
September. Freestone. 

Brevoort. 

Brevoort's Morris. Brevoort's Seedling Meller 

American. A moderate but regular bearer. Flowers, small ; 
glands, reniform ; fruity medium to large, round; rather broad dis- 
tinct, suture, deep at apex; skin, dingy, white, with a bright red 
cheek ; flesh, firm, slightly red at stone, sweet and high flavored. 
Season, early September. Freestone. 

Crawford's Early. 

Crawford's Early Melocoton, | Early Crawford. 

American. As a market fruit, one of the most deserving] y 
popular of the yellow fleshed varieties; productive. Flowers, 



WOETHY GENERAL CULTIVATION". 273 

small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, oblong, oval, sometimes 
roundish, point at apex prominent ; suture, shallow ; skin, yellow, 
with red cheek ; flesh, yellow, juicy, and when ripened in warm 
sunny weather, rich and sweet, at other times slightly sub-acid. 
Season, last of August to 10th of September. Freestone. 

Crawford's Late. 

Crawford's Late Melocoton, Crawford's Superb Melocoton. 

Crawford's Superb Malacatune. 

American. One of the most valuable yellow fleshed late varie- 
ties, deserving place in all collections ; productive. Flowers, small ; 
glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish ; suture, shallow ; skin, yel- 
low, with dark red cheek; flesh, yellow, red at the stone, juicy, 
vinous, and like the foregoing, depends on warm sunny weather to 
make it sweet. Season, last of September and first of October. 
Freestone. 

Cooledge's Favorite. 

Cooledg-e's Early Red Rareripe. 

American. Tree very hardy and productive. Flowers, small ; 
glands, globose ; fruit, medium to large, roundish, largest on one 
side ; suture, at apex only ; skin, white, with a bright red cheek 
often mottled; flesh, melting, juicy, rich, sweet delicious flavor. 

Season, 20th to last of August. Freestone. 

* 

Columbia. 

American. Tree, moderate grower, hardy, young wood a pur- 
plish cast, moderate regular bearer. Flowers, small ; glands, reni- 
form ; fruit, large, roundish, with a shallow suture half round ; skin, 
singularly marked and striped with dark red ; flesh, yellow, often 
exhibiting a red streak next the skin, rich, juicy, and excellent flavor. 
Season, middle to last of September. Freestone. 

Early York. 

Serrate Early York, | True Early York. 

Much confusion has arisen with growers respecting this peach, 
owing to the same name having been applied to seedlings in New 
Jersey. Tree, hardy, productive, and, from the period of ripening, 
one of the very best. Flowers, large; leaves, serrated without 
glands ; fruit, medium, roundish, oval ; suture, slight ; skin, with 
pale red dotted on greenish-white in the shade, and becoming dark 
red where exposed to the sun ; flesh, greenish-white, tender, melting, 
full of rich sprightly juice. Season, middle of August. Freestone. 
12* 



274 1HE PEACH. 

Early Newington. 

Early Newington Freestone, | Newington, 

Smith's Newington. 

Foreign. This variety ripens directly after the forenamed. Tree, 
hardy, moderately productive ; flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; 
fruit, large, roundish, one-half always largest ; suture, distinct ; skin, 
yellowish white, dotted and streaked with red, the cheek a rich red ; 
flesh, white, red at the stone, to which many particles adhere ; (if 
not fully ripe, it has the habit of a cling;) juicy, rich, vinous flavor. 
Season, 20th to last of August. 

George the Fourth. 

American. Tree, vigorous, hardy, regular, good bearer ; flow- 
ers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, above medium ; suture, broad 
and deep, making one half larger than the other ; skin, yellowish 
white dotted with bright red, on one side a rich dark red cheek ; 
flesh, pale red at the stone, melting, juicy, rich, luscious flavor. 
Season, last of August. Freestone. 

Grosse Mignonne. 



Royal Kensington, 
Grimwood's Royal George, 
" New Royal George, 
Large French Mignonne, 
French Mignonne, 
Swiss Mignonne, 
Purple Avant, 
Early Purple Avant, 
Early May, 
Early Vineyard, 
Vineuse, 



Neil's Early Furple, 

Johnson's Early Purple, 

Superb Royal, 

Royal Sovereign, 

Ronald's Seedling Galande, 

Pourpree Halive, 

Bell% Beaute, 

Pourpree de Normandie, 

Vineuse de Fromentin, 

Mignonne, 

Early Purple. 



Foreign. The Grosse Mignonne or Large Favorite was a favorite 
peach in France in time of Louis XIV., and is everywhere esteemed, 
although in this country it is seldom that the true variety is cultiva- 
ted. The true variety has large flowers, while that often grown has 
small flowers. 

Flowers, large ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, apex de- 
pressed, with a deep, hollow suture ; skin, dull greenish yellow, 
mottled with red, and with a purplish red cheek ; flesh, yellowish 
white, marked with red at the stone, juicy, melting, rich, high, vin- 
ous flavor ; stone, small, very rough. Season, about 20th August to 
1st September. Freestone. 

Heath. 

Heath Clingstone, Fine Heath, v 

White Heath, Red Heath . 

American. This variety is extremely valuable in the middle, and 
southern and western States. In the northern States it does not 



WOBTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 275 

always ripen well, but the fruit may be gathered, wrapped in paper 
same as oranges, and laid in a cool room and kept until Christmas. 
It often reproduces itself from the stone, and Bay lie's New Heath 
partakes of no new qualities over many other of its seedlings. The 
trees are very hardy, often producing on our western soils when 
all others fail. 

Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oblong, narrowing 
to both ends, with a swollen point at apex ; suture, one side, distinct ; 
skin, downy, cream colored white, a tinge of red in the sun ; flesh, 
greenish white, adhering closely to the stone, juicy, rich, luscious 
flavor. Season, October. Clingstone. 

Hyslop. 

Byslop's Clingstone. 

American. This variety should take the place of Heath in all 
northern localities, and, indeed, deserves a place in every garden, 
however small. From not finding it noticed in any work since Ken- 
rick's issue, we had supposed it probably a synonym, but have been 
unable so to detect it. Trees are hardy, vigorous and productive ; 
flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oblong, roundish ; 
skin, white, with a deep rich, red cheek ; flesh, very juicy, melting, 
rich and luscious. Season, early in October. Clingstone. 

Jaques. 

Jaquish, | Jaques Rareripe, 

Jaques Rareripe. 

American. A very desirable market variety ; good flavor ; and 
very certain bearer. 

Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish ; distinct 
suture ; skin, downy, dull yellow, with red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red 
at the stone, juicy, rich, slightly sub-acid. Season, middle of Sep- 
tember. Freestone. 

Morris Red. 

Morris Red Rareripe, | Red Rareripe, 

Large Red Rareripe. 

American. Has been confounded with George the Fourth, and 
alsowithGrosseMignon, from both of which it is distinct. The Large 
Early York of N. "jersey most nearly resembles it, but is quite dif- 
ferent. It is universally esteemed. * Trees, vigorous and productive ; 
flowers, small; glands, globose; fruit, large, roundish; slightly 
depressed at apex ; suture, well marked ; skin, greenish white, with 
a lively red cheek ; flesh, greenish white, red at the stone, melting, 
juicy, rich, sweet flavor. Season, last of August. Freestone. 



276 THE PEACH. 

Morris White. 

Morris White Rareripe, | White Malacaton, 

White Rareripe, Cole's White Malacaton, 

Luscious White Rareripe, Freestone Heath, 

Lady Ann Steward, Morris White Freestone, 

Philadelphia Freestone. 

American. This Variety is most suited to the southern and south- 
western States, where it is a most delicious fruit ; but grown at the 
north, it is one of the most valuable for preserving in brandy, and 
always commands a high price therefor. Tree, vigorous, moderate 
bearer ; flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oval ; suture, 
moderate, swollen point small ; skin, % downy, greenish white, be- 
coming a creamy w r hite when fully ripe, rarely a purplish tinged 
cheek ; flesh, white to the stone, moderately firm, sweet and rich. 
Season, middle of September. Freestone. 

Malta. 

Peche Malte, [ Italian, 

Malte de Normandie, | Belle de Paris. 

Foreign. The true Malta is less known than a spurious sort hav- 
ing globose glands, which is most generally grown. The true Malta 
is a delicious fruit for the private garden, but not desirable for mar- 
keting ; flowers, large ; leaves, serrated, without glands ; fruit, above 
medium, roundish, flattened, with a broad, shallow" suture on one 
side ; skin, pale, dull green, marked on the sunny side with broken 
spots and blotches of dull purple ; flesh, greenish, with a little dark 
red at the stone, very juicy and melting, rich, vinous, delicious flavor, 
Season, last of August. Freestone. 

Late Admirable. 



Royale, 




Narbonne, 


La Royale, 




Teton de Venus, 


Peche Royale, 




French Bourdine, 


Bourdine, 




Judd's Melting, 


Boudin, 




Motteux's, 




Pourpree 


Tardive. 



Foreign. An old variety, the trees of which have proved suc- 
cessful wherever grown. Moderate, regular bearer. Flowers, small ; 
(/lands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, inclining to oval ; suture, 
bold, apparently making two halves of the fruit — a swollen point at 
apex ; skin, yellowish green, with a cheek of two shades of red, 
mingled, or marbled ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, melting, delicate, 
delicious flavor. Season, about 20th September. Freestone. We 
have often seen the foregoing named fruit, the Malta, under this 
name. 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 277 

Lemon Clingstone. 



Kennedy's Carolina, 
Kennedy's Lemon Clingstone, 
Long Yellow Pine Apple, 



Largest Lemon, 

Fine Apple Clingstone, 

Yellow Pine Apple. 



American. The flavor of this variety, except grown in warm 
climate and good soil, would not place it among the first class ; but 
the uniform hardihood and productiveness of the tree, together with 
the fine appearance of the fruit, making it very desirable for market- 
ing purposes, has induced us to retain it. Flowers, small ; glands, 
reniform ; fruit, large, oblong, with a projecting point at apex like 
unto a lemon ; skin, fine yellow, with a dark brownish red cheek, 
becoming sometimes, in certain locations South, almost a crimson 
red ; flesh, firm, yellow, tinged with red at stone, juicy, sprightly, 
vinous, sub-acid flavor. Season, middle to last of September. 
Clingstone. The "Yellow Blanton Cling" is only a sub-variety, 
ripening a few days later. 

New York Rareripe. 

Livingston's New York Rareripe, J Honest John, 
Large Early York, | Haine's Early Red, _ 

Early York of New Jersey. 

American. The synonyms which we attach to this variety, we 
are aware, are questioned by some good pomologists, but after 
having grown and examined the trees under the several names, we 
confess ourselves unable to distinguish any material difference, cer- 
tainly not sufficient to make distinct descriptions requisite. Trees, 
vigorous, healthy, moderate but good bearers ; flowers, small ; 
glands, globose ; fruit, above medium, roundish ; skin, whitish, with 
marblings and dots of red, with a clear, rich, red cheek, where ex- 
posed to the sun ; flesh, almost white, fine-grained, very juicy, rich, 
mild, excellent flavor. Season, last of August. Freestone. 

NlVETTE. 

White Rareripe, |j Veloute Tardive, 

Nivette Veloute, | Dorsetshire. 

Foreign. An old variety, which succeeds most admirably 
throughout all Northern sections, and, where known, equally well 
South. Trees, upright, healthy growth, regular bearers ; flowers, 
small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, inclining to oval ; 
suture, shallow, point or apex slightly depressed ; skin, yellowish 
green, and, when exposed to sun, a bright, lively, red cheek ; flesh, 
greenish white, tinged with reddish pink at the stone, juicy, melting, 
with a rich, delicious flavor. Season, early in September. Free- 
stone. 



278 THE PEACH. 

Oldmixon. 

Oldmixon Cling, | Oldmixon Clingstone. 

American. Of the clingstone peaches we think this and Hyslop's 
the best, and deserving place in every collection. Flowers, small ; 
glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish oval ; suture, well marked, 
and one side of fruit slightly larger than the other, without mamelon, 
or swollen point; skin, yellowish white, with red more or less 
dotted, and becoming bright red cheek where exposed fully to sun ; 
flesh, pale white, juicy, rich, high and excellent flavor. Season, early 
in September. Clingstone. 

Oldmixon Freestone. 

Oldmixon Clearstone. 

American. Said to have been produced from seed of the Old- 
mixon, which we think somewhat doubtful. It is, however, a variety 
meriting place every where, as it always produces a crop, appearing 
to withstand late spring frosts better than many others, and for 
market, its ripening just at a period when most other varieties are 
out, makes it extremely desirable. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; 
fruit, large, roundish, slightly oval, one side swollen ; suture, appa- 
rent only at apex ; shin, a mingling of yellowish white and pale 
green, more or less marbled with dull red, and having a deep red 
cheek in the sun ; flesh, white, tinged with red at stone, rich, sweet, 
vinous, excellent flavor. Season, 5th to 15th September. 

President. 

American. Trees, healthy, productive, similar to the Rareripes ; 
a valuable market fruit ; 'flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, 
large or above medium, roundish oval ; suture, shallow ; skin, downy, 
pale yellowish green, with a red cheek ; flesh, white, red at the 
stone," juicy, sweet, rich, high flavor ; stone, rough, and unless fully 
ripe, the flesh adheres slightly to it. Season, middle of September. 
Freestone. 

Prince's Red Rareripe. 

Late Red Rareripe. 

American. Trees, vigorous, productive, and fruit of a grayish 
appearance, distinguishing it from all other varieties ; flowers, small ; 
glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish oval, with a depressed suture 
and sunken point at apex ; skin, downy, pale grayish yellow, mottled 
and marbled with red, and with a red cheek mottled with fawn-co- 
lored specks ; flesh, white, deep red at stone, juicy, melting, rich, 
luscious flavor. Season, early in September. Freestone. 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 279 

RoSEBANK. 

American. Originated with James Dougall, Esq., C. W. Trees, 
healthy, moderate, but regular bearers; Leaf, serrated without glands ; 
fruit, above medium, round, compressed at the apex; suture, deep, 
extending somewhat more than halfway round ; skin, whitish yellow 
with a red cheek, where fully exposed to the sun, the red becomes 
almost purple; flesh, thick, whitish yellow, very little red about the 
stone, juicy, rich, excellent flavor. Season, middle of September. 
Freestone. 

Tillotson. 

Early Tillotson. 

American. This variety requires a strong soil, otherwise it is 
liable to mildew. The trees are hardy, but not good bearers while 
young, nor are they rapid growers. Its period of maturity must, 
however, give it place for market purposes as being the earliest 
good fruit yet known. For small gardens where only three or four 
days are little consequence, it is not advisable to plant it. Flowers, 
small ; leaves, glandless, serrated ; fruit, medium, roundish ; skin, 
nearly white, dotted with red and becoming dark red in the sun ; 
flesh, whitish, red at the stone, to which the flesh partially adheres, 
juicy, rich, high flavor. Season, variable, we having fruited it as 
early as 29th July and again not until 10th of August, but always, 
however, a few days before Early York ; and we only note this here 
in order to show that no certain dates will answer frpm year to 
year in any fruit. 

Van Zandt's Superb. 

Waxen Rareripe. 

American. A variety not suited to market purposes, but highly 
desirable in small gardens for dessert use. Flowers, small ; glands, 
globose, obscure ; fruit, medium, roundish, one side enlarged ; su- 
ture, distinct but not deep ; skin, white, beautifully sprinkled and 
marbled with clear red, cheek red, dotted with carmine ; flesh, whit- 
ish, tinged with red at the stone, juicy, sweet, very fine flavor. Sea- 
son, early in September. 

Walter's Early. 
American. A popular orchard variety, adapted to light soils. 
Trees, healthy and productive ; flowers, small ; glands, globose ; 
fruit, above medium, globular, flattened ; skin, white, with a rich 
red cheek ; flesh, whitish, tinged with red at the stone, juicy, sweet, 
fine flavor. Season, last of August. Freestone. 

White Imperial. 
American. A valuable variety for the northern parts of our 



280 THE PEACH. 

country, being hardy and vigorous, and a regular, moderate bearer. 
South, the trees grow too rapid, while the fruit is insipid. It seems 
to do equally well in sandy or loamy soil, but in the former will 
probably sooner require some specific stimulant. Flowers, small ; 
glands, globose ; fruit, large or above medium, roundish, broad, de- 
pressed at apex ; suture, not deep, but well marked, and the fruit 
often one side enlarged ; skin, yellowish white, tinged or marbled 
with light purplish red towards the sun ; flesh, nearly white, melting, 
juicy, sweet, delicate, delicious flavor. Season, last of August. Free- 
stone. 

Ward's Freestone. 

Ward's Late Free, | Ward's Free 

American. We have examined this variety for several years, 
and were we to have but one late-ripening variety, should unhesi- 
tatingly select this. The Weld's Freestone spoken of by Mr. Man- 
ning, in the second volume of the Horticulturist, we strongly sus- 
pect to be this variety. It is a variety highly successful among 
orchardists in Delaware, and so far as we have seen, equally valua- 
ble at the North. Trees, vigorous, healthy, not too rapid growth 

flowers, small ; glands, ; fruit, above medium, roundish 

skin, yellowish white, with a red cheek where exposed to the sun 
flesh, nearly white, rarely tinged with red at the stone, juicy, vinous, 
and, for a late peach, sweet and delicious flavor ; for late preserving 
it is invaluable. Season, early October. Freestone. 

Yellow Rareripe. 

Yellow Red Rareripe, Marie Antoinette, 

Large Yellow Rareripe, French Rareripe. 

American. As a market or garden variety, this has no equal 
among yellow-fleshed fruits. Cultivators should, however, be care- 
ful of the correctness of their trees, as an old sort, far inferior, and 
often known under name of Yellow Malacatune, is frequently 
grown for this variety. Flowers, small ; glands, globose; fruity 
large, roundish ; suture, shallow, extending rather more than half 
round, a small point at apex ; skin, deep orange yellow, dotted 
somewhat with red, the cheek rich red, shaded off in streaks; flesh, 
deep yellow, red at the stone, juicy, melting, rich, vinous, nearly first- 
rate flavor. Season, 20th to last August. Freestone. 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 281 

CLASS II. — New and untested ; adapted to certain locations, or 
gardens of Amateurs. 



Alberge. 



Yellow Alberge^ 
Alberge Jaune, 
Purple Alberge, 
Red Alberge, 
Golden Mignonne, 



French Rareripe, 

Peohe Jaune, 

Gold-Fleshed, 

Yellow Rareripe of some 

Hardy Galande, 



Golden Rareripe. 

Foreign. Flowers, small; glands, globose; fruit, medium, roundish yel- 
low, purplish cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at stone. Middle Aug. Freestone. 

Allen. 

American. Small, roundish ; white, red cheek ; juicy. Freestone. Mid- 
dle Sept. (Cole.) 

Atwater. 
American. Closely resembles President, and may prove identical. 

Bellegarde. 



Early Royal George, 
Red Magdalen, 
French Royal George, 
Smooth-leaved Royal George, 
Violette Hative, 



Violette Hative Grosse, 
Brentford Mignonne, 
Ronald's Mignonne, 
Large Violet, 
arly Galande. 



Foreign. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, with a 
point ; suture shallow, yellowish green ; red cheek ; flesh, little red at 
stone ; juicy. Freestone. Early September. 

Barnard. 

Early Barnard, Yellow Barnard. 

American. Much resembles Alberge. 

Bachelder. 

American. Large ; round, white, with deep blush ; flesh, white, juicy. 
Freestone. Middle September. (Cole.) 

Briggs. 

American. Large, roundish ; Avhitish, red cheek ; flesh, white, red at 
stone ; sweet. Freestone. Early September. (Cole.) 

Blood Clingstone. 

Claret Clingstone, | Blood Cling. 

American. Valuable only for pickling and preserving ; flowers, small ; 
glands, reniform ; fruit, often measuring twelve inches round ; suture, dis- 



232 THE PEACH. 

tinct, skin, downy, dark, clouded, purplish red ; flesh, deep red through- 
out ; firm, juicy. Last September 

The old French Blood Clingstone is a smaller fruit than the above, and 
also has large flowers. The Blood Freestone is a variety of above, medi- 
um size, glandless leaves, and less valuable. 

Bullard's Clingstone. 

American. Large, round ; white, with red cheek ; juicy, fine. Sep- 
tember. (Kenrick.) 

Bullard's Seedling 

American. Large, round, pale yellow and red. Middle of September. 
Freestone. (Kenrick.) 

Cable's Late. 

Cable's Late. Melocotoc, 

American. A seedling of the old Red Cheek, and resembles Crawford's 
Late, only ripening some six days earlier. Freestone. 

Cole's Early Red. 

American. Productive ; flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, medium, 
roundish, pale yellow, mostly covered with red, often dry. Last August. 
Freestone. 

Chinese Peach. 

Flat Peach of China, | Java Peach. 
Peen To 

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; flowers, large ; fruit, small, flattened, long, 
yellowish green, and pale red ; skin, thin ; flesh, pale yellow, red at stone, 
to which it adheres, juicy, delicate, vinous flavor ; fitted only for the ama- 
teur's garden. September ; July, at the South. 

Clinton. 

American. Only suited for marketing ; flowers, large ; glands, globose; 
fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white with red cheek, juicy. Last of 
August. Freestone. 

Cambridge Belle. 

Hovey's Cambridge Belle. 

American. Large, roundish, white with a blush, red cheek, juicy, 
good. Early September. Freestone. (Hovey.) 

Clarke. 

American. Large, roundish, yellow, red blush ; flesh, yellow, red at 
stone, juicy, sugary, fine. Early September. (Cole.) 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 283 

Down Easter. 

Hall's Down Easter. 

American. Large, roundish, deep suture, yellow, broad red cheek; 
good, hardy, productive. 20th September. (Cole.) 

Double Montagne 

Double Mountain, | Montagne 
Montauban. 

Foreign. Almost worthy a place in first class ; flowers, large ; leaves, 
glandless ; fruit, medium, roundish, pale greenish white, with two shades 
of red when exposed to the sun ; flesh, white, delicate, juicy, fine. Last 
of August. Freestone. 

Elmira. 

American. This variety originated in Miss, by M. W. Phillips, Esq. 
We have not seen it, nor a description, but it is spoken of as a Clingstone, 
ripening a few days earlier than Early Tillotson, and being very desirable 
in that section. 

Eliza. 

American. Originated at Philadelphia ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, 
round, terminating in a nipple ; skin, yellow, with mottled red cheek ; 
flesh, yellow, red at stone. Last of September. Freestone. (W. D. B., 
in Pomologist.) 

Eastburn. 

Eastburn's Choice. 

American. Large, roundish, pale yellow, with red on the sunnyside ; 
flesh, yellowish, red near the stem, juicy, sprightly. Last of September. 
Freestone. 

FuLKERSON. 

Fulkerson's Early. 

American. Leaves, glandless ; specimens of the Fulkerson Peach were 
sent us 20th of August, 1851, by its originator, R. P. Fulkerson, Ashland, 
0., from which we made our description. Mr. Fulkerson states it hardy 
and productive when Yellow Rareripe, Tillotson and other varieties fail ; 
fruit, medium; obtuse, rounded, sides irregular, unequal; suture, half- 
round ; skin, whitish, rich, red cheek ; flesh, whitish yellow, tinged with 
red at the pit, juicy, rich, sweet and high flavored; stone small, angular, 
flattened. Freestone. 20th August. 

Green Catherine. 

Doctor Cooper. 

Probably Foreign. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, 
round, pale green, with red cheek ; flesh, bright red at stone, tender, 
juicy; very fine South, inferior at the North. First to middle Septem- 
ber. Freestone. 



284 THE PEACH. 

Green Rareripe. 

American. Flowers, small ; glands, globose. We have not seen it. 
Manning says : medium size, productive, fine flavor. Middle September 
Freestone. 

Galande. 

Hardy Galande. 

Foreign. Received from France by Messrs. Parsons & Co., Flushing, L. I., 
who describe it thus : Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, below medi- 
um ; suture, deep ; skin, downy, dark blood color on one side, on opposite, 
red and yellow marbled ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, rich, apricot 
flavor. Last August. Freestone. 

Hastings. 

« 

American. Flowers, small; glands, globose; fruit, above medium, 
round, slightly flattened ; yellowish white, with a purplish red cheek ; 
juicy, delicious. Early September. Freestone. (Manning.) 

Hartshorn. 

American. Large, roundish oval, yellow, deep blush ; flesh, coarse ; 
keeps long. Middle September. Clingstone. (Cole.) 

Hale. 

Hale's Melocoton. 

American. Above medium, oblong, flat at base ; suture, slight ; yel- 
low ; flesh, yellow, rich, sweet. Early September. Freestone. (Cole.) 

Hatch. 

American. Very large, roundish pointed ; suture, shallow ; deep yel- 
low, blush in sun ; flesh, yellow, melting, sweet. Early September. 
Freestone. (Cole.) 

Henry Clay. 

American. Newly introduced by A. B. Lawrence, Woodville, Miss., 
by whom it is thus described : Glands, reniform ; fruit, very large, deep 
purple in sun, shading to bright pink and creamy white ; flesh, grayish 
white, tender, peculiar flavor, partaking of strawberry and pineapple ; 
small stone, parting freely from the flesh. First August. September at 
the North. 

Kenrick's Heath. 

Heath Freestone, Heath Free. 

American. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oblong, 
swollen point at apex ; suture, slight; greenish white, purplish red cheek ; 
flesh, greenish white, red at stone, coarse, juicy, sub-acid. September. 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 285 

Jose Sweet. 

American. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, 
broad ; suture, deep ; greenish white, dull red cheek, juicy, delicious fla- 
vor. Last September. Freestone. 

Jones' Early. 

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish white, 
with pale red in sun ; flesh, yellowish white, red at stone, juicy. Middle 
August. Freestone. (Hovey.) 

Jones' Large Early. 

American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish flattened ; suture, 
deep ; greenish white with crimson cheek ; flesh, white, melting, pink at 
stone. Middle August. Freestone. (Hovey.) 

Incomparable. 

Pavie Admirable, | Late Admirable Cling. 

Foreign. Valuable only for market. Trees, healthy, productive ; 
flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish, swelling a little 
on one side, yellowish white, with red cheek ; flesh yellowish white, red 
at stone, juicy. Late September. Clingstone. 

Monstrous Clingstone. 

Pavie de Pompone, Pavie Monstrueux, 

Monstrous Pompone, Pavie Rouge de Pompone, 

Monstrous Pavie, Pavie Camu, 

Pavie de Pomponne Crosse, | Gros Melocoton, 

Gros Persique Rouge. 

Foreign. A variety which succeeds finely in rich, deep soils, often of 
very fine flavor, but apt to be deficient. Its very large size makes it sell 
readily. Flowers, large ; glands, reniform ; fruit, very large, roundish 
oval, swollen point at apex, obtuse ; suture, marked half round ; skin, 
yellowish white, with red mostly overspreading it ; flesh, firm, yellowish 
white, deep red at stone, juicy. Last October. Clingstone. 

Madeira. 

Hill's Madeira, Madeira Freestone. 

American. A variety now litfAe known, and, we think, never much 
out of southern Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish ; suture, well marked, not 
deep ; yellow, with rich red cheek ; flesh, yellowish, rather firm, rich, 
and, in warm seasons, sugary and delicious. Early September. Free- 
stone. 

Merriam. 

American. Glands, globose ; large, oval, light yellow, red cheek ; flesh, 
yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Last September. Freestone. (Cole.) 

Mrs. Poinsett. 
American. Origin in South Carolina. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, 



286 THE PEACH. 

globular; suture, distinct, regular; skin, brownish yellow, veined with 
red ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, partially clingstone. First September. 

Moore's Favorite. 

American. G-lands, globose; fruit, large, roundish, white, bright. blush ; 
flesh, white, juicy, vinous. Early September. Freestone. (Cole.) 

Malben. 

Early Maiden. 

American. Flowers, small ; leaves, glandless. A variety originated 
by Jas. Dougall, Esq., of 0. W., and, as yet, not fully tested. Fruit, me- 
dium, roundish compressed, one side enlarged; suture, distinct; skin, 
white, with reddish blush cheek ; flesh, white, juicy, sprightly. Last 



August. Freestone. 



Lincoln 



American. G-lands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish ; broad suture ; 
downy, yellow, with purplish red ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, 
sweet. Early September. Freestone. (Cole.) 

Noblesse. 

Vanguard, | Mellishe's Favorite 

Lord Montague's Noblesse. 

Foreign. The " Double Montague" is said by some to be identical 
with this old variety. We have fruited them two years, bat the Double 
Montague under unfavorable circumstances, so that we are, as yet, un- 
willing to place them as identical, although their identity is not improba- 
ble. Flowers, large ; leaves, glandless ; fruit, above medium, roundish 
oblong, pale greenish white, with two shades of red where exposed to 
sun ; flesh, greenish white, melting, juicy. Last of August. Freestone. 

Newman. 

American. Large, round, greenish white, with a blush; flesh, white, 
juicy, sweet. Middle September. Freestone. (Cole.) 

Orchard Queen. 

Reine des Vergers. 

Foreign. New — comes with high praise ; should be tested. Tree, 
vigorous ; new shoots, reddish ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oval, de- 
pressed at apex ; skin, yellow, purplish red in sun ; flesh, yellowish white, 
red at stone, melting, vinous. September. Freestone. 

Orange Clingstone. 

American. Flowers, small, serrated, glandless; fruit, large, round; 
suture, well marked; deep orange, occasionally a dark red cheek; flesh, 
yellow, firm, juicy, vinous. Middle September. Clingstone. 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 287 

Owen. 

Owen's Lemon, | Owen's Lemon Rareripe. 

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish ; suture, distinct ; 
yellow, purplish red in sun ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet. 
Middle September. Freestone. 

Paragon. 

Prince's Paragon. 

American. Flowers, large ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish oval ; 
yellowish green, with red cheek ; suture, shallow, terminating in a point 
at apex ; flesh, white, red at stone, juicy, sweet, rich. Middle September. 
Freestone. 

Poinsett. 

American ; originated in South Carolina. G-landless ; fruit, large, 
roundish oval ; ruddy yellow ; flesh, firm, juicy. September. Clingstone. 

Poole's Yellow. 

Poole's Large Yellow, j Poole's Late Yellow Freestone. 

American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish ; suture, half round ; 
deep yellow, dark red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, rich, juicy. Last 
of September. Freestone. 

Snow. 

American ; only suited to sunny exposures, and rich, deep, warm 
soils. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, round ; suture, 
slight ; skin, thin ; clear white ; flesh, white, juicy. Early September. 
Freestone. The blossoms of this variety are white, and the wood is a 
light green. 

Shanghai. 

From north of China. Flowers, large ; leaves, creneated ; glands, reni- 
form ; fruit, large, roundish ; pale yellow in shade, crimson red in sun ; 
flesh, pale yellow, deep red at the stone, to which it partially adheres. 
(Jour. L. H. Society.) 

Sites' Old Zack. 

A variety esteemed at Columbus, Ohio, where it originated. Fruit, 
above medium ; yellow, with dull red cheek ; flesh, yellow, juicy, separat- 
ing freely from the stone. 1st to 15th September. 

Skinner's Superb. 

A freestone yellow peach, originated at the South, where it ripens early 
in August, and is regarded as " very good." 



238 THE PEACH. 

Saint George. 

Smock, | Smock Free. 

American ; valuable market sort. G-lands, reniform ; fruit, large, oval, 
compressed sides; orange yellow, red in sun ; flesh, bright yellow, red at 
stone, juicy, rich. Last September. Freestone. 

Smith's Favorite. 

American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish ; deep suture ; yel- 
low, red in sun ; flesh, yellow, juicy, sweet. Middle September. Free- 
stone. 



Red Cheek. 



Red Cheek Melocoton, 
Hogg's Melocoton, 
Yellow Melocoton, 



Malagatune, 
Malacatune, 
Lady Gallatin, 



Yellow Malagatune. 

American. Flowers, small; glands, globose. The parent of most of 
the recently introduced yellow* peaches. Fruit, large, roundish oval; 
swollen point at apex ; yellow, deep red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at 
stone, juicy, a little sub-acid. Early September. Freestone. 

Red Rareripe. 

Large Red Rareripe, I Douglass, 

Early Red Rareripe, Burgess' Beauty. 

American. Flowers, small ; leaves, glandless ; fruit, large, round ; su- 
ture broad ; skin, white, mottled with red, becoming quite red in sun ; 
flesh, whitish, red at stone, melting, juicy, sweet. Last August. Free- 
stone. Sometimes mildews. From this variety it is probable most of our 
rareripes have been produced. 

Rodman's Red. 

American. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oblong ; 
mostly red in sun ; flesh, whitish, firm, juicy. Last of September. Cling- 
stone. 

Reeves' Favorite. 

American. Distinct from " Favorite " of Coxe. Flowers, small ; glands, 
globose ; fruit, large, roundish ; yellow, with red in sun ; flesh, yellow, 
juicy, sometimes a little acid. Early September. Freestone. 

Tippecanoe. 

American. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish , 
yellow, red in sun ; flesh, yellow, juicy, sprightly. Middle to last Sep- 
tember. Clingstone. 

There is also a Freestone variety under this name, which originated in 
Ohio. It is, however, rarely grown, and we know of no description, nor 
have we seen the fruit. 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 289 

Tuft's Early. 

American. G-lands, globose ; large, roundish ; yellowish white, red 
cheek ; flesh, white, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Last of August. Free- 
stone. 

Tarbell. 

American. Large, roundish, flattened at base ; suture, nearly round ; 
yellow, mostly covered with red ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet. 
Middle September. Freestone. (Cole.) 

Tuft's Rareripe. 

American. Glands, globose ; medium, roundish ; red and yellow ; flesh, 
yellow, sweet. Middle September. Freestone. (Cole.) 

Weld's Freestone. 

American. Flowers, small; glands, reniform; fruit, large, roundish 
oval ; greenish white, with some red. First to middle October. (Man- 
ning.) We are inclined to regard this as probably identical with Ward's 
Freestone. 

Washington. 

Washington Rareripe, | Washington Red Freestone. 

American. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, broad, de- 
pressed ; suture, broad, deep, nearly round ; skin, yellowish white, with 
crimson cheek; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet, rich. Mid- 
dle September. Freestone, but often adheres slightly. 

White Clingstone. 

Large White Clingstone, I New York White Clingstone, 
Williamson's New York, j Selby's Cling. 

American. The quality of the variety would place it in the first class, but 
in selecting of two, we think the Oldmixon preferable ; and as they ripen 
at same time, we have placed this variety as only suited to large orchards. 

Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, round ; small swollen 
point at apex; suture, shallow; skin, yellowish white, little covered or 
dotted with red where exposed to sun ; flesh, whitish, tender, melting, 
juicy, sweet, high flavor. Early September. 

Washington Clingstone. 

American. Requires a warm climate and good soil. Valuable South 
not at the North. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, 
roundish ; yellowish green, with gray specks and a tinge of red in sun • 
juicy, tender, and rich, sweet flavor. Last September. 

Walburton. 

Walburton Admirable. 

Foreign. Leaves, glandless, serrated; fruit, above medium, roundish 
oblong; greenish white, with red cheek; flesh, greenish white, melting, 
and separating freely from the stone. Late September. 
13 



, 290 THE PEACH. 

CLASS III. — Unworthy farther culture. 

Acton Scott. 

Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek, flat, 
pale white, often bitter. August. 

ASTOR. 

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, above medium, yellowish white, red 
cheek, deficient in flavor. Last of August. 
i 

Anne. 

Early Anne, Green Nutmeg. 

Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, small, greenish white, poor flavor. Early 
August. 

Admirable. 

Early Admirable, | L' Admirable, 
Belle de Vitry. 

Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek ; 
flesh, red at stone. August. 

Almond. 

Foreign. Glandless ; fruit small, light yellow, red cheek ; flesh, red at 
stone. September. 

Belle de Vitry. 

Admirable Tardive, Bellis. 

Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek ; flesh, firm, 
red at stone. Last September. 

Belle de Beaucaire. 

Beauty of Beaucaire. 

Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, greenish yellow, red cheek, juicy. 
August. Freestone. 

Beauty of Salisbury. 

Foreign. Trees mildew ; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white, red cheek, 
juicy. September. Freestone. 

Baltimore Beauty. 

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium., roundish, yellowish white, red 
cheek. August. Freestone. 

Barrington. 

Buckingham Mignonne, Colonel Ausleys. 

Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, whitish yellow and red ; 
flesh, tinged red at stone. September. Freestone. 



UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 291 

Bennett's Rareripe. 

American. Glands, globose 5 fruit, large, whitish yellow and red, deficient 
in flavor. August. 

Belle Chevreuse. 

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium oval, greenish white, with red 
cheek ; flesh, white, red at stone. September. Freestone. 

Belzar's Early Rareripe. 

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium round, red instm ; flesh, streaked 
with red. August. % 

Chilian. 

American. Glands ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek, defi- 
cient in flavor. September. Freestone. 

Canary. 

American. Fruit medium, canary color 5 flesh, yellow, not colored at stone, 
to which it adheres closely. September. 

Cable's Medium Melocoton. 

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, yellow and red ; flesa, yellow ; 
sub-acid. September. 

Cablets Early. 

Cable's Early Meloeotos. 

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, yellow and red ; flesh, yellow, sub- 
acid. September. 

Congress. 

Congress Cling-. 

American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, whitish, with red, juiey ; poor 
bearer. September. 

Chancellor. 

Chanceiiere. J Noisette, 

Late Chancellor, j .Stewart's Late Galandc 

Edgar's Late Melting. 

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oval, yellowish white, crimson 
rheek ; flesh, red next stone. September. Freestone. 

Carey's Mammoth Cling. 

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, little above medium, oval ; flesh, white. 
September, 

Charlotte. 

Old Royal Charlotte. New Royal Charlotte, 

Grimwood's Royal Charlotte, Kew's Early Purple. 

Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, above medium, ovate, greenish white, red cheek ; 
Sesb f white, red at stone. September- 



292 THE PEACH. 

Catharine. 

Catherine Cling. 

Foreign. Glands, reniform j fruit, large, roundish, oval, one side enlarged, 
yellowish, green, red in sun j flesh, firm, yellowish white, red at stone. Sep- 
tember. 

Druid Hill. 

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, greenish white, red in 
the sun ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, far inferior to "Ward's Freestone. Sep- 
tember. Freestone. 

Emperor of Russia. 

Cat Leaved , New Cut Leaved, 

Serrated, j Unique. 

American. Mildews badly ; glandless 5 fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish 
white, red cheek ; flesh, firm, yellowish while. August. Freestone. 

Early Robinson Crusoe. 

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, whitish, with red in sun. 
September. 

Eavorite. 

Favorite Red, 

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, above medium, oval, white, with much 
red in sun ; flesh, firm, red at stone. September. 

Eox's Seedling. 

American. Glands, globose 'j fruit, round, white, with red cheek. Septem- 
ber. Freestone. 

Gest's Superb. 

Gest's large Freestone. 

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white and 
red ; flesh, firm, sub-acid. September. 

Golden Ball. 

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, orange yellow, with red 
cheek ; flesh, yellow, pink at stone, juicy, but not equal to Bergen^s Yellow, 
with which it ripens. Early September. 



Pecher d'Ispahan. 

Foreign. Glandless j fruit, small, round, whitish green - 7 flesh, greenish 
white, a little sub-acid. September. 

Hoffner. 

HorTner's Seedling. 

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium or above, roundish, whitish., 
with red in sun ; flesh, yellowish white. August. Freestone. 



UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 293 

La Grange. 

American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oblong, greenish white, little red 
in sun ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, not equal to many others at same time 
ripening. September. Freestone. 

Late Yellow Alberge. 

October Yellow, Algiers Yellow, 

Algiers Winter. 

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish oval yellow when 
ripe $ flesh, firm, yellow, dry. October. 

La Fayette Clingstone, 
American. Fruit, large, oval, yellow, red cheek ; flesh, yellow, poor. September. 

La Fayette. 

American. Fruit, above medium; round, whitish, crimson in the sun ; flesh, 
stained with red. September. 

Nonpareil. 

Scott's Nonpareil. 

American. Glands, globose. Fruit, large roundish, oblong, yellow, with red 
cheek, too much like Crawford's Late, to be continued. Freestone. September. 

Old Newington. > 

Newington Cling, | Newington, 

Large Newington. 

Foreign ; glandless ; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white with red cheek 5 
iesh, pale yellowish white, red at stone ; juicy. September, 

Phfleiger. 

American ; fruit, large, yellow, juicy, good flavor, poor bearer. Freestone. 
September. „ 

Melting. 

Large Melting. 

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, whitish with red cheek, flesh, white, 
red at stone ; poor bearer. September. Freestone. 

Magistrate. 

Majestrate. 

American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, greenish white, red cheek, flesh, 
juicy, not high flavor. September. Freestone. 

Morrisania. 

Morrisania Pound , | Hoffman's Pound, 
Morrison's Pound. 

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, greenish white, dull red 
cheek 5 flesh, yellowish white ; poor bearer. September. 



294 THE PEACH. 

Madeleine of Courson. 



Madeleine de Courson, 
Red Magdalen, 
True Red Magdalen, 



French Magdalen, 
Madeleine Rouge, 
Rouge Paysanne. 



Foreign. Glandless ; fruit medium, roundish, yellowish white, red cheek ; 
flesh, white, red at stone. Last August. 

Monstrous Freestone. 

American, Glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, pale yellow and red ; flestr, 
yellowish white 5 poor bearer. September. 

Strawberry, 

Rose. 

American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, below medium, surface mostly red j flesls, 
whitish j too small. August. Freestone. 

Red Nutmeg. 

Brown Nutmeg", f Avant Rouge, 

Early Red Nutmeg, Red Avant. 

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, small, round, pale yellow, red cheek \ 
flesh, yellowish, red at stone. Early August. 

Royal George. 



Early Royal George, 
New Royal George, 
Millet's Miernonne, 



Lockyer's Mignonne, 
Griffin's Mignonne. 
3uperb, 



Red Magd aline. 

Foreign. Mildews badly j glandless ; fruit, medium, roundish, pale white, 
red dots and marbled red in sun ; flesh, whitish red at stone. Last of August. 

■ RoSANNA, 

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, yellow and purplish red ; flesh, 
yellow, red at stone. September. Freestone. 

Swalsh. 

Double Swalsb, } Swalze. 

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, ovate, yellow, red cheek ; flesh, 
white, red at stone ; poor bearer. September. Freestone. 

Sweet Water. 

Early Sweet Water, | Large American Nutmeg. 

There are two varieties under this name ; one with globose glands, and one 
glandless ; neither as valuable as Tillotson. 

Scott's Early Red. 

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, much dashed with red ; 
flesh, whitish, juicy. August. Freestone. 



UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 295 

Smith's Newington. 

Early Newington, | Smith's Early Newington. 

Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, medium, oval, pale yellow, streaked with pur- 
plish red in sun ; flesh, firm, pale yellow, red at stone. August. Clingstone. 

Smock Clingstone. 

American. Large oblong, yellow and red ; flesh, yellow, juicy, sub-acid. 
September. 

Spring Grove. 

Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, greenish yellow, red 
cheek ; flesh, greenish yellow. September. Freestone. 

SuLHAMSTEAD. 

Foreign. Glandless, mildews ; fruit, large, roundish, pale yellow, red in sun ; 
flesh, yellowish white, sweet. September. 

Slocum's Early. 

American. Glands, globose; fruit, large, yellow and red; flesh, yellow. 
August. 

SlEBOLT. 

American. Glands ; fruit, above medium, greenish yellow with red cheek ; 
flesh, yellowish white. Freestone. September. 

Tice. 
Tice's Red and Yellow. 

American. Fruit, large, yellow, red in sun ; flesh, yellow, juicy ; poor bearer. 
September. Freestone. 

Vandermark. 
American. Fruit, large, roundish ; flesh, acid. September. A clingstone. 

White Nutmeg. 

Early White Nutmeg, | Avant Blanche, 

White Avant. 

Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, small, oval, greenish white ; flesh white, to the 
stone. Early August. 

White Blossom. 

White Blossomed Incomparable, J Willow Peach, 

American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, above medium, oval, white ; flesh, white to 
etone. September. Freestone. 



296 THE PEACH. 

Weeping. 

Reid's Weeping. 

American. Glands, reniform ; only ornamental as a tree, and does not de- 
serve to be classed in fruits. 

Yates' Early. 

American. Much resembles Early York, but far inferior. 

Yellow Admirable. 



Orange, 
Abricotee, 



Apricot Peach, 
Admirable Jaune. 



Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish oval, yellow, little red 
in sun ; flesh, yellow, slightly red at stone, dry. Freestone. September. 

Zoar Beauty. 

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, mostly red where ex- 
posed to sun ; flesh, tinged with red. Freestone. September. 




THE PEAR. 

Pyrus communis, L. Rosacea of botanists. 

Native of Europe and Asia, the pear has long been cultivated, 
but not until within the past three centuries has there been any con- 
siderable number of sorts esteemed valuable as dessert fruits, ex- 
cept they were cooked. Of Van Mons, Knight, and others, and 
their exertions in originating and improving fruit, have we before 
written ; and to their skill and care do we owe many of our best 
imported varieties; while, in this country, we are not the less indebt- 
ed to such men as H. A. S. Dearborn, David Thomas, M. P. Wilder, 
J. P. Kirtland, W. D. Brinckle, and many others, for the importation, 
origin, and dissemination of the best varieties throughout the States. 

Our pioneer settlers all planted seeds of the pear, as well as of 
the apple ; and while in nearly all the middle portions of the States 
there are immense trees, healthy and vigorous as the native forests, 
few of these chance seedlings prove in fruit more than about one 
remove from the wild state. To this fact, and the erroneous impres- 
sion that " he who plants pears, plants for his heirs," we attribute 
the neglect of fruit-growers, for years, to plant any considerable 
number of pear trees. Gradually, however, as facilities of traveling 
have increased, giving opportunity of comparing impressions with 
practice and results, and information become freely disseminated 
through our agricultural and horticultural journals, have pear plan- 
tations increased, until at this time there are, probably, yearly plant- 
ed in the States not less than one million of trees. 

In almost every State, there appear certain localities where the 
pear succeeds most perfectly, continuing to increase in size, vigor, 
and productiveness, from year to year. The following may be 
selected from many : Danvers in Mass., Hartford and East New 
Haven County, in Conn., Vincennes in la., Detroit in Mich., and 
north-western or central New York. And indeed we may find it 
difficult to name a section where, with the appropriate care in cul- 
ture here pointed out, the pear may not be grown healthy and pro- 
ductive. 

Propagation. By seed. The propagation of the pear by seed is 
the same as that of the apj>le, if we except the fact that, as the roots 
of the pear the first year are generally confined to the one " tap- 
root," as it is termed, and a few fibres, it is necessary that the soil 
be at least two feet deep. Old pasture ground or meadow trenched 
with the spade is the best for the growing of pear seedlings. 

13* (297) 



298 THE PEAR. 

The propagating by grafting, budding, etc., is also the same in the 
pear as in the apple, and usually performed at same season. The 
remarks we make relative to root grafting on pieces of roots are 
also equally applicable to the pear as the apple. Some practise the 
grafting on pieces of root, and plant deep to induce the rooting of 
the pear from the graft ; this is easily done, but we see no advantage ; 
and our experience with trees, roots so formed, has not been favora- 
ble ; we have found the roots thrown from the pear small and in- 
sufficient to sustain the tree, while those of the old root, on taking 
up, were diseased, apparently from some want of action in the cir- 
culation of sap-vessels. 

Hardihood. The comparative hardihood of American over for- 
eign varieties has been much lauded, but as yet we do not think sus- 
tained by experiment. Propagation on healthy or unhealthy stocks 
we think has had more to do with it than aught else. Until within 
a few years past, most of the pears worked on pear stocks in this 
country were on suckers, and this we imagine the foundation of 
most said respecting the comparative hardihood of native over for- 
eign varieties. 

Stocks and Adaptation of Trees grown thereon. Healthy seedling 
pear stocks, usually two years old and about f to | an inch diameter at 
crown, are regarded best for grafting on, while the same left to grow 
until August, are usually suitable size for budding. The quince, 
apple, thorn, and mountain ash, are all more or less used for grow- 
ing what are termed dwarf trees. Of these the quince is best, thorn 
next, and apple the least desirable. Of the quince, seedlings are 
not desirable to use for this purpose, as they do not run even in 
growth ; but cuttings grown from what is generally known as the 
Angiers variety should be procured. The thorn and mountain ash 
are used often with advantage on dry gravelly or sandy soils, where 
the quince roots do not appear as well suited. 

While a very large number of varieties will take and grow for a 
year or two finely, there are comparatively few that succeed for a 
series of years in continued vigor and productiveness, when grown 
on any stock but that of the pear ; and while the cultivation is now 
very extensive on the quince root, we cannot but fear that in eight- 
tenths it will prove unprofitable to the grower ; and in the remain- 
ing two-tenths, require equally as much care in supplying nutrition 
and pruning, as a system of root pruning when grown on pear roots. 
There are, however, some sorts that the fruit seems improved by 
being worked on quince, asDuchessed'Angouleme, Easter Beurre, &c, 
and this is a strong item in favor of the quince stock ; and therefore, 
while advising its use, we must not forget always to mention that 
without careful and high culture the grower w r ill meet disappointment. 



STOCKS AND ADAPTATION OF TREES THEREON. 299 

About one hundred years may be taken, as the natural duration of 
the pear on pear roots,when grown in soil supplied with the elements 
necessary to sustain it; and about thirty or forty years the natural 
duration when worked on the quince root, and regularly pruned and 
cultivated. Instances are of course recorded and known, where 
trees exist for longer periods, while hundreds decay and are gone in 
one half the time. The demand for pear trees on the quince has 
been so great for some years past, that too often little regard has 
been paid to the stock ; and we have now in our grounds rows of 
bearing trees on quince roots, all of one kind, received from France, 
from which, although receiving the same care and attention, there 
may be selected those that ,ere many years must of necessity decay , 
the stock and tree are not adapted one to the other. Again, as be- 
fore remarked, there are varieties that, while they grow apparently 
well for a few years, decay on fruiting the second year. The suc- 
cess of the pear on quince roots trained en-pyramid in the old coun- 
try has been confined to but few varieties, and these kept under a 
steady yet high state of cultivation. Orcharding with the pear on 
the quince, in the manner of most orcharding in this country, will 
never repay the first cost of the trees ; but if trees are selected ot 
varieties known to have been long successful, and a system of cul- 
ture pursued which shall meet the requirements of the fibrous roots 
of the quince, then may the grower look for profit and pleasure in 
the result ; but equally gratifying and profitable would be the result, 
if we except a few varieties of foreign origin, when grown on the 
pear, and annually root-pruned; added to which, if one half the trees 
w T ere taken out after twenty years, the balance would form a fine 
permanent orchard to be managed as our apple orchards. In small 
gardens, where the quince stock is advised by nearly all writers, (and 
correctly so, if the right varieties are selected,) success will not be had 
without an appreciation by the grower of the extent of roots formed 
by the quince, and the system of culture required to supply the 
food of the plant, as well as knowledge in how to prune, and also 
some little knowledge of the amount of fruit the young tree is ca- 
pable of ripening and continue in health ; the tendency being rather 
to over-production and exhaustion. 

Transplanting, Selection of Trees, and Distances apart. — The roots 
of the pear have few laterals except grown on shallow rich soil, 
and in transplanting, it is therefore requisite to secure as much 
of the large root as possible. If in taking up they are mostly de- 
stroyed, the branches will have to be shortened in and cut out. On 
the quince root, when well grown, there will need little attention, 
except to head back to a regular shape, and prune smooth the ends 
of each root, as often directed in this work ; and in setting, taking 



300 



THE PEAR. 



care that the earth is even with the junction of the pear on the 
quince. 

Trees on near roots for the orchard or garden are best at about 
three years old, and five to seven feet high, well grown and shaped 
as noted in the apple. Dwarf trees or those on quince roots, are 
best at one year from the bud ; for, as a general thing, the nursery- 
man has neither the time, nor will the price paid for trees as com- 
pared with that of labor in this country, warrant him in a system 
of careful and correct pruning in nursery row ; neither can a tree 
be so evenly shaped as when transplanted to more open and exposed 
positions. 

The distance apart of pear or pear roots for large orcharding, 
should be from twenty-five to thirty feet, while that of dwarfs for 
gardens should be ten to fifteen feet. Dwarfs are now much plant- 
ed intermediate in large permanent orchards, but as a whole, the 
practice is not to be advised, unless the grower intends to cultivate 
such orchard with care and attention, superior to the ordinary 
method of plowing, planting potatoes, &c. 

Soil and Manures. — The pear roots thrive best in a soil where 
the sub-soil is at once dry and moist ; that is, where it is open and 
porous sufficient to admit of free drainage, and yet where the roots, 
extending deeply and freely in it, reach moisture in season of ex- 
treme drought. Cold clay is a bad sub-soil, and where it exists in 
the ground of a prospective orchard, it should be deeply and 
thoroughly .sub-soiled and well drained. The pear on quince roots 
succeed best in rich, deep, moist, loamy ground, even enduring con- 
siderable water better than dry sand. The following is the analysis 
of the ash of the pear as made by Dr. Emmons : — 



Potash, .... 

Soda, . . . . - . 
Chlorine, .... 
Sulphuric Acid, 
Phosphate of Lime, 
Phosphate of Peroxide of Iron, 
Carbonic Acid, 
Lime, . 
Magnesia, .... 

Silex, 

Coal, 

Organic Matter, 



Sap wood. 

22.25 
1.84 
0.31 
0.50 

27.22 
0.31 

27.69 

12.64 
3.00 
0.30 
0.17 
4.02 

100.25 



Bark. 
6.20 

1.70 

1.80 
6.50 

37.29 
30.36 
9.40 
0.40 
0.65 
4.20 

98.30 



From this it will be seen what most is wanted in the soil to pro- 
duce healthy foliage and wood in the pear As a general thing, 



PRUNING. 



301 



soils usually are or become deficient in lime and the phosphates, and 
the cheapest remedy is liberal dressing of wood ashes and bone 
dust ; or in sections where bone dust is not easily attainable, dig 
in around the tree whole bones from the daily use of a family, or 
procured from a . slaughter-house. Potash dissolved in water and 
applied to vegetable mould from the woods, and this dug in around 
the tree, is also a cheap and ready way of supplying food requisite. 
Iron filings, etc., from smith-shops is also good, and hence the im- 
pression of some, that through it the Might was cured or prevented. 
The fact being only that a certain element requisite to health was 
exhausted in the soil. 

Pruning. — In connection with what we have recorded under this 
head on a previous page, we add the following, as directly applicable 
to the pear. It is from the experience of Thomas Eivers, Esq., 
England, one of the most successful pyramidal pear tree growers in 

the world : 

" If root-pruned pyramidal trees are planted, it will much assist 
them if about half the blossom buds are thinned out with sharp- 
pointed scissors, or a penknife, just before they open ; otherwise 
these root-pruned trees on 
the quince stock are so full 
of them, that the tree re- 
ceives a check if they are 
all allowed to expand. About 
ten or fifteen fruit may be 
permitted to ripen the first 
season ; the following season 
two or three dozen will be 
as many as the tree ought 
to be allowed to bring to 
perfection, increasing the 
number as the tree increases 
in vigor, always remember- 
ing that a few full-sized and 
well-ripened pears are to be 
preferred to a greater num- 
ber, inferior in size and 
quality. 

Summer pinching in the 
youth of the tree is the only 
remedy, if it is not well fur- 
nished below ; and a severe 
remedy it is, for all the 
young shoots on the upper 
tiers, including the leader, 
must be pinched closely in 
May and Jun© till the lower 




302 



THE PEAR. 



ones have made young shoots of a sufficient length to give uniform- 
ity to the tree. This requires much attention and trouble ; it is 
better to be careful not to plant any tree for a pyramid that is not 
well furnished with buds and branches to its base. A tree of this 
description may soon be made to assume the shape of the foregoing 
figure, which is a perfect pyramidal pear tree, such as it ought to be 
in July, before its leading side shoots and perpendicular leaders are 
shortened, which is best done towards the end of August : this short- 
ening^must be made at the marks , and all the side shoots short- 
ened in the same manner ; and also the leading shoot. Hooked 
pruning scissors will be found the best implement to prune with. 
The spurs are the bases of the shoots that have been pinched 
ji June. 

Planting and after 
management. — As before 
mentioned, the autum- 
nal and early winter 
months are to be prefer- 
red for planting ; care 
should betaken in select- 
ing trees that are fur- 
nished with buds and 
branches from bottom 
to top; but if a young 
gardener intends to 
plant, and wishes to 
train up his trees so 
that they will become 
quite perfect in shape, he 
should select plants one 
year old from the bud or 
graft ; these will, of 
course, have good buds 
down to the junction of 
the graft with the stock. 
The first spring, a tree 
of this description should 
be headed down so as to 
leave the shoot about 18 
inches long ; if the soil is 
rich, from five to six and 
seven shoots will be pro- 
duced ; one of these 



must be made the leader, 
and if not inclined to be 
c/.ite perpendicular, this must be fastened to a stake. As soon in sum- 




PRUNING AND AFTER MANAGEMENT. 303 

mer as the leading shoot is ten inches long, its end must be pinched 
off, and if it pushes forth two or more shoots, pinch all off but one 
to about two inches, leaving the topmost for a leader ; the side shoots 
will in most cases assume a regular shape ; if not, they may be this 
first season tied to slight stakes to make them grow in the proper 
direction. This is the best done by bringing down and fastening 
the end of each shoot, to a slight stake, so that an open pyramid 
may be formed ; for if it is too close and cypress-like, enough air is 
not admitted to the fruit ; they may remain unpruned till the end 
of August, when each shoot must be shortened to within eight buds 
of the stem ;* this will leave the tree like the preceding figure, and 
no pruning in winter will be required. 

The second season the trees will make vigorous growth ; the side 
shoots which were topped last August will each put forth three, four, 
or more shoots ; as soon as these are four inches long they must be 
pinched off to within three inches, all but the leading shoot of each side 
bra/nch ; this must be left on, to exhaust the tree of its superabundant 
sap, till the end of August. The perpendicular leader must be top- 
ped once or twice ; in short, as soon as it has grown ten inches, pinch 
oft' its top, and if it breaks into two or three shoots, pinch them all 
but the leader, as directed for the first season ; in a few years, most 
symmetrical trees may be formed. 

When they have attained the height of six or eight feet, and still 
continue to grow vigorously, it will be necessary to commence root- 
pruning to bring them into a fruitful state. 

I have thus far given directions for those who are inclined to rear 
their own pyramids. Much time and attention are required ; but 
the interest attached to well-trained pyramids will amply repay the 
young cultivator. 

I will now endeavor to give directions for the management of trees 
adapted for the gardener of mature age, who feels somewhat impa- 
tient if his trees do not begin at once to be fruitful. A most valu- 
able auxiliary to precocious fruitfulness in pears is the quince stock ; 
pears grafted on it may be safely recommended for all soils of mod- 
erate depth and fertility, and even for light and sandy soils I am 
induced to advise it, only in those circumstances the trees must have 
more care and higher cultivation. In soils of that nature I should 
recommend the surface of the soil round the tree to be covered 
during June, July, and August, with short grass, moss, or manure, 
and to give them once a week, in dry weather, a drenching with 
guano water, (about two pounds to six gallons,) which must be well 
stirred before it is used ; each tree should have twelve gallons poured 
gradually into the soil : by this method the finest fruit may be pro- 

* There are generally three or four abortive buds at the base of each shoot ; 
these must not be reckoned, 



304 



THE PEAR. 



duced ; and as it is very probable that, ere many years elapse, we 
shall have exhibitions of pears, this will be the mode to procure fine 
specimens to show for prizes. 

Monsieur Cappe's method of pruning in the Garden of Plants, 
(Jardin des Plantes,) France, where all are on their own or pear 
roots, is thus described by the late A. J. Downing in the Horticul- 
turist. These pyramidal pear trees, it is well known, are regarded 
as the most perfect of specimens. 

" M. Cappe confines his pruning to three seasons of the year. In 
the month of March, or before the buds start, he shortens back with 
the knife all the leading shoots, fig. 1, a, a, — that is, the terminal 
shoots at the end of each side branch. Of course, this forces out not 
only a new leading shoot at the end of the branch, but side shoots, 
6, 6, at various places on the lower part of the 
shoot. These side shoots are left to grow till the 
end of May. They have then pushed out to about 
four or five inches in length. The ends of all 
these side shoots are then pinched off, leaving 
only about an inch and a half at the bottom of 
the shoot. 

" Fig. 2 shows one of the branches, with the 
side shoots, as they are at the end of June. The 
dotted lines, 6, b, show the point to which these 
shoots should be pinched off. 

" The terminal or leading shoot, c, is left entire, 
in order to draw up the sap, which would other- 
wise force all the side shoots into new growth. Notwithstanding 
this precaution, in luxuriant seasons the side shoots will frequently 

push out new shoots again, just below 
where they were pinched. This being 
the case, about the last of August M. 
Cappe shortens back these new side 
shoots to about an inch and a half. But 
this time he does not pinch them off. 
He breaks them, and leaves the broken 
end for several days attached and hang- 
ing down, so that the flow of sap is not 
so suddenly checked as when the branch 
is pinched or cut off, and the danger of 
new shoots being forced out a third time 
is thereby effectually guarded against. 
" The object of this stopping the side 
branches, is to accumulate the sap, or, more properly, the organizable 
matter in these shortened branches, by which means the remaining 
buds become fruit-buds instead of wood-buds. They also become 
spurs, distributed over the whole tree, which bear regularly year 




Ffc.i. 




Fig. 2 



INSECTS AND DISEASES. 305 

after year, sending out new side shoots, which are pinched back in 
the same manner every summer. 

" In order to keep the tree finely proportioned, the eye of the 
pruner must be a nice one, that he may, with a glance, regulate 
the pruning of the terminal branches or leaders, which, as we 
have just said, are shortened back in March — for then is the time 
to adjust any extravagances of growth which the tree may have run 
into, on either side : and in the summer pinching the balance of 
growth is adjusted by pinching the side shoots that start out nearest 
the ends of the branches, quite short, say an inch and a half, while 
those that start near the bottom of the branch, (or the centre of the 
tree,) where they have less nourishment, are left from four to five 
inches long. 

" Understanding this mode of pruning, nothing is easier than to 
form pyramidal pear trees of the most perfect symmetry, and beauty 
of form. But in order to have the branches regularly produced 
from the ground to the summit, you must plant a tree vvhich is only 
a couple of feet high, so that you can form the first tier of branches 
quite near the ground, by cutting back the leader at the very outset ; 
for if the tree is once allowed to form a clean body or stem, of 
course it is impossible afterwards to give it the requisite shape and 
fulness of branches at the bottom." 

All this our readers will understand relates more especially to 
the art of pruning, as adapted to high or garden culture. Standard 
trees in the orchard require only the same or similar pruning to that 
pursued in the apple ; very few trees, in fact,' requiring aught but a 
thinning out of branches, or rather a preventing, while young, of the 
branches becoming too thick. 

Insects and Diseases. — The Scolytus pyri is an insect described by 
Harris. This is by some counted as the cause of a species of blight. 
Its presence has, however, been rarely met with, and doubts arise 
among many cultivators whether it is as prevalent, and the cause of 
as much destruction, as reported. 

The Bupestris divaracata, and perhaps some allied species, is 
found in the larvae state under the bark, on the bodies of both the 
pear and apple ; and what is often taken for sun-blight, is the effect 
of this insect. The bark appears blackened on the body of the tree, 
on the south or southwest side. Cutting it away carefully and de- 
stroying the larvae in months of July to September, and washing 
the body first with ley-water, or strong soap-suds, and covering .it 
with a coating of gum shellac, dissolved in alcohol, is the remedy. 

The slug Selandria cerasi appears on the leaf of both cherry 
and pear in June, July and August. It is about half an inch long 
of a dull, greenish brown, slimy, shining, offensive appearance. 
It is easily destroyed, if taken in time, by scattering ashes or even 



306 



THE PEAK. 



dirt over the leaves early in morning, or while the dew is on, fol- 
lowing up the application some four or five days. The frozen-sap 
blight, etc., often so destructive to trees in the West, we have re- 
marked on in previous pages, and refer thereto. 

Selection of varieties known to be permanently successful on the 
quince. — As we have before remarked, while there are a great many 
varieties that at first take and grow well on the quince stock, there 
are but few comparatively that are permanently successful. It there- 
fore becomes the planter to select with care, and plant with a view 
to permanence, only those that are known to succeed. Of the error 
of planting indiscriminately, we have had practical experience, as in 
planting the grounds of our present residence we looked to the test- 
ing of varieties, and therefore ordered and planted one tree only of 
a. sort. On a double border so planted, containing over 200 sorts, 
we have already, in three years, discarded one half, and feel confi- 
dent that not more than one half of the remainder will answer to 
continue permanently. As yet few or none of our American native 
pears can be depended on when grown on the quince, and as all in- 
troduced are of the quality described when grown on pear roots, 
we advise most planters so to procure them. 

Of those known to succeed permanently when grown on quince, 
the following may be selected : 



Summer Dean, Doyenne duffle, 

English Jargonelle, 

Madelaine, 

Long Green of Autumn, 

Beurre Diel, 

Glout Morceau, 

White Dean, White Doyenne, 

Gray Dean, Gris Doyenne, 

Striped Long Green of Autumn, 

Weary Soldier, Soldat Laboureur, 

Van Mons' Leon Le Clerc, 



Summer Franc Eeal, 

Bartlett, 

Beurre d'Amalis, 

Louise Bonne of Jersey, 

Vicar of Wakefield, 

Angouleme, Duchess of ditto, 

Easter Beurre, 

Duchess of Orleans, 

Beurre of Anjou, 

Boussouck, Doyenne Boussouck, 

Passe Colmar. 



Gathering of the Fruit, and Uses. — " Gather pears of the summer 
sorts rather before they are ripe, as, when thoroughly so, they eat 
mealy if kept above a day or two ; even when gathered as they 
ought to be, in a week or less they begin to go at the core. They 
should not, however, be gathered when they require much force to 
pull them off. Autumn pears must also not be full ripe at the time 
of gathering, though they will keep longer than the summer. 
Winter pears, on the contrary, should hang as long on the trees as 
they may, so as to escape frost, which would make them flat in 
flavor, and not keep well. Generally they may hang to the middle 
of October on full standards, a week longer on dwarfs, but yet not 



VARIETIES AND NOMENCLATURE. 307 

after they are ripe. The art of gathering is, to give them a lift, so 
as to press away the stalk, and if ripe, they readily part from the 
tree. Let them be quite dry when pulled, and in nandling, avoid 
pinching the fruit, or in any way bruising it ; as gathered, lay them 
quietly in shallow baskets." 

This process of gathering at the proper time, in connection with 
their after maturing, in a fruit-room or house of equable temperature, 
has often very much to do in deciding the quality of a pear. Many 
varieties are entirely worthless as dessert pears, unless so ripened, 
when, with this care, they are really the most delicious. 

The old criterion of a good pear, viz. : one with a sugary aromatic 
juice, soft sub-liquid pulp or melting, as in the White Doyenne, or 
fine crisp and " breaking," as in the Bergamottes ; firm, juicy, yet 
austere for cooking, as in the Pound, is equally good at this day as 
when first written. 

The common uses of the pear are for dessert, baking, stewing, 
drying, preserving, marmalades, and for perry. For the latter use, 
large orchards of the more common hardy sorts have heretofore 
been planted, and the result found more profitable than the same 
amount of ground appropriated to the apple for cider. 

Varieties and Nomenclature. — The number of varieties now known 
is something over 1200, but of these it is more than probable over 
1000 may be discarded, and then leave more than have qualities to 
sustain their continued culture when compared with the best. Through- 
out the West, the pear culture is only in its infancy, and we there- 
fore place far less in our first class than probably may seem worthy 
that position by our Eastern pear amateurs ; but we would rather 
our Western growers should plant varieties worthy their attention, 
than, as a whole, devote time to testing. We shall not pretend in 
this work to even note all varieties, but shall only speak of those 
most known in our own language, while we could wish (and pro- 
bably may do so, as far as possible, at a future time) to transfer 
all names into the English language ; we have at this time thought 
best in most cases to retain the foreign name, but in the first class 
giving the English meaning directly underneath, and in same size 
type. In other cases where the English rendering seemed appro- 
priate, we have adopted it as the standard name, giving the heretofore 
standard name as the first synonym. 

Forms and Size comparative. — Our forms illustrative of the terms 
used in description, are from the Transactions of the Massachusetts 
Horticultural Society. These are founded on the fundamental 
figure of a circle, and on this is drawn the form of the fruit ; and 
where the circle forms not a part of the fruit form, it is shown by 
dots. It should always be recollected, that in the pear, pyriform is 
with the small end at the stem; while in the apple it is at the 
calyx. 



308 



THE PEAR. 




Globular. 




Obovate. 





Ovate, 




Oblong. 




Globular ; obtuse pyriform. 



Globular ; acute pyriform 



FORMS AND SIZE COMPARATIVE. 



309 





Obovate ; acute pyriform. 



Ovate pyriform. 





Oblong pyriform. 



Obovate obtuse pyriform. 



310 



THE PEAR. 





Oblong obovate pyriform. 



Oblong ovate pyriform. 



Of size comparative, we take the Seckel as small ; the White Do- 
yenne or Virgalieu as medium ; the Bartlett as large. 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



Sll 



CLASS I. — Worthy General Cultivation. 
Bartlett. 



William's Bon Chretien, | William's, 
Poire -Guilliaume, 




An English variety originated about 1770. Now extensively- 
grown, and too well known to really need description. The trees 
are vigorous, and early productive of fair handsome fruit, either on 
pear or quince root. 

Fruit, large, ovate, obtuse pyriform ; surface somewhat uneven ; 
color, clear light yellow, tinged with blush in sun when ripe, russet 
around the stem, and minute russet dots over the whole ; stem, short, 
thick ; calyx, medium, partly open ; basin, shallow, furrowed ; core, 
medium ; seeds, broad ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, 
vinous. Season, middle August to middle September. 



312 



THE PEAR. 



Belle Lucrative — Beautiful and Profitable. 

Fondante d'Automne, | Seigneur d'Esperin. 




A Flemish variety ; tree of moderate growth ; productive bearer, 
young shoots long, yellowish gray. 

Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform ; color, pale yellowish green, 
slightly russeted ; stem, stout, often fleshy ; calyx, short, open ; basin, 
medium ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, melting, juicy, aromatic, 
sweet. Season, last September. 



Beurre Langelier — Langelier's Butter. 

A foreign pear, newly introduced : has fruited but few times in this 
country, but may safely be placed as best. 

Fruit, large, obovate pyriform, contracted toward, and terminating 
obtusely at, stem ; color, light green, becoming, at maturity, pale 
yellow, with a dull red cheek in sun, and numerous gray russet dots ; 
stem, one inch, or more, long, angularly inserted without depression ; 
calyx, medium; basin, shallow, plaited ; core, medium; seeds, long 
ovate pyriform ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, fine-grained, 
sub-acid, slight perfume. Season, November to January. 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



313 



Beurre Diel — Diel's Butter. 



Diel, 

Diel's Butterbirne., 
Dorothea. Royal, 
Grosse Doroth.ee, 
Beurre Royal, 



Des Trois Tours, 
De Melon, 
Melon de Kops, 
Beurre Magnifique, 
Beurre Incomparable. 



Foreign. Grows 
and fruits well on 
pear or quince, 
but is best on 
quince ; tree, vig- 
orous, the foliage 
large; wood, olive 
brown with gray- 
ish specks ; very- 
productive. 

Fruit large, (our 
engraving is too 
small for an av- 
erage, ) obovate, 
obtuse pyriform, 
surface rather 
uneven ; color, 
dull green, bright 
yellow when 
mature, russet 
specks, and scat- 
tered russet and 
greenish brown 
patches; stem, 
stout, and slightly 
curved; cavity \ 
narrow ; calyx, medium, open, long segments ; basin, abrupt ; core, 
large ; seeds, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, espe- 
cially near the core ; juicy, melting, perfumed. Season, October to 
last November. 

Brandywine. 

American, from the banks of the Brandywine river. Tree, 
thrifty, rapid grower, long upright shoots, regular and abundant 
bearer ; fruit, medium, varying in form, generally obovate pyri- 
form, running into the stem, which is fleshy and rather obliquely set ; 
color, dull yellowish green, marked with russet dots and streaks, 
and much russeted about eye; calyx, open, segments few; basin 
smooth, moderate depth ; core, small, compact ; seeds, few, dark 
brown ; fjesh, white, melting, juicy, vinous. Season, last of August, 
first of September. 
14 




314 



THE PEAK. 



Beurre d'Aremberg. 



Due d'Aremberg, 

Colmar Deschamps, 

L'Orphelines, 

Soldat Laboureur of sowie, 



Deschamps, 
D'Aremberg Parfait, 
Beurre des "Orphelines, 
Orpheline d'Engheiii. 




A foreign variety which has been often confounded with Gloufc 
Morceau and Soldat Laboureur, from both of which it is distinct. 
The wood is strong, long-jointed, yellowish brown, dotted with pale 
gray specks ; leaves, narrow, deeply serrated ; trees, very hardy, 
bear young on the pear root, annually and abundantly ; the fruit 
hangs well, and may be gathered and ripened at will from Decem- 
ber to February. A warm, rich soil suits it best. 

Fruit, above medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, tapering toward 
the stem, where it often terminates in a fleshy junction ; color, dull 
pale green, at maturity light yellow, clouded with green, with traces 
and patches of light cinnamon russet ; stem, short, stout, uneven, set 
obliquely, without depression ; calyx, small, closed, segments short ; 
basin, rather deep ; core, medium ; seeds, light brown, acutely pointed ; 
flesh, white, juicy, melting, vinous. Season, December to February. 



WORTHY GENERAL. CULTIVATION. 
BuERRE BOSC. 



Calebasse Bosc, j Marianne Nouvelle, 
Bosc's Flaschenbirne. 



315 




A foreign variety raised in 1807 by Van Mons. It is an early, 
annual, and productive bearer on the pear roots, and should have a 
place in the smallest collection. Tree, vigorous, with long brownish 
olive shoots straggling or diverging. The fruit varies some in size 
and form, as see our checked outline in engraving, but it is always 
fair and smooth. 

Fruit, large, obovate, acute pyriform ; color, dark yellow, nearly 



316 



THE PEAR. 



covered, dotted and marbled with cinnamon russet, slight brownish 
red in sun ; stem, usually long, slender ; calyx, medium, segments 
partially erect; basin, round, shallow, sometimes a little uneven; 
core, small ; seeds, blackish ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, sweet, per- 
fumed. Season, October, or last of September. 

BlJERRE D'ANJOU. BUTTER OF AnJOU. 

Ne Plus Meuris. 




Foreign. An old pear in Loudon's select list of 1834, recently 
introduced under a new name, and grown on quince. It is found of 
the highest excellence. It succeeds equally well on pear or quince, 
but largest on quince. Fruit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform, ob- 
tuse at stem ; color, pale yellow, dull blush, and numerous small 
specks of faint russet ; calyx, open, segments thick, reflexed ; basin, 
round, not deep, russeted ; stem, short, curved, and obliquely inserted 
in a shallow cavity ; core, small ; seeds, long, pointed ; flesh, yellowish 
white, melting, juicy, vinous, sprightly, delicious to the core. Sea- 
son, October and November. 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



317 



Beurre Easter. 



Beurre Gris d'Hiver Nbuveau, 
Doyenne d'Hiver, 
Doyenne du Printemps, 
Bergamotte de la Pentecote, 
Beurre de la Pentecote, 
Beurre d'Hiver de Bruzelles, 

Beurre Roupe, Seigneur' d'Hiver, 

Pater Noster. 



Du Patre, 

Beurre de Paques, 

Philippe de Paques, 

Bezi Chaumontelle tres groa, 

Chaumontel tres gros, 

Canning 




foreign. Eequires rich, warm soil, and some care in ripening 
when it is one of the very finest of pears. It is best on quince *' 

Fruit, large, globular, obtuse pyriform; color, yellowish green 
with russet spots, and occasional specimens grown in sun have a 
brownish russet cheek ; stem, medium to short ; cavity, rather deep • 
calyx, generally small ; basin, narrow rather deep; core, medium' 



318 



THE PEAR. 



seeds, long, ovate, acute pyriform ; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, sweet. 
Season, January to May. 

BuFFUM. 

American. Native of 
Rhode Island. It is 
very successful wherever 
grown, admirably adapt- 
ed to standard orchard- 
ing, an upright, strong 
grower, reddish brown 
shoots, always product- 
ive of fair, even-sized 
fruit ; not, however, of 
more than second-rate 
quality. 

Fruit, medium, ob- 
long, ob ovate; color, 
brownish green, becom- 
ing yellow, bright red, 
suffused in sun ; brown 
dots and a little russet ; 
stem,, half to inch long, 
slight depression ; calyx, 
with short recurved seg- 
ments ; basin, round ; 
core, rather small ; seeds, dark brown ; flesh, white, buttery, sweet. 
Season, September. 

Black Worcester. 

Black Pear of Worcester, Parkinson's Warden, 

Iron Pear. 

A valuable and profitable variety for" marketing and cooking pur- 
poses ; shoots dark olive, diverging ; tree, hardy, vigorous. 

Fruit, large, obovate, oblong ; color, dull green, with numerous 
marblings and specks of dark iron russet ; stem, stout, in a slight de- 
pression ; calyx, rather small ; flesh, firm, coarse, austere. Season, 
November to February. 

Boussouck. 




Doyenne Boussouck, 
Doyenne Boussouck Nouvelle, 



Providence, 
Plymouth. 



Foreign. A variety, we believe, first introduced to this country 
in 1841, by Wm. Kenrick ; tree, vigorous ; wood, reddish brown, 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



819 



sprinkled with large round grayish specks; a good and regular bearer; 
fine on quince. 

Fruit, large, globular, obtuse, obovate pyriform ; color, yellow, 
with tracings of russet, and large russet specks ; stem, short, stout, 
fleshy at base ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, medium, open ; core, medium ; 
seeds, small, almost black, abortive ; flesh, yellowish white, rather 
coarse, melting, juicy, vinous, sweet perfume. Season, October. 



Columbia. 



Columbian Virgalieu, 



Columbian Virgalouse. 



Native of Westches- 
ter county, N. Y. With- 
out being of more than 
second quality, its har- 
dihood of tree, product- 
ive habit, and fruit uni- 
formly smooth and fair, 
make it a valuable as 
well as profitable varie- 
ty. Tree, thrifty; young 
shoots, yellowish brown. 

Fruit, large or above 
medium, oblong, obo- 
vate pyriform ; color, at 
first pale green, becom- 
ing, when ripe, fine gold- 
en yellow, dotted with 
small gray dots ; stem, 
medium size, slightly 
curved ; calyx, rather 
small, partially open, or 
half closed ; basin, shal- 
1 o w ; core, m e d i u m ; 
seeds, oblong pyriform; 
flesh, white, moderately 
juicy, sweet. Season, 
December to January. 




Coit. 



Beurre Coit. 



A new variety, raised by Col. Coit, of Euclid, O. We first ate 
of it in 1846, when we made our notes in its favor. Since that we 



320 



THE PEAB, 



have seen it several 
times, and as we write 
this, September 25,1853, 
have the fruit before us. 
It is worthy a place in 
all collections. The tree 
is hardy, vigorous, up- 
right, spreading in form, 
dark brown shoots, and 
early good bearer on the 
pear root. Our draw- 
ing was made from a 
specimen pulled in Au- 
gust, and is below an 
average size. 

Fruit, above medium, 
obtuse pyriform, slight- 
ly angular; color, rich 
brown russet, mostly 
overspreading a yellow 
ground, with a brownish 
red cheek in sun ; stein, 
rather short; cavity, shal- 
low, with unequal pro- 
jections ; calyx, with seg- 
ments nearly erect, sur- 
rounded by depressed 
crescent-shaped furrows in a shallow basin ; core, small ; seeds, black- 
ish ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, buttery, juicy, sweet, vinous. 
Season, last September and October. 




Dearborn's Seedling. 



Wheeler's New St. Michael. 



Raised by Gen. H. A. S. Dearborn, about 1819, at Roxbury, 
Mass. Tree, vigorous, erect, yet spreading ; requires little pruning; 
productive on the pear root. 

Fruit, rather small, roundish, inclining to obovate, narrowing a 
little to the stem ; co lor, pale yellow, little russet at base of stem, 
and surf ice dotted with small russet dots ; calyx, with short thick 
segments; stem, long, slender, curved; core, medium; seeds, dark 
brown, long, pointed ; flesh, yellowish white, fine-grained, melting, 
juicy, sweet, delicately perfumed. Season, August. 



WOKTHY GENEBAL CULTIVATION. 



821 



Dean's Summer. 

Doyenne d'Ete, | Summer Doyenne, 
Summer Virgalieu. 

Foreign. Trees, moderately vigorous, dull brownish red wood 
early and abundant bearers, unsuccessful on quince. 

Fruit, rather small, roundish, obtuse pyriform ; color, yellowish 
green, nearly yellow when fully mature, side exposed to sun with a 
bright marbled red cheek ; stem, rather long, fleshy at base, inserted 
without depression ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow ; core me- 
dium ; seeds, small, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse 
buttery, juicy, sugary, sprightly. Season, last of July. 

Doyenne Gris d'Hiver Nouveau— New Winter Gray 

Doyenne. 



Doyenne d'Alencon. 



Foreign. Re- 
cently imported: 
proves valuable 
on the quince. 

Fruit, medium 
or above, obovate, 
obtuse pyriform. 
slightly angular, 
or one side long. 
est; color, pale 
dull yellow, with 
many small brown 
russet specks; 
stem, short, stout ; 
calyx, medium ; 
b a si n, irregular, 
abrupt ; core, me- 
dium ; seeds, dark 
brown, long,point- 
ed ; flesh, whitish, 
rather coarse- 
grained, melting, 
juicy, vinous, a 
little astringent 
unless well ripen- 
ed. Season, Jan- 
uary to May. 



14* 




322 



THE PEAR. 



Doyenne Gray. 



Gray Butter Pear, 
Gray Doyenne, 
Doyenne Rouge, 
Doyenne Roux, 
Doyenne d'Automne, 



Gray Dean's, 
Doyenne Gris, 
Red Doyenne , 
St. Michel Dore, 
Doyenne Galeux. 



This has been confounded with " Boussouck" and with " Surpasse 
Virgalieu," but is distinct. It is a good bearer on pear or quince, 
a hardy tree, with upright grayish brown shoots. 

Fruit, medium, roundish, obovate or obtuse pyriform ; skin, cov- 
ered with smooth cinnamon russet ; stein, curved ; cavity, rather 
deep; calyx, small, closed; basin, shallow; flesh, white, fine-grained, 
buttery, melting. Season, October. 

Doyenne White. 



White Dean, 

Virgalieu, 

Butter Pear, 

St. Michael, 

Virgaloo, 

Bergaloo, 

Yellow Butter, 

White Beurre, 

White Autumn Beurre, 



Dean's, 

Warwick Bergamotte, 

Snow Pear, 

Pine Pear, 

St. Michael, 

Doyenne , 

Doyenne Blanc, 

Beurre Blanc, 

And twelve others of French and Dutch 




An old variety, every where esteemed when well grown ; trees, 
hardy, productive either on pear or quince. 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



323 



Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform ; color, clear pale vellow regu- 
larly sprinkled with small dots, often a fine red cheek ; stem, medium 
brownish ; cavity, small, round ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow 
slightly plaited ; flesh, white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, buttery, 
delicious. Season, September to November. 

The Doyenne Panachee is a sub-variety, differing from this in its 
more pyriform shape, and its color being yellow, green, and red, 
striped. It is juicy, not high flavor. Season, October. 



Dix. 

American. Origin, Boston, Mass. Tree, hardy, vigorous young 
shoots, pale yellow, upright, slender, unproductive while young, 
well suited to extensive orcharding. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform - 
skin, little rough, yellow, with russet dots, and around the stem ; 
stem, set obliquely, raised one side, short, stout, thickest at each end ; 
calyx, small ; basin, shallow ; core, marked with a dark gritty circle, 
extending toward the stem ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, a little 
harsh, juicy, sweet. Season, October and November. 



Fulton. 



American. Native of 
Maine ; tree very hardy, 
yearly and abundant 
bearer, well suited for 
standard orcharding at 
the West ; young shoots 
slender, reddish brown. 

Fruit, small, obovate ; 
color, at first gray rus- 
set, becoming dark cin- 
namon russet ; calyx,, 
open, segments nearly 
reg- 
one to two 
inches long ; cavity, nar- 
row ; core, encircled by 
a coarse line, but of it- 
self small, compact ; 
seeds, blackish ; flesh, 
half buttery, moderately 
juicy, sprightly. Season, 
October, November. 



erect ; basin, round 



ular ; stem 




324 



THE PEAR. 



Flemish Beauty. 



Belle de Flanders, 
Bouche Nouvelle, 
Bosch, 



Bosc Sire, 

Imperatrice de France, 
Beaurre Spence. 




Foreign. This variety is deserving of far more general cultivation 
than it has yet received. It succeeds most admirably on the quince, 
and on the rich soils of Illinois we have seen it far surpass even the 
most highly nursed specimens of Boston amateur gardens. The tree 
is vigorous, with upright dark brown shoots. 

Fruit, large, oblong, obtuse obovate ; color, pale yellow, mostly 
covered with marblings and patches of light russet, and in sun rich 
reddish brown ; stem, one to one and a half inch long ; cavity, narrow, 
deep ; calyx, short, open ; basin, round, small ; core, medium, with 
oblong capsules ; seeds, oblong pyriform ; flesh, yellowish white, not 
very fine-grained, juicy, melting, sugary. Season, last of September. 
Does not keep long. 



WOKTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



325 



Glout Morceau. 



Goulu Morceau, 
Gloux Morceau, 
Beurre d'Hardenpont, 
Hardenpont d'Hiver, 
Colmar d'Hiver, 



Beurre d'Hiver Nouvelle, 

Linden d'Automne, 

Roi de Wurtemberg-, 

And five more of German. 

Beurre d'Aremberg, of the French. 




This variety is regarded as among the most delicious of Flemish 
pears. The rendering of its name to sugared or honeyed pear is only 
expressive of its quality, and equally so of many more ; and as this 
cannot claim the title par excellence, we see not but it must retain 
its original, and those who grow it must speak the name as best they 
may. 

It is an unproductive variety while young, either on pear or 
quince ; trees on the latter stock even requiring ten years to bring 



326 



THE PEAR. 



them well into bearing ; once at maturity, it is an abundant bearer. 
It is a beautiful grower, making a perfect pyramidal head with little 
pruning. It is also easily distinguished by its dark olive-green or 
blue-green wood and its wavy leaves. 

Fruit, large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, often angular, and surface 
rough ; color, pale greenish yellow, russeted around the stem, and 
traces of russet and greenish gray russet specks over the whole sur- 
face ; stem, one to one and a half inch long, often without cavity, 
but flesh raised one side ; calyx, medium, segments half reflexed ; 
basin, rather deep, often furrowed or uneven, like the general surface 
of the fruit, which is frequently apparently scolloped ; core, large ; 
seeds, large, ovate, pointed ; fiesh, white, fine-grained, buttery, juicy, 
sugary, perfumed. Season, December to February. 

Golden Beitrre of Bilboa. 

Hooper's Bilboa. 

Foreign. From 
Spam ; tree, hardy, 
requires rich, strong, 
heavy soil, when it is 
an abundant bearer 
of fair, regular, me- 
dium-sized fruit of 
second-rate quality. 

Fruit, medium, ob- 
ovate ; color, rich 
yellow, with russet 
around the stem, and 
many russet dots 
and patches over 
the entire surface ; 
stem, slender ; cavity, 
slight ; calyx, small, 
mostly open, short 
stiff segments ; basin, 
shallow; fiesh, fine- 
grained, melting, jui- 
cy, sometimes a little 
acid and harsh. Season, September. 




Heathcot. 

Gore's Heathcot 

Native of Waltham, Mass. This variety has not received as 



WOKTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



327 



much attention as it has deserved ; tree, hardy, a moderate grower, 
branches slender, when grown makes a compact head unless well 
thinned out, young shoots reddish brown. 

Fruit, medium or above, obovate, rounded ; skin, rough ; color, 




greenish yellow, yellow increasing at maturity, some russet around 
stem and eye ; stem, medium ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, partly closed ; 
basin, narrow ; core, above medium ; seeds, dark brown, pointed ; 
flesh, white, buttery, juicy, vinous and sprightly. 



Season, October. 



Honey. 

This is a delicious little pear, received some years since by Prof. 
Kirkland, and which we have been unable to recognize with any 
description published, if we except a slight note in Prince's Pom. 
Man. The tree is moderately vigorous ; wood, yellowish brown, 
an early and productive bearer of fruit, uniform in size and regular 
shape, Our drawing is too small. 



828 



THE PEAR. 




Fmit, below medium, 
roundish, tapering slightly 
to the stem ; color, rich 
golden russet yellow, with 
faint blush, many small red 
russet dots, and occasional 
patches of brown russet 
stem, rather stout, uneven 
without depression ; calyx 
with open half-reflexed seg 
ments ; basin, shallow, little 
russeted ; core , medium 
seeds, ovate, blackish ; flesh 
yellowish white, juicy, but 
tery, a little coarse-grained 
sweet, perfumed. Season 
a few days before Bartlett 



Jalousie db Fontenay Vendee. 



Foreign. We have nev- 
er fruited a pear that has 
given us more satisfaction. 
On the quince it is a fine 
grower, and inclined to 
over-bear. It must not be 
confounded with the "Ja- 
lousie," a third-rate varie- 
ty. Young shoots upright, 
brownish yellow. 

Fruit, medium or above, 
ovate pyriform ; color, dull 
yellow, with brownish red 
cheek, and patches and dots 
of russet, often the russet co- 
vering one half the surface ; 
stem, varying, often ob- 
liquely set on, with a fleshy 
ridge at side ; calyx, with 
segments long, half open ; 
basin, shallow ; core, medi- 
um or small ; seeds, long, 
ovate ; flesh, white, buttery, 
melting, juicy, sweet, aro- 
matic. Season, last Sep- 
tember, early October. 




WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



329 



Knight's Seedling. 

Knight's R. I. Seedling. 




KlRTLAND. 

Seedling Seckel, 
Kirtland's Seedling, 
Kirtland's Beurre 

Grown from 
seed of the Seckel 
pear by H. T. 
Kirtland, of Ma- 
honing Co., Ohio. 
Tree, vigorous, 
hardy, early and 
productive bearer 
o n pear roots ; 
shoots, yellowish 
brown, upright, 
stout. 

Fruit, medium, 
often above, obo- 
vate, obtuse pyri- 



Native of Cranston, R. 
I. Tree, vigorous, har- 
dy, and early productive; 
wood, smooth, yellowish. 

Fruit, medium, obo- 
vate, tapering a little to 
the stem ; color, yellow- 
ish green, with a brown 
red cheek in sun, brown- 
ish specks, and dull rus- 
set around the calyx ; 
stem, medium or rather 
long, curved ; calyx, me- 
dium, segments broad, 
partially reflexed ; core 
and seeds, medium ; flesh, 
white, not fine-grained, 
melting, juicy, sugary. 
Season, September. 



330 



THE PEAK. 



form ; color, rich yellow, overspread with cinnamon russet ; stem, 
usually stout, medium length, curved ; calyx, short, reflexed, per- 
sistent ; basin, shallow ; cere, small ; seeds, short, ovate, blackish ; 
fie&h, white, melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Season, September. 




Louise Bonne of Jersey* 

Louise Eonne de Jersey, 
Louise Bonne d'Avranehes, 
Eeurre or Bonne Louise d' Araudore, 
William the Fourth. 

The " Good Louise of Jer- 
sey," from the Isle of Jer- 
sey, proves one of the best 
pears grown on the quince 
stock in this country. Tree, 
hardy, very productive, 
shoots vigorous, upright. 
Fruit, large, (our drawings 
were made ere the fruit had 
swollen its full size, and are 
not more than half size,) 
oblong pyriform ; skin, glos- 
sy, smooth, green in shade, 
brownish red in sun, dotted 
with gray clots ; stem, about 
one inch long, moderately 
stout, a little curved, fleshy 
enlargement at base ; calyx, 
open, segments large, reflex- 
ed ; basin, shallow ; core, 
small ; seeds, long, ovate, 
pointed ; flesh, white, juicy, 
melting, delicious. Season, 
October. 



Lawrence. 

Native of Flushing, L. I. An abundant bearer on pear roots, ex- 
ceedingly desirable for Western orcharding. Tree, hardy, moderate 
growth, wood light yellowish brown, rather thorny. S. B. Parsons 
says, " Succeeds very finely on quince." 

Fruit, above medium, long obovate, obtuse at stem ; color, dull 
pale yellow, marbled with dull green, small dark specks, and russet 
at each end ; calyx, large, closed ; basin, open, furrowed ; stem, 
medium length, stout, swollen at junction with tree ; cavity, round, 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



331 



deep ; core, medium ; seeds, small, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, 
juicy, gritty at core, slightly sugary. Season, November to Febru- 
ary. 

Long Green. 



Verte Longue, 
Mouth Water, 



New Autumn^ 
Muscat Fleure 



Mouille Bouche. 

This is an old foreign variety, always excellent, and an abundant 
bearer. 

Fruit, medium, oblong, ovate pyriform ; color, green with dark 
green specks; stem, medium length, slender; calyx, with long 
reflexed segments ; basin, very shallow ; core, above medium ; seeds, 
dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, delicious. Season, 
October. 

The Striped Long Green, Verte Longue Panachee, resembles the 
above, but is smaller, and of no great value, aside from its prettily 
striped appearance. 



Madeleine. 



Citron des Carmes, | 

Foreign. Tree very vigorous, 
strong grower, a little liable to 
frozen sap blight on the rich West- 
ern soils, until it has acquired the 
age of ten or more years; very 
productive on pear or quince root. 

Fruit, below medium, (our 
drawing one third too small,) obo- 
vate, oblong pyriform ; stem, long, 
slender, at base one side of fruit a 
little enlarged ; color, pale yellow 
ish green, a little brownish blush, 
and russet specks on those exposed 
most to sun ; calyx, with long per- 
sistent, irregularly placed segments; 
basin, obscure, slightly plaited ; 
core, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, 
white, juicy, melting, sweet, slight- 
ly perfumed. Season, 15th to last 
July. 

The Striped Madeleine Citron des 
Carmes Panachee, differs from the 
former in being striped with light 
yellow, flesh more sweet and less 



Magdalen. 




832 



THE PEAR. 



juicy. It is not as vigorous in growth, the wood shorter jointed, 
striped red and yellow, and said to be less liable to blight. 



MoYAMENSING. 

Smith's Moyamensing. 




juicy, "best." /Sfeawm, August. 



Native of Penn- 
sylvania. Tree vig- 
orous, wood yellow- 
ish brown, with light 
dots, regular and 
abundant bearer. 

Fruit, medium, 
roundish, ob ovate ; 
color, lemon yellow 
with occasional 
blotches and lines of 
yellowish russet; 
stem, short, stout, 
often fleshy; calyx, 
large; basin, fur- 
rowed, broad and 
rather deep ; core, 
medium; seeds, 
ovate ; flesh, white, 
buttery, melting, 



NOUVEAU POITEAU". 



New Pear. 

Foreign. Tree upright, vigorous, an early bearer, and thus far 
successful on both pear and quince stock. 

Fruit, above medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, contracted or one- 
sided at neck ; color, pale green with many dark green dots, and a 
few russet stripes or blotches ; stem, about one inch long, medium 
size, set on, and not into, the fruit ; calyx, medium, with broad seg- 
ments half reflexed ; basin, irregularly contracted ; core, medium, 
capsules long, ovate ; seeds, obovate pyriform ; flesh, white, fine- 
grained, juicy, melting, rich aroma. Season. November. 

Onondaga. 

Swan's Orange, Onondaga Seedling. 

Probably a native of Farmington, Ct. It takes its name from 
having been first brought to notice by cultivators in Onondaga Co., 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



333 



N. Y. Thus far it succeeds equally well on the quince or pear root, 
and as a profitable market variety deserves extensive culture. Tree 
vigorous, with strong, upright, olive-coiored shoots. 

Fruit, large, ovate, obovate ; color, pale greenish yellow, becoming 
golden yellow at maturity, many gray russet dots, and occasionally 




a dull blush in sun ; stem, one to one and a half inch long, inserted 
without depression, but with lip of fruit folded unevenly around it ; 
calyx, rather small, closed ; basin, shallow, abrupt, and marked with 
patches of cinnamon russet ; core, compact ; seeds, small ; flesh, white, 
juicy, buttery. Season, October and November. 



334 



THE PEAR. 



Payency. 

Paquency, I Poire de Perigord, 

Poire de Payency, ( Payenchi, 
Payenchi de Perigord. 




Foreign. Tree of vig- 
orous growth, early bear- 
er, and especially profita- 
ble on the quince. 

Fruit, medium, pyri- 
form, extending into the 
stem, which is stout, un- 
even, dark brown ; color, 
at first dull pale green, 
becoming brownish yel- 
low at maturity, many 
russet dots and patches 
round stem and calyx, 
few in centre, occasionally 
a tinge of dull red in 
sun ; calyx, open, seg- 
ments half erect; basin, 
very shallow ; core, small ; 
seeds, oblong, pointed, 
dark brown ; flesh, white, 
rather coarse, melting, 
juicy, sugary, vinous. 
Season, October. 



Pound. 



Winter Bell, 
Bretagne le Cour, 
TJvedale's St. Germain, 
TJvedale's Warden , 
Germain Baker, 
Lent St. Germain, 



Pickering Pear, 
Du Tonneau, 
Belle de Jersey, 
Piper, 
Union, 
Chambers' Large, 



Belle Angevine. 

Foreign. Tree strong vigorous grower, very productive, very 
valuable for cooking, and a profitable orchard sort. 

Fruit, very large, oblong pyriform, yellowish green with dull 
brown and brown russet patches ; stem, long, stout, curved ; cavity, 
deep, oblique, angular ; calyx, large ; flesh, white, firm, astringent. 
Season, December to March. 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



335 



Prince's St. Germain. 

New St. Germain, | Brown St. Germain. 



Raised from the 
seed of the old St. 
Germain, nearly fifty 
years since, at the 
Prince Nurseries, 
Flushing, L. I. Tree, 
hardy, thrifty, very 
productive ; the fruit 
keeps well, and re- 
quires no more care 
to ripen than apples , 
shoots, reddish brown. 

Fruit, medium, ob- 
long, obovate pyri- 
form ; color, green and 
pale yellow marbled, 
and covered nearly 
with brownish russet 
specks ; stem, long, 
slender, (our drawing- 
shows only a portion 
of it ; ) cavity, slight, 
narrow ; calyx, with 
broad segments with- 
out divisions ; basin, 
regular, even, not deep ; 




core, small ; seeds, oblong, ovate ; flesh, 



white, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous. Season, December to March. 



ROSTIEZER. 

Foreign. Tree, strong upright grower, large foliage, dark olive- 
colored wood ; an early, free, abundant bearer. 

Fruit, below medium, obovate pyriform ; color, dull green, reddish 
brown cheek in sun, whitish specks, and traces of thin russet ; stem, 
long, slender, without depression ; calyx, medium, open ; basin, very 
shallow ; core, small; seeds, ovate, pointed ; flesh, juicy, melting, sweet, 
perfumed. Season, last of August. 



Sece^l. 



Seckle, 
Sickle, 



Sycle, 



New York Red Cheek, 
Red-cheeked Seckel, 



The original tree of this variety, according to Dr. Brinckle, stands 
in Passyunk township, on the Delaware river, about three and a 



336 



THE PEAK. 




half miles from Philadelphia. No one variety has become so gen- 
erally known in this country as the Seckel, and in our Southern and 
Middle States, no one variety deserves so extended culture. North, 
it should, when possible, be planted in warm, rich, sandy loam, and 

sheltered situations. The tree is 
of slow growth ; wood, short-joint- 
ed, stout, forming a round head, 
and of only medium size on the 
pear stock, and well suited to gar- 
den planting. 

Fruit, small, (our drawing too 
small for a fair average.) round ed 5 
obtuse pyriform ; color, brownish 
green at first, becoming yellowish 
brown, with a lively red russet 
cheek ; stem, short, slightly curved, 
set in a very slight depression ; 
calyx, small, open ; basin, shallow ; 
core, small ; seeds, broad, ovate ; 
flesh, yellowish white, juicy, but- 
tery, spicy, aromatic, sweet. Sea- 
son, September and October. 



St. Ghislain. 

St. Galen. 

Foreign. Tree, upright, 
vigorous growth ; young 
shoots, light brown ; re- 
quires warm rich soil, 
otherwise a little insipid. 

Fruit, below medium ; 
generally pyriform, but 
varying ; color, pale yellow 
or yellowish green, with 
dots of green underneath, 
and marblings of russet on / 
surface ; s t e m, generally ; 
curved ; calyx, open ; basin, \ 
shallow ; core, small ; seeds, 
obovate, pointed ; flesh, 
white, buttery, juicy, and 
sprightly. Season, Septem- 
ber. 




WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



337 



SOLDAT d'EsPERIN EsPERIN SoLBIER. 

Soldat Laboureur d'Esperin 




This variety is usually grown in this country under the name of Sol- 
dat Laboureur. It is entirely distinct from the " Soldat Laboureur " 
of the Erench, which is regarded as our Beurre d'Aremberg. It was 
grown by Major Esperin, of Marines; is of strong, vigorous, upright 
growth, yellowish brown wood, succeeding finely on the quince, 
producing abundantly, and its fruit well disseminated over the tree, 
always 1-arge and fair, but of only second-rate quality. 

Fruit, large, generally oblong obovate pyriform, sometimes obo- 
vate pyriform ; color, greenish yellow, becoming yellow, with many 
patches, stripes and dots of russet ; stem, short, stout, ,curved, in a 
slight round depression, or rather a raised lip one side ; calyx, open, 
sometimes round, regular, and without divisions, others have stout 
persistent segments in divisions ; core, compact, with outer concentric 
15 



338 



THE PEAR. 



lines ; seeds, obovate ; flesh, rather coarse, juicy, melting, perfumed, 
" very good." Season, December to February. 



St. Andre. 

Poire St Andre 




Foreign. Tree, vigorous, healthy grower, early bearer. 
Fruit, above medium, globular, acute pyriform, sometimes obo- 
vate pyriform ; color, yellowish green, with dark green specks, rarely 
a brownish red cheek in sun ; stem, medium, swollen or fleshy where 
it joins the fruit; calyx, medium, open, segments varying; basin, 
very shallow, sometimes slightly furrowed ; core, small, compact ; 
seeds, oblong, pointed, light brown ; flesh, greenish white, fine-grained, 
buttery, juicy, sprightly, vinous, perfumed. Season, September. 

Stevens' Genesee. 



Guernsey, 



Stephens' Genesee. 



Native of Rochester, N. Y. It is one of the most desirable of 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



339 



pears for all collections, either on pear or quince ; a fine grower, 
■with diverging, dark gray shoots ; productive. 

Fruit, large, roundish obovate ; color, greenish yellow, becoming 
yellow ; stem, rather stout ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, with short, stiff, 




connected segments, half reflexed ; basin, medium, regular ; core, 
medium ; seeds, ovate pyriform, blackish ; flesh, white, half buttery, 
juicy, sweet, aromatic. Season, September. Even windfalls of this 
variety are extremely line. 

Summer Pineapple 

Ananas d'Ete, | Ananas of some, 

Poire Ananas. 

Foreign. A superior variety that deserves extensive planting. 
Tree, vigorous, dark brown wood, early, regular bearer, fruit always 
large and excellent. 

Fruit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform, angular; color, dull yel- 
lowish green, with much rough brown russet marbling ; stem, largest 
at base, or where it joins the fruit, and with a lip one side ; calyx, 
open, short divisions ; basin, shallow, open ; core, compact, capsules 
small ; seeds^ long ovate ; flesh, whitish, fine-grained, buttery, melt- 



340 



THE PEAR. 




ing, sweet, perfumed. Sect sen, last August and early September. 
This variety varies much in form. Our figures are from specimens 
from same tree. 

SlTRPASSE VlRGALIEU. 
Surpasse Virgalouse. 

Origin uncertain, probably an American seedling, first dissemi- 
nated by the late Andrew Parmentier, Brooklyn, N. Y. It is a regu- 
lar abundant bearer on pear or quince, a vigorous, healthy tree, with 
yellowish brown wood, upright growth. 

Fruit, medium, varying in form ; (see our drawings, the specimens 
from which they were made all being pulled by ourself from the 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



841 



same branch;) color, yellowish, with brownish red in sun, minute 
dots, and often sprinklings of russet ; calyx, generally small, erect, 




open; basin, slight; stem, varying; core, medium; seeds, broad 
ovate ; flesh, white, fine-grained, buttery, juicy, aromatic. Season, 
October. 



Tyson. 

This fine variety was found in a hedge near Jenkintown, Pa., 
about 1792-4. The tree is of vigorous, upright growth, with reddish 
brown wood, a moderate, regular bearer. 

Fruit, rather below medium, roundish pyriform, irregular ; color, 
dull yellow, shaded with red in sun, little russeted, and with nume- 
rous black specks ; stem, rather long, moderately stout, curved, and 
obliquely attached to the fruit by a fleshy junction, swollen on^one 
side ; calyx, open, with short segments ; basin, round, shallow ; core 
an.d seeds, small ; flesh, white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, sugary, 
aromatic. Season, August. 



342 



THE PEAK. 



Thompson's. 



Foreign. Tree 
of vigorous, d i - 
verging habit; 
young wood, yel- 
lowish olive, with 
grayish specks; 
bears on the pear 
about the sixth 
year. 

Fruit, large, ob- 
ovate, obtuse py- 
riform, surface un- 
even; color, lemon 
yellow, with 
brownish red 
cheek in sun, some 
russet dots and 
marblings, and rus- 
set at the stem ; 
stem, short, usually 
planted or set on 
angularly, with a 
fleshy rim one side ; 
calyx, with connec- 
ted half-closed segments ; basin, round, narrow, abrupt ; core, medi- 
um ; capsules and seeds, formed like the fruit ; flesh, white, buttery, 
melting, sugary, slightly aromatic. Season, October and November. 




Urbaniste. 



St. Marc, | Louise of Orleans, 
Beurre Picquery. 

Foreign. Moderately vigorous, healthy, hardy, well -suited to rich 
soils West ; young shoots, upright, short-jointed, grayish yellow, not 
an early bearer, but when in bearing produces regularly and abun- 
dant. 

Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform ; color, pale yellow, with gray 
dots, and a few russet streaks ; stem, about an inch long, rather 
stout ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, small, generally closed ; basin, nar- 
row, abrupt ; core, medium or small ; seeds, obovate pointed ; flesh, 
white, yellowish at core, buttery, melting, vinous. Season, October 
and November. 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



343 



Van Mons' Leon Le Clerc. 

Poire de Boulogne, | Louise Bonne de Boulogne, , 
Gelestin- 




Foreign. Distinct from "Leon Le Gere of .Van Mons." A 
valuable variety on the quince, bearing early and abundantly, and 
of the largest size fruit. In growth the tree is moderately vigorous, 
nearly upright, yellowish olive wood, with round grayish spots. 

Fruit, very large, oblong, obovate pyriform ; color, pale yellow, 
golden at maturity, with brown in sun, russet specks and patches, 



344 



THE FEAR. 



some dark green dots, and russet at base of stem ; stem, medium 
length and size, curved ; calyx, large, open, broad, reflexed seg- 
ments ; basin, medium ; core, medium, long ovate capsules ; 
seeds, long ovate, sometimes imperfect ; flesh, yellowish white, fine, 
buttery, melting, juicy, sugary, vinous. Season, October and No- 
vember. 

Vicar of Winkfield. 



Vicar of Wakefield, 
Le Cure, 

Monsieur Le Cure, 
Dumas, 



Belle Epine Dumas, 

Clion, 

Epine Dumas, 

Due de Bordeaux 




Foreign. First found growing wild in a wood by M. Clion, a 



\ 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



345 



Trench curate ; hence the names, Clion, Le Cure, &c. ; afterwards it 
was grown in a garden at Winkfield, Berkshire, by Rev. Dr. Rham, 
and received the name of Vicar of Winkfield, concentrating the two 
associations in the one name, and which, being of our own language, 
is to be preferred. It is a most profitable variety, grown on the 
quince stock, and although only second quality, it is always fair and 
large. Tree, a vigorous grower, with large, roundish, glossy leaves ; 
shoots, diverging, dark olive color. 

Fruit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform ; color, dull pale green at 
first, becoming pale yellow, with sometimes a brownish cheek, 
marked with brown dots over the whole surface ; calyx, with open 
reflexed segments ; stem, an inch or more long, rather slender, ob- 
liquely inserted without depression ; core, small ; seeds, oblong ovate ; 
flesh, greenish white, juicy, sprightly, " very good." Season, No- 
vember to January. 



Washington. 



American. Native of 
Delaware. Tree of healthy, 
moderate growth, with slen- 
der, diverging, reddish 
brown shoots ; an annual 
bearer. 

Fruit, medium, roundish 
ovate, or ovate pyriform ; 
color, lemon yellow, tinged 
in sun with red and reddish 
russet, and near the stem, 
patches of clear russet ; 
stem, an inch long, inserted 
in a narrow cavity, some- 
times almost obsolete, and 
then there is a fleshy lip 
one side of stem ; calyx, 
small, long pointed seg- 
ments; basin, round, regu- 
lar ; core, rather small, ly- 
ing near the apex ; seeds, 
obovate pyriform, black- 
ish ; flesh, white, juicy, 
sweet. Season, September. 



Robertson. 




Van Assche. 

Van Assene. | Vanasse, 
Van Asshe. 

This is a new pear, not yet fruited at th« West, but we have eaten 
15* 



346 



THE FEAR. 



of it East, and have no hesitation in placing as among those worthy- 
general culture. We copy our description from Mr. Barry, in the 
Horticulturist of February, 1853 : " Tree a vigorous, erect grower, 
dark shoots, an abundant and early bearer, succeeding well on the 
quince. Fruit, large, obovate obtuse, largest near the eye, flattened 
at both ends, occasionally slightly ribbed ; calyx, small ; basin, smooth, 
wide, rather shallow ; stem, one and a half inch long, rather slen 
der, slightly sunk ; skin, smooth and fair, light yellow in the shade, 
sprinkled with dark dots, light red on the sunny side, sprinkled with 
carmine dots ; flesh, white, buttery, melting. Season, September 
and early October. 



Winter Nelis. 



Nellis d'Hiver, 
Bonne de Malines, 
Beurre de Malines, 



La Bonne Malinoise, 
Milanaise Cuvelier, 
Etouxneau. 




Foreign. As a standard winter pear, if we were to select but the 
one, it would be this variety. The tree is vigorous, though with 
slender diverging shoots ; very hardy ; an early proliiie bearer on 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



847 



pear or quince. It requires rich, strong soil to produce good-sized 
fruit, and is well suited to extensive planting on our Western lands. 
Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, narrowing towards the stalk ; 
color, yellowish green, much covered and dotted with gray russet ; 
stem, rather long, a little curved ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, open, with 
short segments; basin, shallow; core, medium; capsules, ovate; 
seeds, oblong pyriform, curved ; flesh, yellowish white, buttery, melt- 
ing, sugary, aromatic. Season, November to middle January. 



Zoar Beauty. 

Zoar Seedling. 



American. Native of Ohio. 
Tree, vigorous grower; dark 
brown shoots ; early and 
abundant bearer. 

Fruit, a little below me- 
dium, varying in form, usu- 
ally as seen in our engrav- 
ing ; color, light yellow, with 
greenish spots; red in the 
sun, with deep red spots ; 
stem, generally long, slender, 
curved, plaited, with slight 
depression one side ; calyx, 
large, for size of fruit ; basin, 
shallow; core, medium ; seeds, 
obovate, or broad ovate ; 
fiesh, yellowish white, a little 
coarse, juicy, sweet. Season, 
early August. , 




348 



THE PEAE. 



CLASS II. — New and untested, suited to certain localities or gardens of 

Amateurs. 

Alpha. 

Foreign. Very productive. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, pale yel- 
lowish green, with reddish dots, brown blush ; flesh, white, fine-grained, 
buttery, " very good." October. 

Abbott. 

From Providence, E. I. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, dark green, 
reddish brown cheek; calyx, small; flesh, melting, sugary, sprightly, 
Middle to last September. 

Andrew's. 




American. An early bearer, a little disposed to decay at core, otherwise 
highly desirable. Fruit, large, (our drawing too small for an average,) 
roundish, ovate pyriform, yellowish green, dull red cheek, scattered dots 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 349 

and russet patches ; calyx, open ; segments, long, half reflexed ; basin, 
small ; stem, one to one and a quarter inch, curved, often set without de- 
pression ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, vinous, nearly " best." September. 

Adele de St. Denis. 

Foreign. New. Fruit, above medium, obovate, irregular, yellow, covered 
with russet; calyx, open, broad segments ; flesh, melting, juicy. October. 

Althorpe Crassane. 

Foreign. Quality variable ; fruit, medium, roundish obovate, rough, 
pale green, with dark green suffused dots, and spots of russet, tinge of 
brown; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, rather coarse, "very good." Octo- 
ber and November. 

Autumn Paradise. 

Paradise d'Automne. , 

Foreign. This is esteemed by many eastern writers as superior even to 
the Beurre Bosc, which it much resembles. Tree, of very vigorous 
growth, shoots at first upright, afterwards straggling and pendulous ; 
wood, reddish brown, with large whitish gray specks, very productive. 
Fruit, large, obovate, acute pyriform, irregular and uneven surface ; color, 
dull yellow, covered with bright russet, deepening on the sunny side ; 
calyx, rather large, open ; segments, reflexed ; basin, furrowed ; stem, 
about one and a half inch long, rather slender, obliquely attached to the 
fruit by a fleshy, and oftentimes wrinkled base ; core, small ; seeds, long- 
pointed ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, buttery, melting, juicy, 
delicious. September and October. 

Bankerbine. 

Foreign. The specimens from which we describe were from Messrs. 
Ellwanger & Barry. Fruit, medium, obovate, greenish yelk)w, with 
small russet dots ; stem, stout ; calyx, open, broad segments ; core, 
large ; flesh, breaking, coarse. October. 

Belle Excellent. 

Foreign. Besembles Louise Bonne of Jersey ; oblong pyriform, yel- 
low, red blush, with raised specks on surface. October. 

Belle de Noel. 

Belle apres Noel. 

"Foreign. Fruit, rather below medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, pale 
greenish yellow, with few russet spots, dark red cheek, with carmine dots ; 
calyx, medium ; segments, half reflexed ; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed ; 
core, large ; flesh, whitish, melting, juicy, "very good." December. 

Belle de Bruxelles. 

Belle of Brussels, J Belle d'Aout. 

Foreign. Variable. Fruit, large, obovate pyriform, deep yellow, green- 
ish dots, tinge of red in sun ; flesh, white, sweet. August. 



x 



350 THE PEAR. 

Belle Julie. 

Foreign. Tree, upright grower; fruit, medium, long ovate, yellowish 
green, cinnamon russet, bronzed red in sun ; stem, short, stout ; calyx, 
medium, reflexed ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, u very good." October 
and November. (Hov. Mag.) 

Belle Canaise. 

Eliza d'Heyst. 

Foreign. Fruit, below medium, globular, obovate, pale greenish yel- 
low, with -dirty green or brown specks ; stem, slender; calyx, open ; flesh, 
white, coarse-grained, juicy, "good." February to March. 

Belle de Thouars. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform, angular, rich brown russet; short 
stem ; cavity, little plaited ; calyx, half open ; shallow basin ; core, small ; 
seeds, ovate ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, " very good." October and 
November. 

Beurre Brown. 



Beurre Gris, 
Beurre Rouge, 
Beurre, 

Golden Beurre, 
Gray Beurre, 
Beurre Vert, 
Badham's, 



Beurre d'Or, 
Beurre Doree, 
Beurre d'Amboise, 
Beurre d'Ambleuse, 
Beurre du Roi, 
Poire d'Amboise. 
Isamberl, 



Isambert Ie Bon. 

An old variety ; does finely in warm rich soil, but a peculiar vinous 
taste, not admired by every person. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, yel- 
lowish green, with thin russet, reddish brown in sun ; flesh, greenish 
white, melting, juicy, vinous, sub-acid. September. 

Beurre Suisse. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate oblong, striped green, red, and yel- 
low ; only desirable as a curiosity. October. 

Beurre Beaulieu. 

Foreign. Fruit, above medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, with russet 
spots and blotches ; short stout stem ; calyx, open ; basin, shallow ; flesh, 
white, juicy. October. 

Beurre de Rhine. 

Foreign. Fruit, large, pyriform, irregular ; stem, stout ; calyx, open ; 
basin, shallow, light yellow, rough spots; flesh, white, rather coarse, 
" good." October and November. Grows well on quince. 

Beurre Crapaud. 
Foreign. Yigorous and productive on pear or quince, fine for extreme 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 851 

northern sections, proving hardy. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, deep 
yellow, red in sun, small russet dots ; stem, stout, curved ; calyx, partially 
closed ; core, large ; flesh, yellowish, melting, sugary, juicy, " very good." 
October. 

Beurre Charron. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, greenish yellow; stem, long; calyx, 
small, closed ; basin, deep; flesh, juicy, melting, buttery, '' best." Octo- 
ber. (T. S. H. & Co.) 

Beurre de Beaumont. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, yellowisn green, brownish 
red in sun, covered with dark green or russety specks; stem, short; 
calyx, closed ; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, sweet, " very good." Last 
September. 

Beurre Preble. 

American. Fruit, large, oblong obovate, greenish yellow, with russet 
and green spots ; flesh, white, buttery, li very good." October and No- 
vember. 

Beurre Mollett's Guernsey. 

Mollett's Guernsey Chaumontelle. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, ovate pyriform, yellowish green, with dark 
brown, russet in sun ; calyx, large ; stem, stout ; flesh, yellowish, melt- 
ing, vinous, "very good." December. 

Beurre de Ranz. 

Beurre Ranee, Beurre de Flanders, 

Beurre Epine, Hardenpont duPrintemps, 

Beurre Noirchain. 

Foreign. Very variable, rarely " very good." Tree, a straggling, pen- 
dulous habit. Fruit, large, oblong, obtuse pyriform, dark green, bronzed 
in sun, russet at crown, russet dots over surface ; stem, long ; calyx, open ; 
core, small; flesh, greenish white, coarse, juicy. December to April. 

Beurre Kossuth. 

Foreign. New. Fruit, large, turbinate rounded, surface uneven ; 
stem curved, inserted upon a little projection; calyx, in divisions, 
dull yellowish green, traced and dotted with gray bronze, yellowish at 
crown, greenish at stem; flesh, fine, buttery, sugary, juice acidulated. 
(Hov. Mag.) 

Beurre Gifford. 

Beurre Gifford. 

Foreign. Tree, moderate grower, long slender shoots, dark reddish, 
good bearer on quince or pear. Fruit, medium, pyriform, yellowish green 
to pale yellow, red in sun, pale russet specks ; stem, long, slender, curved ; 



352 THE PEAK. 

calyx, open ; core, small ; flesh, white, melting, jmVy, vinous, " very good." 
Last of August. (Ho v. Mag.) 

Beurre Moire. 

Beurre Moire. 



Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright grower, early, productive bearer, often 
blossoms the second time in a season, and sets fruit, which of course does 
not mature ; new, promises well. Fruit, large, obovate, oblong pyriform, 
pale green, with dots of darker green, and occasionally a russet patch ; 
stem, one inch, stout, slight lip on one side of depression; calyx, small; 
short stiff segments ; core, small ; seeds, imperfect ; skin, thick, harsh ; 
flesh, white, juicy, vinous, half melting, sprightly, " very good." Novem- 
ber and December. 

Beurre d'Amalis. 

Beurre d'Amanlis, | Beurre d'Amaulis. 

Foreign. A free, vigorous grower on pear or quince ; said to bear well ; 



FOE AMATEUR CULTURE. 853 

our experience has been the reverse. Fruit, large, ovate obovate, dull 
yellowish green, with reddish brown cheek, brown dots, russet patches; 
stem, long, obliquely set ; calyx, open ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, a 
little coarse, often austere, " very good." Early September. 

There is also a striped Beurre d'Amalis, differing not materially, except 
in being striped red, yellow, and green. 

Beurre Nantais. 

Foreign. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, pale yellow, russet dots ; flesh, 
melting, juicy. September. (Hov. Mag.) 

Beurre Superfine. 

Foreign. Fruit, large, pale green, traces and patches of russet, dull 
brownish cheek ; flesh, juicy, melting, slight aro na, " very good." Mid- 
dle to last October. (Wilder, in Hort.) * 

Beurre Van Marum. 

Foreign. A very early and productive bearer on pear ; the fruit always 
fair. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, dull greenish yellow; stem, long; 
calyx, large; flesh, white, hardly "good;" its bearing its recommendation. 
October. 

Beurre Bachelier. 

Foreign. Fruit, very large, oblong, obovate pyriform, greenish } 7 ellow j 
stem, stout ; cavity, deep ; flesh, firm, sugary. December. (Hov. Mag.) 

Beurre Millet. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, obtuse pyriform ; pale yellow, with 
large pale russet specks ; stem, short, stout ; calyx, small, open ; core, 
small ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, vinous. November to Jan- 
uary. (Hov. Mag.) 

Beurre Brettouneau. 

Beurre Bretouneau. 

Foreign. Does not succeed on the quince; very fine on pear; very 
hardy, thorny wood. Fruit, large, obpvate, obtuse pyriform, yellow, dot- 
ted with russet ; flesh, melting, juicy, sugary. February to April. (Riv- 
ers, in Hort.) 

Beurre de VYaterloo. 

Foreign. Fruit, large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, dull green, rough skin, 
covered with coarse russet traces and points ; calyx, open ; basin, fur- 
rowed ; flesh, melting, juicy, sprightly, saccharine. Middle October. 
(Wilder, in Hort.) 

Beurre Audosson. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate, acute pyriform, yellowish green at 
maturity, dull red cheek in sun, and numerous russet dots ; stem, short, 



354 THE PEAR. 

stout; calyx, large, open; flesh, melting, tender, juicy, ''very good." 
October. (Wilder, in Hort.) 

Beurre Sprin. 

Foreign. Fruit, large, ovate pyriform, 3'-ellow, with patches, tracings 
and dots of russet ; stem, short, swollen at base, obliquely inserted, slight 
lip ; calyx, small, with segments united ; core, medium ; seeds, large ; 
flesh, yellowish white, a little coarse, melting, juicy, " very good." Octo- 
ber. We should not be surprised if this proved Marie Louise. 

Beurre Sterkman. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, large strong shoots ; succeeds on quince or 
pear. Fruit, medium, obtuse pyriform, dull greenish ground, nearly cov- 
ered with russet; stem, short, stout; calyx, open; flesh, white, melting, 
juicy, sub-acid. Octob- r. 

Beurre Clairg-eau. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, light yellow wood. Fruit, large, oblong, obo- 
vate pyriform ; color, mostly russet, reddish in sun ; stem, short, stout ; 
calyx, small, open; flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, juicy, vinous, "very 
good." October, November. This will probably prove one of the most 
valuable, as a large-sized, first quality pear, and desirable as an orchard 
variety, on the pear root. It is yet quite new. 

Beau Present d'Artois. 

Foreign. Fruit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform, gray and green spot- 
ted ; stem, large, short ; calyx, short, broad ; flesh, white, with green lines, 
tender, juicy, sugary. September. . (Hov. Mag.) 

Bergamotte d'Esperin. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, dull green, with dots and patches of 
russet; calyx, closed; basin, furrowed; flesh, butteiy, melting, juicy, 
sweet, " very good," very productive in clusters. December to February. 

Bergamotte Gaudry. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish green, with" russet dots; 
flesh, white, tender, juicy, " good." November. 

Bergamotte Cadette. 

Beurre Beauchamps, | Beauchamps, 

Poire de Cadet. 

Foreign. Fruit, hardly medium, roundish obovate, pale green, rarely 
little red in sun ; stem, long, stout ; calyx, small, closed ; flesh, buttery, 
juicy, sweet ; requires care in ripening. October to December. 

Bezi Sanspareil. 
Foreign. Fruit, small, globular, obtuse pyriform, dull greenish yellow, 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 355 

much russet, and in sun, a little' crimson ; stem, long ; cavity, deep ; calyx, 
open; segments, long; core, medium; seeds, purplish black; flesh, yel- 
lowish white, melting, juicy, aromatic, " very good," if not " best." Feb- 
ruary to March. 

Bezi de Naples. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, ovate obovate, light yellowish green, with 
blotches and stripes of darker hue, occasional russet patches and dots ; 
stem, stout ; calyx, small ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, fine, buttery, juicy, 
sweet, " very good." Last September. 

Bezi de Montigny. 

Trouve de Montigny, | Doyenne Musque. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, brownish olive wood. Fruit, medium, obo- 
vate, yellowish green, with russet specks and dots ; stem, long, curved, 
rather stout; calyx, small, open, reflexed ; core, large; flesh, white, fine, 
melting, juicy, sugary. October. g 

Bezi de la Motte. 

Bern Armudi, | Beurre Blanc de Jersey. 

Foreign. A vigorous, hardy sort, well suited to orcharding. Fruit, 
medium, obovate rounded, yellowish green, with many small russet dots ; 
stem, short, rather stout, slightly curved ; calyx, small, open, reflexed 
segments ; core, medium ; seeds, plump, ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, 
rather. coarse, sugary, juicy, melting, "very good." October. 

Bezi d'Esperin. 

Foreign. Fruit, large, turbinate, melting, " very good ;" good bearer. 
December to January. (Kivers, in Hort.) 

Baronne de Mello. 

Foreign. Grows fine and bears abundantly on quince. Fruit, medium, 
obovate, acute pyriform, yellowish russet; stem, short, stout, fleshy at 
base ; flesh, greenish white, melting, juicy, sub-acid, " very good." Mid- 
dle October. (Wilder, in Hort.) 

Benoist Nouveau. 

Foreign. The specimen from which we describe was received from 
Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, greenish 
yellow, brown cheek, dull russet marblings, and indistinct brown specks ; 
stem, stout; cavity, deep, narrow ; calyx, open; core, small ; seeds, long, 
ovate, pointed ; flesh, breaking, juicy, rather astringent, requires careful 
ripening. February to April. 

The "Benoist" of Rivers is large, and ripe in August ; and a "Beurre 
Benoist " said to ripen in October ; we have not seen them. 



356 THE PEAR. 

Bloodgood. 

American. From Flushing, L. I. It has not, as grown West, merited 
lia eastern reputation. The tree is a moderate grower, with reddish 
brown, short-jointed wood; a regular bearer. We think it requires a 
rich, deep, warm soil to produce good-flavored fruit. Fruit medium, or 
below, ovate obovate, yellow, with russet marblings and dots ; calyx, 
open ; stem, fleshy at base ; core, small ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, 
" very good." Early August. 

BORDENAVE. 

Smith's Bordenave. 

The original name lost, and this given to it by Alfred Smith, Esq., of 
Hartford, Connecticut, who imported it from France. Fruit medium, 
acute pyriform, dull greenish russet; flesh juicy, buttery, sprightly, " very 
good." September. 

Bonne des Zees. 

Bon d'Ezee, | Bonne des Haies. 

Foreign. Tree of short stocky habit; wood yellowish; fruit large, ob- 
tuse pyriform, light yellow and pale red, and somewhat russeted ; stem 
rather short, uneven, calyx partly closed, short segments ; core large ; 
flesh yellowish white, melting, juicy, sugary," very good." September. 

Bon Chretien Fond ante. 

Foreign. Tree vigorous, hardy, productive on quince or pear ; fruit 
medium, roundish, oblong, oval, yellowish green, brownish red in sun, and 
much russet ; stem medium, curved ; calyx small, partly closed ; basin fur- 
rowed ; core large ; flesh white, coarse, melting, juicy, a little gritty, " very 
good." September, October. 

Brandes St. Germain. 

Foreign. Considering its season, R Manning, Esq., considers this & 
very desirable variety ; tree moderate grower, succeeding finely on quince, 
very productive ; fruit medium, oblong oval, brownish yellow, with smooth 
russet; stem short, stout, calyx small; flesh juicy, vinous, "very good." 
November, December. 

Brougham. 

Foreign. Fruit below medium, obovate, yellowish russet ; stem short, 
calyx open ; flesh yellowish white, a little gritty, buttery, sugary, " very 
good." November. 

■ 
Bringewood. 

Foreign. Fruit medium, pyriform, yellowish brown and russet ; stem 
long and slender ; calyx open, prominent ; flesh yellowish white, gritty at 
core, the rest buttery, " very good." November. (Hov. Mag.) 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 357 

Brielmont. 

Foreign. Fruit medium, obovate oblong, angular, yellow, with greenish 
and russet specks ; calyx prominent ; basin open ; flesh white, melting, 
" good." October. 

Beadnell. 

Beadnell's Seedling. 

Foreign. Tree vigorous, abundant bearer ; shoots long, bright chestnut 
color, white dots ; fruit middle-sized, turbinate, stalk short ; eye a little 
open ; skin pale yellowish green on the shaded side, red next the sun, 
much speckled with whitish gray dots ; flesh melting, exceedingly juicy. 
Last September. 

Caen du France. 

Foreign. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, mostly yellowish russet and 
reddish dots ; stem rather long ; calyx open ; flesh fine, juicy, sweet, 
*' very good." December, January. 

Capiaumont. 

Beurre Capiaumont, | Beurre Coloma. 

Foreign. This is a profitable orchard and market variety, on pear or 
quince. A free grower ; branches grayish yellow ; fruit medium, globular, 
acute pyriform, yellow, with "cinnamon red cheek, and russet dots and 
streaks ; stem curved ; calyx large ; flesh buttery, sweet, a little astrin- 
gent, " very good." September, October. 

Calhoun. 

American. Native of New Haven, Conn. ; fruit medium, roundish, 
yellow, with much of russet traced and dotted ; stem short; calyx small; 
core medium ; flesh yellowish white, melting, juicy, " very good." October, 
November. 

Capsheaf. 

American. Native of Rhode Island. Tree hardy, wood yellowish; 
fruit medium, roundish obovate, yellow, mostly covered with cinnamon 
russet ; stem short ; calyx closed ; core large ; flesh yellowish white, fine, 
melting, juicy, sweet, " very good." October. 

Catinka. 

Foreign. New. Fruit large, oblong pyriform, yellowish; flesh fine, 
juicy, "very good," and will probably prove "best." We have only 
seen it once. November. 

Canandaigua. 

Catharine. 

American. From Central New York ; fruit large, resembling Bartlett j 



358 THE PEAR. 

flesh white, fine, juicy, "very good." September. A new variety ; tree 
vigorous, upright grower, thus far doing well on quince or pear, productive. 

Calebasse d'Ete. 

4 

Summer Calebasse. 

Foreign. Tree vigorous ; foliage light green ; fruit above medium, ob- 
long pyriform, irregular, dull green, little brown in sun, russet at stem 
and eye ; stem long ; calyx small ; core small ; seeds long ; flesh white, 
fine, buttery, juicy, sugary, perfumed. Last August. (Hov. Mag.) 

Chaptal. 

Beurre Chaptal. 

Foreign. Fruit medium or above, roundish, ovate obovate, greenish 
yellow; stem curved; cavity slight; calyx large, open; basin shallow; 
core medium; seeds o'blong; flesh white, breaking, juicy, " very good." 
December, January. 

Chancellor. 

Green's Germantown, | Early St. Germain. 

Probably a native of Pennsylvania. Tree healthy, abundant bearer? 
young wood slender, yellowish brown ; fruit large, oblong obovate pyri- 
form, green, with minute brown specks and* some russet blotches, rarely 
a faint brown cheek ; stem one inch long, rather thick, cavity small, irregu- 
lar ; calyx small, basin contracted ; core medium ; seeds long, yellowish 
brown; flesh melting, "very good." Last September. (Brinckle, in Hort.) 

Charles Van Mons. 

Foreign. Fruit below medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, yellowish 
green, brownish red cheek, and russet dots ; stem slender, curved, de- 
pression one side ; calyx large, open ; segments broad, completely re- 
flexed; basin shallow; core medium; seeds obovate pyriform; flesh 
whitish, melting, juicy, vinous, " very good," if not " best." January. 

Charles Van Hoogten. 

Foreign. Fruit above medium, obovate acute pyriform, dull pale 
yellow; stem stout, enlarged at base; calyx open; segments short; 
flesh yellowish white, melting, juicy, " very good." Early October. 
(Wilder, in Hort.) 

Christmas. 

IJpel. 

American. New, from Cincinnati, Ohio. Fruit medium, ovate rounded ; 
skin rough, bronzed, russety ; stem stout, slight depression ; calyx small ; 
basin shallow ; flesh a little gritty, juicy, sweet, " very good." Decem- 
ber, January. (Warder's notes.) 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 



359 



Chaumontel. 



Bezi de Chaumontelle, 
Beurre d'Hiver, 



Winter Beurre, 
Oxford Chaumontel. 



Foreign. Requires rich warm soil. Fruit large, oblong obovate ; " skin 
rough, yellowish, brownish red in sun, russet dots ; stem one inch, curved ; 
calyx medium ; basin deep ; core small ; seeds flattened ; flesh buttery, 
melting, " very good." November, January. 

CoNSEILLER RamTJEZ. 

Foreign. Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, dull green, clouded 
and traced with russet; flesh melting, tender, "good." October. 
(Wilder, in Hort.) 

CoLMAR, NEILL. 

Foreign. Fruit large, obovate, pale yellow; flesh white, buttary, 
melting, " good." October. 



Countess of Lunay. 

Comtesse de Lunay. 



Foreign. Tree vig- 
orous ; very productive 
on quince ; has been 
much disseminated as 
" Doyenne d ' Ete. " 
Fruit medium, ( our 
drawing too small, ) 
roundish obovate; skin 
smooth, pale yellow, 
often thinly sprinkled 
with red in sun, some 
russet specks, and rus- 
set at base of stem ; 
stem long, largest where 
it joins the tree; cavity 
slight, often a little lip 
one side of stem ; calyx 
large, open, with long 
reflexed segments ; core 
medium ; seeds brown ; 
flesh white, rather 
coarse, melting, juicy, 
" very good. " Oc- 
tober. 




360 THE PEAK. 

COMPTE DE LAMT. 

Beurre Curte, ) Dingier, 

Marie Louise the Second. 

Foreign. Not equal to the foregoing ; tree upright ; fruit medium, 
roundish obovate, yellow, brownish red cheek, small russet dots ; stem 
long, calyx small; flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, "good." Early 
October. 

Collins. 

Watertown 

American. From Watertown, Massachusetts ; supposed a seedling of 
white Doyenne ; a regular, abundant bearer. Fruit large or above medium, 
roundish obovate, yellowish green, mottled with dull red in sun, some 
russet ; stem short, curved ; calyx large, open ; core large ; flesh white, 
vinous, juicy, sweet, melting, " best." September. 

CoLMAR EpiNE. 

Foreign. Fruit large, roundish obtuse, oblong, dull green with cloud- 
ings of darker hue ; flesh white, melting, vinous, juicy, " very good." 
September. 

Coter. 

Foreign. Tree healthy, young wood, short-jointed, light yellow; 
fruit medium, regular obovate, pale green ; flesh fine-grained, tender, 
melting, juicy, " very good." November. 

Citron. 

American. Native of New Haven, Conn. Fruit medium, roundish 
obovate, dull green, sprinkled with small russety dots : flesh a little 
coarse, greenish white, melting, juicy, " very good," Last August. 

Cross. 

Winter Cross. 

American. From Massachusetts. Tree hardy, slender, grayish yellow 
wood ; fruit, medium, roundish obovate, deep yellow, with russet dots 
and patches ; stem stout ; calyx small ; flesh white, melting, juicy, "very 
good.'' November, January. 

Gushing. 

American. Native of Hingham, Mass. Tree hardy, of slender diverg- 
ing growth ; fruit medium, ovate obovate, light greenish yellow, small 
gray dots, dull red cheek ; calyx small ; stem one inch long ; flesh white, 
fine-grained, melting, sweet, " very good." September. 

Dallas. 

American. From New Haven, Conn. Fruit medium, roundish 
obovate, dull yellow, mostly covered with red russet; stem medium, 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 



361 



calyx large, open ; core rather small ; flesh yellowish white, melting, 
juicy, vinous, li very good." November. 

De Louvain. 

Poire de Louvain. 

Foreign. Fruit large, obovate acute pyriform, dull greenish yellow, 
rough russet dots and patches ; stem long, medium size, curved ; calyx 
large; basin shallow ; core medium ; seeds blackish ; flesh greenish white, 
crisp, juicy, astringent, valuable onlylfor baking. January, March. 

Des Nonnes. 

' Des Nones. 

Foreign. New : fruit medium, turbinate, clear light yellow, many 
small brown dots ; stem long, slender ; calyx small, closed ; basin shallow ; 
flesh whitish, melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed, "very good," perhaps 
" best," September. (Hort.) 

Deuces d'Hardenpont. 

Delices d'Ardenponl. | Delice d'Hardenpont of Angers. 



Foreign. Tree, har- 
dy, moderate grower ; 
shoots,' upright, yellow- 
ish brown, good bearer, 
deserves more attention. 
Fruit, medium, roundish, 
pale yellow, with many 
gray dots and russet in 
sun ; stem, varying ; ca- 
lyx, small, closed ; basin, 
round, slightly uneven; 
core, medium ; seeds, 
broad, ovate ; flesh, whit- 
ish, buttery, melting, jui- 
cy, almost u best" Oc- 
tober. 




Delices d'Hardenpont du Nord and Belgium. 

Fondante Pariselle du Cornice Horticule, | Beurre Cur tet of A. Leroy. 

Foreign. Fruit, large, pyriform, yellow, gray spotted ; calyx, small ; 
flesh, coarse, melting, sugary, " good." October. (Hov. Mag.) 

16 



362 THE PEAK. 

Delices de Mons. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform, uneven surface ; stem, half inch 
long ; calyx 7 small ; skin, yellowish green in shade, russet in sun, dotted 
and spotted with gray; flesh, yellowish, melting, juicy, perfumed, " very 
good." September, October. (Ho v. Mag.) 

Delices Charles Van Mons. 

Foreign. Fruit, large, medium pyriform ; skin, fine, lemon yellow, thinly 
washed with russet, quite like the Golden Beurre, which it also resembles 
in size and shape ; stalk, an inch and a quarter long, inserted without 
depression ; calyx, small, open, and placed in a narrow and shallow basin ; 
flesh, melting, vinous, juicy, and refreshing. Tested by us for the first 
time, 20th September, 1853. Description by Thorp, Smith & Co., of 
Syracuse. 

Diller. 

Probably a native of Pennsylvania; new. Tree, moderately vigorous; 
wood, short-jointed, reddish brown, a regular and abundant bearer. Fruit, 
medium, ovate obovate, angular, golden yellow, sprinkled, and in sun, 
mostly covered with light cinnamon russet; calyx, open ; basin, shallow; 
core, small ; seeds, long, black, pointed : flesh, yellowish white, buttery, 
sugary, "very good," or "best," September. We saw this fruit at the 
Am. Pom. Society meeting, 1852, and have no doubt it will eventually 
take first class position. It must not be confounded with the Dillen, a 
foreign variety. 

Dillen. 

Dillon, Doyenne Dillen. 

Foreign. This has been heretofore considered a synonym of Beurre 
Diel; it, however, proves distinct. Tree, not vigorous, branches erect, 
diverging, grayish rough wood. Fruit large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, 
greenish yellow, russet at stem ; stem, short ; calyx, small ; flesh, fine, 
melting, tender, juicy, vinous. October, November. (Hov. Mag.) 

De Sorlus. 

Foreign. New. Tree, vigorous; branches, straight, erect, compact; 
wood, yellowish, grayish, white dots, free bearer. Fruit large, turbinate ; 
stem, one side, short, curved ; calyx, small, closed ; color, yellowish green, 
gray russet, marbled most at stem ; flesh, white, melting, juicy. Octo- 
ber, December. (Hov. Mag.) 

Doyenne Rose. 

Foreign. Fruit, above medium, oblong, ovate pyriform, yellow, blush 
red cheek, patches and dots of russet ; stem, stout, set without depres- 
sion ; calyx, with short, stiff segments ; core, small ; flesh, white, coarse, 
juicy, "good." October. 



FOE AMATEUR CULTURE. 363 

Doyenne Kobin. 

Foreign. Fruit, rather large, bergamot-shaped, greenish, covered with 
russet dots and splashes ; stem, usually very long and thick, deep, narrow 
cavity ; calyx, small, narrow, moderately deep basin ; seed, large, black ; 
flesh, melting, somewhat granular ; flavor, pleasant ; quality, u very 
good." September. 

» Doyenne Sieulle. 

Beurre Sieulle, Sieulle 

Foreign. A variety requiring high culture ; does best on quince, under 
garden culture. Fruit, above medium, roundish oblong, dull yellowish 
green, with fine red cheek in sun, scattered russet specks ; stem, stout ; 
calyx, open; core, large; flesh, white, melting, sugary, vinous, juicy, 
u very good," sometimes "best." October, November. 

Doyenne Santellete. 

• Sentilet. 

Foreign. An old variety, little known. Tree, vigorous ; wood, stout, 
yellowish. Fruit, above medium, roundish pyriform, dull yellowish 
green, traces, streaks and dots of russet, red in sun ; stem, long, slender ; 
calyx, small, open ; flesh, yellowish white, vinous, melting, juicy, " very 
good." October. 

Doyenne Goubalt. 

Chapen. 

Foreign. Promises a valuable variety for orcharding, on pear roots. 
Fruit, medium to large, obovate, acute pyriform ; surface, uneven, dull 
pale yellow, with a few .traces of russet ; stem, short, thick flesh next the 
fruit; calyx, small ; basin, deep ; core, small ; flesh, melting, juicy, sweet, 
"very good." November to December. 

Doyenne du Comice. 

Doyenne du Comice of Angers. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, obtuse pyriform, 
greenish yellow, russet specks, red around stem; stem, short; calyx, 
open ; basin, deep ; core, large ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, 
sugary, " very good." October, November. 

Doyenne de Fais. 

Foreign. Fruit, large, roundish ; skin^smooth, yellow, often with a fine 
red cheek ; stalk, stout, about one inch long, inserted in a deep cavity ; 
calyx, spreading, placed in a deep, narrow basin ; flesh, white, fine-grained, 
very buttery, melting, juicy, rich, high-flavored and delicious. Tree, ro- 
bust, and a great bearer. October. For the above description, we are 
indebted to Messrs. Thorp, Smith & Co., of Syracuse. 



364 



THE PEAR. 



Duchess of Angouleme. 

Duchesse d'Angouleme. 




Foreign. A valuable variety for market, on the quince, and on the 
quince only. High culture of this variety produces very large and ft very 
good" fruit, otherwise it is indifferent in size or character. Our drawing 
is from a small specimen. Fruit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform, dull 
greenish yellow, traced and dotted with russet; stem, rather long, stout ; 
calyx, medium, partly open ; basin, deep, uneven ; core, below medium ; 
seeds, oblong pyriform; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, ' ; very good." 
"October. 

The Striped Duchess d' Angouleme differs only in the fruit being striped, 
yellow and green. 

Duchesse of Orleans. 



St. Nicholas. 



Beurre St. Nicholas. 



Foreign. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, olive-colored wood, leaves 
dark blue green, narrow. Thus far productive and healthy on quince; 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 



365 



one little tree, two years planted, this season yielded forty-three beauti- 
ful specimens. Fruit, large, oblong, ovate pyriform, greenish, becoming 
greenish yellow, with stripes and patches of dull thin russet, sometimes 
red cheek in sun ; stem, variable, fleshy at base ; calyx, small, ©pen ; short 
segments; flesh, melting, juicy, "very good." October. 

DUNMORE. 




Foreign. A good grower and early bearer on pear roots, requires rich, 
high culture ; shoots slender, erect, brownish slate color. Fruit, large 
to very large, (our drawing made from an unripe specimen,) oblong obo- 
vate, greenish, dotted and speckled with brownish red russet, patches of 
rough russet near calyx ; when not fully ripe, dark green specks under- 



366 THE PEAE. 

neath the skin ; stem, rather long ; fleshy at base ; calyx, open ; segments, 
much reflexed ; core,- rather large ; flesh, yellowish white, buttery, melt- 
ing, *'- very good." September and October. 

Duchesse of Mars. 

Duchesse de Mars, Captif de St. Helena. 

Foreign. Fruit, below medium, oblong obovate, yellow, mostly covered 
with russet, ruddy in sun ; stem, set without depression ; calyx, small, 
closed; core and seeds small,- flesh, melting, juicy, perfumed, "very 
good," if not " best." October and November. This succeeds well, and 
this fruit is best grown on quince. 

Duchesse of Berri. 

Duchesse de Berri, Duchess of Berry. 

Foreign. This name has sometimes been applied to the Duchess of 
Angouleme, which is entirely distinct. Tree, moderately vigorous, spread- 
ing, shoots reddish brown. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, clear pale 
yellow, dotted with small russet specks; stem, short; calyx, small; seeds, 
large ; flesh, yellowish white", rather coarse, melting, juicy, sugary. Sep- 
tember and October. 

DuNDAS. 
Parmentier. 

Foreign. Rather liable to drop before mature. Fruit, medium, obovate 
ovate, yellow, greenish black dots, deep red cheek in sun ; stem, stout ; 
calyx, small; flesh, yellowish, melting, perfumed, "very good." October 
and November. 

Early Sugar. 



Amire Joannet, 

Joannette, 

St. John's Pear, 



it. Jean. 



Archduc d'Ete, 
Sugar Pear, 
Harvest Pear, 



Foreign. Only valued for ripening very early. Fruit, small, pyriform, 
light green to yellowish, faint blush; flesh, white, sugary, "good" if 
eaten just in perfection, otherwise mealy. July. 

Elizabeth. (Edwards'.) 

American. From New-Haven, Ct. Fruit, medium, roundish, obtuse 
pyriform, angular, lemon yellow, russet specks and patches ; stem, short ; 
calyx, large, open ; core, large ; flesh, white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, 
vinous, Ci very good," often " best." October. 

Elizabeth. (Manning's.) 

Elizabeth Van Mons, | Van Mons No. 154. 

Foreign. Received under number, and named by the late Mr. Man- 
ning ; young wood, reddish brown. Fruit, small, obovate rounded, lemon 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 



367 



yellow, red in sun, slight traces of russet ; calyx, small, open ; core, large ; 
flesh, yellowish white, melting, sugary, juicy, "very good." Last August. 

Early Butter of Cincinnati. 



This is a variety which our Cincin- 
nati pomologists seem unable to recog- 
nize with any known description. We 
have been unable to examine the fruit 
in perfection, but some small specimens 
received, from which our drawing was 
made, induced a guess at Dearborn Seed- 
ling. The original tree at Cincinnati is 
said to have been probably brought from 
New -Jersey. It is of upright growth, 
short-jointed, yellowish brown wood, 
forming a handsome symmetrical head. 
Fruit small, oblong ovate, narrowing 
most to the stem, light greenish yellow, 
with dark green specks, rarely a bronzed 
red in sun; calyx, prominent; seg- 
ments, bold, reflexed ; core, compact ; 
seeds, few, defective ; flesh, white, juicy, 
buttery, "very good." Last July. 




EcHASSERY. 



Echasserie, 
Bezi d' Echassie, 



Bezi de Chasserie, 
Jagdbirae. 



Foreign. Poor grower. Fruit, medium, roundish oval, pale green, yel- 
lowish, dotted with gray when ripe ; calyx, open ; flesh, melting, buttery, 
sweet, "good." November and December. 



Eyewood. 

Foreign. Tree vigorous, branches very strong, stout, yellowish brown 
with large white specks. Fruit, below medium, obovate, pale greenish 
yellow, russet traces and specks ; stem, long, slender; calyx, small, open ; 
core, large; flesh, white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, subacid, "very 



good 



Octobei 



Figue of Naples. 



Figue de Naples, 
Fig Pear of Naples, 



Comtesse de Frenoi, 
De Vigne Pelane. 



Foreign. Grown by some under name of Beurre Bronze. Tree vig- 
orous, productive, shoots upright, brown. Fruit, medium, oblong obo- 
vate, pale greenish yellow, dull red in sun, russety ; calyx, small; stem, 
stout, fleshy knob at base ; flesh, juicy, pleasant, breaking, "good." Oct 



Q 



68 THE PEAR. 



FlGUE. 

Figue Vert. 

Foreign. This is distinct from the preceding, and by some counted su- 
perior ; tree vigorous, hardy, productive on either pear or quince ; fruit 
medium, oblong pyriform, green, much overspread with yellow and red 
russet; stem stout, fleshily set upon the neck ; calyx open, without divi- 
sions ; core rather large ; flesh white, juicy, melting, slightly perfumed, 
" very good." November. 

FoNBANTE DE ChaRNETJSE. 

Foreign. New. Fruit large, obtuse pyriform, irregular, dull yellowish 
green, dotted and clouded with russet ; stem stout ; calyx open ; flesh 
melting, juicy, saccharine, sometimes astringent, " very goo*: 1 " Early 
October. (Wilder, in Hort.) 

FONDANTE DE MaLINES. 

Fcndante de ilalines (Esperin) . 

Foreign. New. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit medium, roundish 
obovate, pale yellow, traced and much covered with red russet and brown- 
ish red, occasional spot of vermillion in sun ; stem long ; calyx small ; 
core large; flesh white, buttery, melting, sweet, "very good." October. 

Fonbante Van Moists. 

Foreign. Tree good grower and productive ; fruit medium, roundish 
obovate, greenish yellow, marbled with red and some russet specks ; stem 
stout, curved ; calyx large, open ; core large ; flesh yellowish white, coarse, 
melting, buttery, sweet, ''very good." October. 

Forelle. 

Trout Pear, | Poire Truite, 

Forellenbirne. 

Foreign. Deserves more attention than it has yet received ; tree vig- 
orous, productive on quince or pear ; wood violet red, young shoots< 
downy ; fruit medium, oblong obovate, dull yellow in shade, vermillion in 
sun, grayish dots margined with crimson ; stern slender ; calyx partly open ; 
core medium ; flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, melting, juicy, vinous, 
"very good" or "best." October, November. 

Frederick of Wurtemberg. 

Frederick de Wurtemburg. 

Foreign. "Well known and extensively grown in this country ; tree 
very early and productive bearer, young wood strong, yellowish brown ; 
fruit decays rapidly at core, often worthless ere the grower thinks it ripe; 
fruit large, angular .pyriform, uneven surface, dull yellow, crimson cheek; 
stem stout, usually set on or thickening into the fruit ; calyx open ; basin 
shallow ; flesh white, juicy, melting, " good." September. 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 369 

Fredrika Bremer. 

Virgalieu, errmeouly, of some. 

American. From Oneida county, New York, recently introduced by 
J C Hastings, Esq. It is said to be an early and productive bearer, 
which we are disposed to believe, as a graft, two years set this year, 
produced fine specimens. Fruit above medium, roundish obovate, obtuse 
pyriform greenish, becoming pale yellow, with slight russet dots ; stem 
one to one and a half inch long, rarely a cavity; calyx open, short erect 
segments; basin rather deep, slight furrows; core medium; seeds black- 
ish; flesh white, a little coarse, melting, juicy, nearly "best."' October, 
November. 

Gansel's Bergamot. 



Broca's Bergamot, 
Ives' Bergamot, 
Staunton, 



Bonne Rouge, 
Gurle's Beurre , 
Pi am ant. 



Foreign. An old variety, with few superiors when well grown It re- 
quires a & warm, rich soil ; on cold clay it is almost tasteless ; tree vigorous, 
spreading, succeeds well on quince, productive ; fruit large, roundish obo- 
vate, yellowish brown russet, red in sun, russet dots and patches ; stem 
short ; cavity deep ; calyx open ; basin deep ; core large ; flesh yellowish 
white, coarse, melting, juicy, " very good," or " best." October. 

Gansel's late Bergamot. 

Foreign. A new variety recently introduced, very much resembling 
the preceding, except its period of maturity being extended into De- 
cember. It is also said to have less color in sun, and the flesh entirely 
free from granulations. Tree vigorous and productive on the pear root. 

Gideon Paridante. 

Foreign. Fruited with us this year for first time. Fruit medium, 
obovate pyriform, yellowish green, with brown red cheek in sun, and 
marbled red russet over surface ; stem one and a half inch long, angularly 
planted with a lip one side; calyx open, narrow segments ; basin shallow^; 
core medium; flesh white, melting, sugary, "very good," nearly " best." 
Last September and October. 

Grand Soleil. 

Foreign. Tree vigorous, erect, well-formed, productive ; fruit medium, 
roundish, orange yellow, with a russety red blush, few russet specks ; 
stem medium, swollen at base ; calyx small, closed ; core large ; seeds 
obovate; flesh yellowish white, little coarse, buttery, melting, sugary, 
aromatic, " very good," nearly " best." November. 

Green Mountain Boy. 

American. Fruit medium or above, roundish obovate, sometimes an- 
gular pyriform ; stem varying ; calyx open, reflexed segments ; golden 
yellow or russety yellow, with numerous russety brown specks ; core 

16* 



370 THE PEAR. 

rather large ; seeds long, flattened ; flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, sweet, 
" very good." October. 

Hacon's Incomparable. 

Downham Seedling. 

Foreign. A hardy, productive variety; spreading, rather drooping 
branches ; deserves more attention than yet received ; young shoots 
slender, olive color, diverging ; fruit rather large, roundish, obtuse 
pyriform, dull yellowish green and pale brown, with many russet streaks 
and dots ; stem rather long, straight ; calyx with small divisions ; basin 
shallow ; flesh white, buttery, melting, sugary, juicy, nearly if not quite 
" best." October, November. 

Hagerman. 

American. From Flushing, L. I. Fruit small, roundish, yellow, over- 
spread with thin golden russet, red cheek in sun ; stem short, stout ; 
calyx open, segments reflexed ; basin shallow ; core small ; seeds broad 
ovate; flesh juicy, sprightly, pleasant, " very good." September. 

Hanover. 

From Hanover Furnace, New Jersey. In size it is usually rather 
small, round obovate, green, with dull green russet markings, and a 
brown cheek; stem one inch, shallow cavity, usually angular ; calyx open, 
plaited, sometimes furrowed, irregular basin ; seeds large, plump, acumi- 
nate ; flesh greenish yellow, melting, juicy, pleasant, " good." (W. D. B.) 

Hanners. 

Hamus. 

Origin uncertain : has generally been considered a synonym of Cushing, 
but proves distinct ; Mr. 0. M. Hovey first pointed out the error. Shoots 
upright, brownish yellow ; fruit medium, oblong, rounded at crown, 
obtuse at stem, yellowish green to pale yellow, with large pale russet 
patches and dots ; stem stout, swollen at base ; calyx small, open ; core 
large ; flesh white, melting, juicy, vinous, " very good." September. 

Harvard. 

Boston Epargne, | Cambridge Sugar Pear. 

American. Native of Cambridge, Mass. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, 
productive. Fruit medium, oblong pyriform, russety olive yellow, reddish 
cheek ; stem rather stout, not sunk ; calyx small ; basin narrow ; seeds 
long, obovate; flesh white, juicy, "very good," liable to decay at core. 
September. 

Henrietta. 

Edwards' Henrietta 

American. Native of New Haven, Conn. Tree vigorous, hardy, pro- 
ductive. Fruit medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, dull yellow crimson 



FOB AMATEUR CULTURE. 



371 



spots in sun, russet at base of stem ; calyx closed ; basin furrowed ; core 
large; flesh white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, " good." Last August. 



Haddington. 

Smith's Haddington- 




American. From seed of Pound pear, grown by J. B. Smith, Esq., at 
Haddington, Pa. Tree vigorous, productive ; fruit above medium, oblong, 
obovate° pyriform, greenish yellow, brownish cheek, and russet dots and 
patches; stem medium, cavity shallow.; calyx medium ; segments short, 
erect ; core medium ; seeds long, ovate ; flesh yellowish, juicy, aromatic, 
"very good." January to April. 

Henkel. 

Foreign. Tree fine grower, young shoots grayish brown ; an early, 
very productive bearer on pear roots, valuable for orcharding. Fruit 
large, obovate, somewhat obtuse pyriform, dull yellow, patches of russet 
and green specks ; stem long, curved ; calyx open ; segments short ; ba- 
sin uneven ; core medium ; flesh yellowish white, rather coarse, jui'cy 
vinous, " very good." Early September. 



372 THE PEAR. 

Henry the Fourth. 

Henri Quatre, | Jacquin. 

Foreign. Tree hardy, good bearer, young shoots diverging, yellowish 
brown. Fruit small, roundish pyriform, greenish 3 7 ellow, with small gray 
dots ; stem long, slender, swollen at base ; calyx small ; flesh whitish, 
rather coarse, juicy, " good. Early September. 

Hericart. 

Foreign. Fruit large, obtuse pyriform, light pale greenish yellow, 
russet dots and patches; stem long, slender; calyx small; segments re- 
flexed ; core small ; seeds long ; flesh rather coarse, breaking, juicy, very 
sweet, ' : very good." Early September. Some specimens we have had 
of this proved almost best ; we think it improves with age of trees. 

Hosen-Schenck. 

Schenck's Pear, i Schenck's August Watermelon, 

Smokehouse. 

American. From Pennsylvania. New. Fruit large, obovate, yellow, 
melting, not high flavor. Last of August. 

Howell. 

American. Native of New Haven, Conn., recently introduced to no- 
tice. Fruit, large, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, small russet dots, faint 
red blush in sun ; stem, often curved, without depression ; calyx, open ; 
basin, irregular ; flesh, melting, juicy, slightly acidulous, delicate aroma. 
October. (Wilder, in Hort.) 

Hull. 

American. Native of Somerset, Mass. Tree, vigorous, upright ; wood, 
reddish brown. Fruit, medium, obovate, yellowish green, dull red, and 
russet ; stem, long ; calyx, half open ; core, large ; flesh, white, rather 
coarse, gritty at core, juicy, " good." October. 

Inconnue Van Mons. 

Foreign. Best on quince. Fruit, medium, oblong pyriform, dull, pale 
green, traces and dots of russet; stem, long, slender; calyx, open ; basin, 
deep; flesh, melting, buttery, "very good." December to February. 
(Wilder, in Hort.) 

Jamlnette. 

Josephine, Sabine, 

Colmar Jaminette, | D'Austrasie, 
Beurre d'Austrasie. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, not an early bearer. Fruit, above medium, 
obovate, obtuse pyriform, green, with russety brown dots and patches ; 
stem, stout ; calyx, open ; flesh, white, rather gritty at core, juicy, sweet, 
" good." November, December. 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 373 



Jargonelle. 



Epargne, 

Grosse Cuisse Madame, 

Beau Present, 

Poire de Tables des Princes, 



Saint Sampson, 
Saint Lambert, 
Sweet Summer, 
Peal Jargonelle, 



Jargonelle of the English. 

Foreign. An old variety, abundant bearer, now surpassed, for all ex- 
cept large collections, by more recently originated sorts. Fruit, large, 
long, ovate pyriform, greenish yellow, little brown in sun ; stem, long ; 
calyx, open, prominent; flesh, yellowish, coarse, juicy, '-good," often 
" very good." August. 

Jean de Witte. 

Nos. 1482, 1082, and 1602 of Van Mons. 

Foreign. Tree, moderate growth, short-jointed wood, upright. Fruit, 
medium or above, obovate, narrowing to the stem, pale yellow, little rus- 
set ; flesh, melting, juicy, vinous, slightly sub-acid, " very good." No- 
vember to January. 

Jersey Gratioli. 

Foreign. Tree, moderately vigorous, abundant bearer, succeeds on 
quince ; wood, stout, short-jointed. Fruit, large, roundish, oblong obo- 
vate, slightly angular, greenish yellow, blush in sun, russet specks, and 
also at base of stem and crown ; stem, stout, obliquely inserted ; calyx, 
open, saort segments; core, medium ; flesh, yellowish white, little coarse, 
melti jg, juicy, vinous. September, October. (Ho v. Mag.) 

JOHONNOT. 

Franklin. 

American. Native of Salem, Mass. Tree moderate, healthy grower, 
upright, spreading ; wood dark reddish brown, suited to orcharding in our 
western, rich soils, productive. Fruit below medium, roundish obovate, 
angular, greenish yellow, dull russet ; stem stout, fleshy at base ; calyx 
Jarge, open; core large; seeds small; flesh white, rather coarse, melting, 
juicy, vinous, almost "best." September. 

Josephine de Malines. 

Foreign. Not an early bearer or a good grower, best on pear. Fruit 
medium, roundish obovate, yellow blush in sun, traces and specks of rus- 
set ; calyx open ; core large ; flesh yellowish white, melting, fine, juicy, 
vinous, " very good." December, January. 

Julienne. 

Origin uncertain. Tree thrifty, upright, light yellowish brown shoots, 
productive, and in warm, rich, sandy soils, often very fine ; in cold clay it 
is inferior, best on quince. Fruit below medium, roundish, oblong obo- 
vate, clear bright yellow, with a little of fine russet marblings and patches ; 
stem rather stout ; calyx small, closed ; core compact ; seeds blackish ; 
flesh white, rather coarse, half buttery, sweet, " very good." August. 



374 THE PEAK 

KlNGSESSING, 
Leech's Kingsessing. 

American. Native of Kingsessing township, near Philadelphia. Tree 
upright, vigorous, somewhat thorny, young shoots yellowish green or 
brownish olive, gray dots. This, when better known, will, we think, take 
position in first class. It is, however, not a very early bearer, and on quince, 
requires double working. Fruit large, or above medium, obovate, some- 
times obtuse pyriform, sea-green, with patches of dark green ; stem stout, 
fleshy at base ; calyx small; basin shallow; flesh buttery, delicate, "best." 
Last August. 

Knight's Monarch. 

Foreign. A variety requiring very high culture; wood light olive 
color. Fruit large, obovate oblong, yellowish brown, tinged with red, 
dotted with gray; stem short; calyx open; flesh yellowish white, meltr 
ing^ juicy. January. 

King Edward's. 

Jackman's Melting. 

Foreign. Tree thrifty, shoots upright, dark brown. Fruit large, pyri- 
form, yellow, with patches of dull russet, red cheek in sun ; stem short ; 
calyx small ; flesh yellowish, buttery, melting, variable, " good." October. 

Las Canas. 

Foreign. Tree upright, vigorous, early, good bearer. Fruit medium, 
or below, pyriform, pale yellow, partly covered with thin russet ; seeds 
black ; flesh juicy, sweet, nearly " best." October. 

La Juive. 

Foreign. Tree vigorous, branches upright. Fruit above medium, pyr- 
iform, yellow, with gray specks; stem short; flesh yellowish, buttery, 
juicy. October. (Hov. Mag.) 

Lamorictere. 

General Lamoriciere. 

Foreign. Fruit medium, pyriform, gray, with green dots ; stem stout ; 
calyx large, closed; flesh greenish white, melting, buttery, juicy. Last 
September. (Hov. Mag.) 

Laherard. 

Foreign. Fruit above medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, lemon yellow, 
brownish red cheek in sun ; calyx closed ; stem stout ; flesh white, melt- 
ing, juicy, pleasant, sub-acid, "very good." October. Succeeds on quince. 
(Wilder, in Hort.) 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 
Lewis. 



87.~ 




Native of Roxbury, Mass. It is a hardy tree, vigorous, spreading, 
rather drooping as it grows old, always bears, and fruit always regular 
•and even in size. If well ripened, it is a fine, delicious fruit, otherwise 
not more than second quality. It is profitable as a standard orchard va- 
riety, but requires rich deep soil, or its immense crops exhaust too rap- 
idly, causing the fruit to be quite small and insipid. Fruit, below medium, 
roundish obovate, obtuse at stem ; color, dark, becoming pale green with 
many russet specks; stem, long, slender, shallow depression; calyx, 
large ; segments, broad in divisions ; basin, almost obscure ; core, above 
medium for size of fruit; seeds, large, ovate; flesh, yellowish white, 
rather coarse, melting, juicy. Season, November to February. 

Lee's Seedling. 

American. Native of Salem, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish oval, 
greenish russet, brown in sun ; stem, short ; calyx, open ; core, large ; 
flesh, white, coarse, juicy, " good." September. 



376 



THE PEAR. 



Locke. 

Locke's New Beurre. 

American. From West Cambridge, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish 
obovate, yellowish green, spotted with shades of darker green and russet ; 
stem, medium ; calyx, small, half closed .; flesh, greenish white, juicy, 
vinous, " good.'' November and December. 

Lodge. 




American. From vicinity of Philadelphia. Eequires rich, warm, 
sandy soil, when it is one of the best; on cold clay it is hardly "very 
good." Fruit, medium, or above, sometimes large, varying in form, (see 
our engraving ;) when fully mature, yellowish, with rich golden russet, 
and patches of dull russet; calyx, with short, half refiexed segments; 
core, medium ; seeds, blackish ; flesh, whitish, a little gritty at core, juicy, 
melting, "very good." September and October. 



FOE AMATEUR CULTURE. 377 

LlMON. 

Foreign. This promises to take a first-class rank. Tree, moderately 
vigorous, shoots long, slender, reddish brown. Fruit, above medium, ob- 
ovate roundish, yellow, with faint red cheek; stem, rather short; basin, 
shallow ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, nearly " best." August. 

Marie Louise. 

Forme de Marie Louise, I Princess de Parme, 

Marie Chretienne, | Braddiok's Field Marshal, 

Maria. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, rather straggling, or diverging and drooping, 
with olive gray colored shoots ; requires rich, warm, sandy soil, otherwise 
it is only a " good" pear. It is hardy and productive. Fruit, large, ob- 
long pyriform, dull green, becoming pale yellow, with marblings, dots, 
and° patches of russet, and russet at crown and base of stem ; stem, me- 
dium, obliquely set in a slight cavity, or with a raised lip on one side ; 
calyx, open, irregularly formed ; segments, connected ; core, small ; seeds, 
broad, ovate ; flesh, white, buttery, melting, juicy, vinous, " very good." 
Last of September and October. 

March Bergamotte. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate, greenish yellow; flesh, buttery, 
gritty at core, " good." March. 

Martin Sec. 

Roussellet d'Hiver. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, or below, obovate, angular, yellow, with 
small specks, dull brownish red one side; stem, long, slender; calyx, in 
an abrupt furrowed basin ; flesh, yellowish, half melting, juicy, " good. 
December. 

Merriam. 

American. From Roxbury, Mass. Tree, thrifty, productive, supposed 
a seedling from Gray Doyenne. Fruit, large, roundish, dull yellow much 
covered with smooth pale russet; stem, short; calyx, small, closed ; 
flesh, yellowish white, coarse, juicy, sugary ; core, large ; seeds, dark 
brown. Last of September. (Hov. Mag.) 

Marechal de la Cour. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, branches long, thorny at ends, early bearer. 
Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, or ovate, yellowish green, vermillion in sun; 
stem,' crooked, inserted with a lip one side; calyx, large, open; flesh, 
white, fine, melting, juicy, vinous. October. (Hov. Mag.) 

McLaughlin. 

Origin unknown ; probably an American seedling. Tree, moderate, 
healthy grower, productive. Fruit, above medium, oblong, obtuse pyri- 



378 THE PEAR. 

form, pale yellow, with brownish red in sun; stem, short, swollen at 
junction with tree ; calyx, open ; core, medium ; flesh, yellowish white, 
a little coarse, juicy, " very good." November and December.,. 

Millot de Nancy. 

Foreign. Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, with patches 
and traces of russet ; flesh, melting, juicy, sugary, "good." January. 
* (Wilder, in Hort) 

Moccas. 

Foreign. Tree, very vigorous, rapid growth, and productive. 
Fruit, medium, obovate roundish, greenish yellow, brown cheek in sun, 
and a few russet dots ; stem, long, curved ; calyx, partly open ; flesh, 
yellowish, melting, juicy, "very good." December. 

Muscadine. 

American. From near Newburgh, N. Y. We have had trees six 
years, but they have not fruited. We condense from Mr. Downing's de- 
scription : Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, pale yellowish green, with 
brown dots ; stem, an inch long ; calyx, with reflexed segments ; basin, 
shallow ; flesh, white, buttery, melting, musky. Last August, first Sep- 
tember. Shoots, stout, dark gray brown. 

Napoleon. 

Medaille, | Roi de Rome. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright grower, olive-colored shoots, fruit, 
largest and finest on quince, very productive. Fruit, large, obtuse to ob- 
ovate, and rounded pyriform, greenish yellow, smooth ; stem, varying, 
usually stout; calyx, medium, open; flesh, white, tender, juicy, "good." 
October. Valuable as a market sort on quince. Rivers says the Napo- 
leon d'Hiver is not sufficiently distinct to be retained. 

Orange Bergamotte. 

Orange Pear. 

Foreign. An old variety, great bearer, valuable only for cooking. 
Fruit, above medium, pyriform, yellow, russet in sun; flesh, yellowish, 
sprightly, astringent. September and October. 

Oakley Park. 

Oakley Park Bergamot. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, with rus- 
set : calyx, partly open; stem, slender; flesh, buttery, melting, "good." 
October. 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 



379 



OlJDINOT. 

Beurre Oudinot. 

Foreign. Fruit large, pyriform, yellowish green, with brownish cheek ; 
stem curved; calyx medium; basin shallow; flesh fine, juicy, "very 
good." September. 

Osborn. 

American. From Economy, la., introduced first to notice by A. H., 
Ernst, Esq., of Cincinnati. Fruit small, ovate pyriform, greenish yellow ; 
stem about one inch long, set with two or more fleshy ridges at base ; 
flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet, a little astringent, "good." Early 
August. 

Osband's Summer. 

Osband's Favorite, | Summer Virgalieu of some. 

American. Native of Wayne Co., K Y. Fruit below medium, ovate, 
obovate pyriform, clear yellow, small green dots, and rarely a slight red 
cheek in sun ; skin rather thick ; stem medium, inserted in a shallow, un- 
even cavity ; calyx with open, long straggling segments ; flesh yellowish 
white, rather coarse-grained, juicy, " good." Early September. 



Ott. 




American. Native or 
Montgomery Co., Pa. 
This is by many Eastern 
pomologists classed as 
"best:" specimens we 
have had from Prof. 
Kirtland have not mer- 
ited more than to be 
classed " very good." 
Fruit small, roundish, 
greenish yellow, with 
little russet, and rarely 
faint red cheek in sun ; 
stem medium, a little 
curved ; calyx rather 
large, open, reflexed ; 
core below medium ; 
seeds blackish ; flesh 
yellowish, melting, 
juicy, slightly aromatic. 
August. 



380 THE PEAK, 

Oswego. 

Oswego Beurre, | Keed's Seedling. 

American. Native of Oswego, N. Y. Tree vigorous, hardy, succeeds 
well thus far, and an early bearer on quince or pear roots ; fruit medium, 
ovate obovate or obovate rounded, dull yellowish green, with marblings 
and patches of russet ; stem short, stout, cavity rather deep ; calyx 
medium, closed ; core small ; flesh melting, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly, '' very 
^ood." October. 

Paul Thielen. 

Foreign. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, yellow, with dull red cheek ; 
stem long, obliquely set; calyx open, segments short, upright; flesh 
rather coarse, juicy, " good." October. 



Passe Colmar Epineaux, 

Colmar Gris, 

Passe Colmar Gris, 

Beurre Colmar Gris, dit Precel, 

Pre.cel, 

Fondante de Panisel, 

Fondante de Mons, 

Beurre d'Argenson, 

Regintin, 

Chapman's, 



Passe Colmar. 

Colmar Hardenpont, 
Present de Malines, 
Marotte Sucree Jaune, 
Souverain, 
Colmar Souverain, 
Gambier, 
Cellite, 

Colmar Preule, 
Colmar Doree, 
Colmar Van Mons, 
Colmar d'Hiver. 



Foreign. Tree vigorous, with long, straggling, half-drooping shoots of a 
lively brownish yellow ; with high culture, severe thinning, and great care, 
it is a first-class sort ; with common ordinary care, it is worthless. Fruit 
medium to large, oblong obovate, obtuse pyriform, yellowish green, dull 
yellow when fully mature, with some russet ; stem a little more than 
medium length, set with slight depression ; calyx partly open, basin 
shallow ; flesh yellowish white, buttery, sweet, aromatic. November, 
January. 

Petre. 

American. Originated in the old Bartram Botanic Garden, near Phila- 
delphia, Pa. Tree moderate grower, with slender yellowish brown shoots, 
abundant bearer; fruit medium to large, oblong, obovate pyriform, pale 
yellow, with russet patches ; stem rather stout, largest at base, cavity 
abrupt ; calyx medium ; basin narrow ; flesh whitish, fine, melting, 
buttery, perfumed, juicy, nearly "best." October. The "Bezi de la 
Motte" has been disseminated for this variety, somewhat, through the 
West. 

Pengethley. 

Foreign. Tree vigorous ; fruit medium, obovate, yellowish brown, 
russeted ; 'stem medium ; calyx small, partly open ; flesh yellowish, 
juicy, " good." February, March. 

Pennsylvania. 

American. From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, hardy, and moderately 
productive ; fruit large, obovate pyriform, surface irregular, yellowish 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 381 

green, brownish russet, marbled ; stem stout, calyx small, half closed ; 
core small; flesh yellowish, rather coarse, breaking, juicy, "good." 
October. 

Pendleton. 

Pendleton's Early York Pear. 

American. From Connecticut. Young wood, dark olive ; fruit rather 
large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, pale greenish yellow, russet specks ; stem 
curved; calyx open; flesh white, tender, sweet, "good." Last July. 
(Hov. Mag.) 

Plombgastel. 

Dusnas, Plougastel, 

Plumbgartel, | Jergils ? 

Foreign. Tree vigorous, upright, succeeds on quince; fruit above 
medium to large, ovate pyriform, greenish yellow, red in sun, dull russet 
specks ; stem stout ; calyx large, open, segments reflexed ; core large ; 
flesh white, half melting, juicy, " good," or perhaps " very good." Sep- 
tember, October. 

Poire d'Albret. 

Foreign. Tree vigorous, dark wood, good bearer; fruit medium, 
pyramidal, angular, dark russet, bronzed in sun ; stem stout, curved, swollen 
at base; calyx partly open; core small; flesh greenish white, coarse, 
melting, juicy. October. (Hov. Mag.) 

Pratt. 

American. Native of Rhode Island. Tree vigorous, upright growth, 
productive on pear ; fruit above medium, obovate pyriform, greenish 
yellow, with gray and russet dots and specks ; stem slender ; calyx open ; 
flesh white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, sugary, " best." September. 

Poire d'Abondance. 

D'Abondance. 

Foreign. Fruit above medium, oblong pyriform, pale yellow, with rjis- 
set dots, red in sun ; flesh melting, juicy, " very good." October. 

PrjLSIFER. 

American. Native of Illinois. Tree upright, vigorous; shoots dark 
olive, early and productive bearer. Fruit below medium, pyriform ob- 
tuse, dull yellow, with traces of russet ; stem short ; calyx small, open : 
flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, " very good." Early August. 

Princess Royal. 

Groom's Princess Royal. 

Foreign. Tree hardy, vigorous, not an early bearer. Fruit medium, 
obovate, dull pale green, dotted with russet ; stem set in shallow cavity ; 



382 THE PEAE. 

calyx open ; segments short ; core large ; flesh yellowish, rather coarse ; 
melting, juicy, " good." January, February. 

Queen of the Low Countries. 

Reine des Pays Bas. 

Foreign. We have often examined this sort, but have been unable as 
yet to fruit it in six years that we have had the variety. We condense 
our description from Downing : Fruit large, obovate, acute pyriform, dull 
yellow, dotted and russeted, dark red in sun ; stem one and a half inch 
long, curved ; calyx small ; basin deep ; flesh white, buttery, melting, 
juicy, vinous, sub-acid. Early October. 

Rallay. 

We received specimens (from which we take our description) of this 
pear from Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry. It is we believe, an old variety, 
but we had never before seen it. Fruit small to medium, globular, acute 
pyriform, skin rough, dull yellow, dull reddish cheek, over the whole spots 
of russet ; stem slender, obliquely set without depression ; calyx with' 
crumpled segments ; core large ; flesh yellowish white, breaking, juicy, 
gritty at core, " good." November, December. 

Rapalje. 

Rapalje Seedling. 

American. Described by Dr. A. H. Stevens of New York, in the Hor- 
ticulturist, from which we extract, having never seen the fruit. Fruit 
medium, brownish yellow or russet, oblong pyriform ; stem long ; calyx 
in a slight hollow ; flesh buttery, like White Doyenne. Early September. 

Ropes. 

American. Its name from that of the gentleman in whose garden it 
originated, at Salem, Mass. Fruit small, oblong obovate, brownish rus- 
set, tinged with red in sun ; stem short, rather stout ; calyx small, open ; 
core small; flesh yellowish, rather coarse, melting, "good." October." 

Ross. 

Foreign. Tree vigorous. Fruit medium, obovate, yellowish green and 
russet ; stem short ; calyx open ; flesh yellowish, rather gritty, sweet, 
juicy, ''good." January. 

RoNDELET. 

Foreign. Tree upright, thrifty, good bearer, suited to orcharding. 
Fruit small, obovate, yellow, dotted with russet, red in sun ; stem slender j 
calyx erect, long segments ; core medium ; flesh yellowish white, buttery, 
juicy, sugary, aromatic, nearly " best." October. 



FOE AMATEUR CULTURE. 383 

Kousselet Double Esperin. 

Foreign. Fruit above medium, obovate acute pyriform, dull greenish 
yellow, covered with cinnamon russet; stem long, stout, fleshy at base; 
calyx open ; basin deep, furrowed ; flesh white, melting, sprightly, " very 
good." October. (Wilder, in Hort.) 

Rosabirne. 

Foreign. Fruit medium, obovate, acute pyriform, angular, surface un- 
even, russet on dull greenish yellow ; stem fleshy at base ; flesh white, 
melting, juicy, brisk, sub-acid, " very good," may be "best." October. 
(Wilder, in Hort.) 

Sheldon. 

Penfield. 

American. Native of Western Central New York. Tree vigorous, erect ; 
hardy, good bearer on pear, young shoots short-jointed, light yellowish. 
Fruit medium or above, roundish, a little angular, sometimes obovate, 
pale greenish russet, light red or bronzed in sun, little specked with dark 
russet ; stem short, rather stout, slightly curved ; calyx medium, open, 
broad short segments ; core rather large ; seeds dark brown ; flesh a little 
coarse, and gritty at core, otherwise melting, juicy, sugary, sprightly, 
aromatic, nearly " best." October. 

Skinless. 

Sanspeau, | Poire Sans Peau, 
Fleur de Guignes. 

Foreign. An old variety, that on rich, deep, strong, clayey soils is 
productive and "very good." Fruit small, oblong pyriform, pale greenish 
yellow, light red specks in sun ; stem long, slender ; calyx closed ; flesh 
white, juicy. Early August. 

Signoret. 

Sagaret. 

Foreign. Fruit medium or below, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, 
russet specks; calyx open; flesh coarse, breaking, hardly " good." No- 
vember. 

Serrurier. 

Serrurier d'Automne. 

Foreign. Fruit medium, oblong obovate, yellow, with russet specka 
and blotches ; stem in a deep cavity ; basin shallow ; flesh melting, juicy, 
" good." October. 

St. Mesmin. 

Foreign. Fruit large, oblong ovate, yellowish green ; stem without 
depression ; calyx half open; flesh juicy, " good," perhaps may be "very 
good." October. 



384 THE PEAR. 

Shurtleff. 

Shurtleff's Seedling. 

American. Native of Boston. Tree vigorous, good bearer. Fruit 
medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, russeted at stem, dotted with 
russet specks, dark red cheek in snn ; stem rather long, swollen at base *, 
calyx large, open ; core large ; flesh white, coarse, melting, juicy, gritty 
at core. September. (Hov. Mag.) 

SoUVERAINE D'EtE. 

Foreign. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, lemon yellow, traced and 
dotted with russet, bright red cheek in sun ; calyx open ; stem short 
flesh melting, tender, juicy, "very good." August. 

Sterling. 

American. Native of Western New- York. Tree thrifty, upright 
growth, early bearer. Fruit large, roundish obovate, pale yellow, shaded 
with red in sun, russet at base of stem ; stem long ; calyx open ; core 
large; flesh white, coarse, half melting, juicy, "very good." Early Sep- 
tember. 

St. Michael Archange. 

Foreign. Fruit medium, oblong, ovate pyriform, yellowish gray and 
green spotted; flesh greenish white, melting, buttery, "very good." 
Last September. (Hov. Mag.) 

St. Jean Baptiste. 

Foreign. Tree moderate grower, stout, short-jointed shoots. Fruit 
large, oblong, obovate pyriform, pale greenish yellow, with dark specks ; 
stem short, curved, swollen at base ; flesh white, melting, buttery, vinous. 
October. (Hov. Mag.) 

Styer. 

Origin unknown. Fruit medium, roundish, green, becoming yellow, 
with russet dots and tracings; stem varying; cavity shallow; calyx 
imperfect, basin narrow, abrupt, deep ; core medium ; flesh yellowish white, 
a little gritty at core, buttery, juicy, perfumed, " best," September. 

Summer Franc Real. 

Franc Real d'Ete, i Gros Micet d'Ete, 

Fondante. 

• Foreign. Tree thrifty, hardy, good bearer, rarely more than " good" on 
pear roots, sometimes nearly " best" on quince. Fruit medium, obovate, 
obtuse pyriform, dull green, becoming yellowish green, with brownish 
green dots; stem short, thick; calyx medium, long segments, furrowed 
basin, large core ; flesh white, not fine-grained, buttery, juicy, sweet. 
September. 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 385 

SUZETTE DE BAVAY. 
Suzette de Bavay (Esperen) . 

foreign. Tree vigorous, shoots light greenish brown. Fruit medium, 
obovate pyriform, dull yellow and russet; flesh melting, juicy, "very 
good." February and March. 

Summer Portugal. 

Passans du Portugal. 

Foreign. Tree upright growth, shoots reddish brown. Fruit below 
medium, roundish obovate, pale yellow, brownish red in sun ; stem one 
inch ; calyx erect ; flesh white, juicy, breaking, " very good." Last of 
August. 

Tea. 

American. Native of New-Haven Co., Ct. Fruit below medium, 
roundish oval, clear rich yellow, blush in sun ; calyx with short open seg- 
ments, even, with surface ; core small ; flesh whitish, melting, juicy, " very 
good," nearly " best." Last September. 

Theodore. 

Theodore Van Mons. 

Foreign. Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, with russet spots ; 
stem long, little or no depression ; calyx large, open ; broad segments ; 
flesh whitish, melting, " very good" on quince. November. 

Triomphe de Jodoigne. 

Foreign. Tree very strong, vigorous grower, not an early bearer. 
Fruit large to very large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, greenish, with traces 
and faint spots of russet; flesh melting, juicy, sub-acid, "good." No- 
vember. 

Upper Crust. 

American. Native of South Carolina. Tree healthy, moderate grower, 
branches slender, forming a pyriform head. Fruit size and shape of Dear- 
born Seedling, green, with distinct irregular russet blotches ; flesh buttery, 
melting, " very good," if not " best." July. (Wm. Sumner, in Hort.) 

Vtcompte de Spoelberch. 

Despoilberg, i Bezi de Spoelberch, 

Vicompte de Spoelberg. 

Foreign. Tree moderately vigorous, branches upright, yellowish brown, 
with whitish gray specks. Fruit large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, pale 
yellow, when mature, little red in sun, and russet patches and specks; 
stem long, stout, fleshy at base ; calyx medium ; segments short, erect ; 
core medium ; flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, melting, juicy, sugary, 
*'besL" December. New, comparatively ; deserves trial. 

17 



386 THE PEAR. 

Vesouziere. 

Foreign. Tree vigorous, succeeds on quince. Fruit medium, roundisb 
obovate, lemon yellow, dotted with red in sun ; stem long ; cavity open ; 
calyx medium, open; basin shallow, core large; flesh yellowish white, 
rather coarse, juicy, sweet, "good." November. 

Walker. 

Fruit large, oblong pyriform, lemon yellow, marbled with light sea- 
green ; stem curved, fleshy at base ; calyx open ; long segments ; basin 
shallow ; flesh coarse, crisp, juicy, " good." September. 

Westcott. 

American. Native of Cranston, E. I. Fruit medium, roundish obo- 
vate, pale green to light orange yellow, dots and, blotches of russet ; stem 
slender, fleshy at base ; calyx large, open ; basin plaited ; flesh white, 
juicy, melting, sugary, " good." September. 

Wilbur. 

American. Native of Somerset, Mass. Tree a moderate grower, with 
reddish brown shoots, productive and hardy. Fruit medium, oval obo- 
vate, dull yellowish green, much russet ; stem medium ; calyx open ; 
core large; flesh whitish, rather coarse, a little variable, juicy, "good." 
September. 

Wlnship. 

Winship's Seedling, 

American. Native of Brighton, Mass. Tree vigorous, wood yellowish, 
early and productive bearer. Fruit medium, ovate pyriform, pale yellow, 
traces of russet, blush in sun ; stem long, slender, curved ; calyx closed ; 
core large ; flesh white, melting, juicy, sugary, " good." August. 

Williams Early. 

American. Native of Eoxbury, Mass. Tree moderate grower, reddish 
brown wood. Fruit below medium, ovate obovate, light yellow, red 
cheek, little russet at base of stem, and a few greenish specks ; stem me- 
dium, a little fleshy at base ; calyx large, open ; core large ; flesh yellow- 
ish white, coarse, juicy, sweet, " very good." September. 

Williamson. 

American. From the south side of Long Island. Fruit medium, obo- 
vate rounded, obtuse at stem, yellow, with russet dots and specks, and 
russet at stem and crown ; stem short, stout, narrow, irregular cavity ; 
calyx none; basin deep, narrow, russeted ; seeds small, flattened ; flesh 



FOE AMATEUE CULTUEE. 



387 



yellowish white, fine-grained, juicy, sugary, vinous, rt very good," if not 
best. October. ' 



WlLHELMINE. 

Wilhelmina. 



Foreign. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, gray 
specks, feint red m sun; stem rather long ; calyx large, open: flesh yel- 
lowish white, buttery, sugary, juicy, " good." February. J 

Wharton's Early. 




Origin unknown. This variety we found growing in the grounds of Prof. 

wf l?fiUT^° rT^fi fr T the S0Uth Centre of 0hio > ™ der ** name. 
We at first thought it Catmka, but it ripens too soon. Tree a vigorous 

strong grower, wood yellowish brown, large foliage, Fruit above me- 



888 THE PEAR. 

dium, oblong, obovate pyriform, yellowish green, with minute russet dots, 
suffused at base with sea-green, occasionally a russet trace ; stem long, 
slender ; cavity slight ; calyx open ; segments short, rounded ; core me- 
dium ; seeds ovate; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, nearly " best." 
Middle to last August. 

WlEDOW. 
Wredow. 

Foreign. Fruit medium, oblong obovate, acute pyriform, greenish yel- 
low ; stem medium, obliquely planted with lip one side ; calyx small ; 
flesh white, juicy, vinous, perfumed, " very good." October. 

Wilkinson. 

American. From Cumberland, R. f. Tree thrifty, hardy, productive, 
" good" in its own locality, elsewhere poor. Fruit medium, oval obovate, 
yellow, with brown dots and specks; stem rather long and stout ; calyx 
small, open ; flesh white, juicy, sweet. October to December. 

Zepherine Gregoire. 

Foreign. Fruit globular, acute pyriform ; stem fleshy ; color dull green, 
thin covering of russet, brownish red cheek ; flesh very melting, tender, 
juicy, " very good." November. (Wilder, in Hort.) 



CLASS III. Unworthy farther cultivation. 
Admiral. 

Amiral, Colmar Charnay. 

Foreign. Large, roundish pyriform, greenish yellow ; flesh coarse, juicy. 
October. 

Adams. 

American. Small, roundish obovate, yellow russet ; flesh coarse. October. 

Ang-leterre. 

English Beurre, | Beurre d'Angleterre. 

Foreign. Medium, pyriform, green and russet ; flesh white. September. 

Ambrosia. 

Early Beurre. 
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, russeted. August. 



UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 389 

Angleterre Noisette. 
Foreign. Large, roundish, dark green. September. 

Ambrette. 

Tiiton, I' Ambrette d'Hiver, 

AmbreGris, | Belle Gabriel, 
Trompe Valet. 

Foreign. Small, roundish, long stem, green, russeted. November, January. 
This is classed by some as identical with Echassery : we think them different. 

Amande Double. 

Amanda's Double. 

Foreign. Medium, pyriform, yellow and red. September. 

Aston Town. 
Foreign. Small, roundish, greenish yellow. October. 

Autumn Colmar. 
Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, pale green. October. 

Autumn Bergamot. 

English Bergamot, | York Bergamot, 

English Autumn Bergamot. 

Foreign. Small, roundish, green, gray specks. September. The French 
Autumn Bergamotte is pyriform, light yellowish green, equally valueless 

Belmont. 
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green. October. 

Belle et Bonne. 

Gracieuse. 
Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish yellow. September. 

Bergamot, Easter. 

Bergamot de Paques, Winter Bergamot, 

Bergamot d'Hiver, Paddington, 

Bergamot de Bugi, Royal Tairling, 

Bergamot de Toulouse, Terling, 

Robert's Keeping. 

Foreign. Medium or above, roundish obovate, greenish yellow. February, 
May. 

Bergamot d'Hollanbe. 



Holland Bergamot, 
Beurre d'Alencon, 
Bergamot d'Alencon, 



Bergamotte de Fougere, 

Amoselle, 

Lord Cheeney's. 



Foreign. Large, roundish, yellowish green, with brown russet. For ever. 



390 THE PEAE. 

Bergamot Parthenay. 
Foreign. Small, roundish, greenish yellow. December, January. 

Bergamot Boussiere. 

Foreign. Small, turbinate, yellowish green. December, January. 

Beurre Bronzee. 
Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish, dull russet. November, December. 

Beurre Duval. 
Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, yellowish green. October, November. 

Beurre Seutin. 
Foreign. Above medium, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. December. 

Beurre Knox. 
Foreign. Large, oblong obovate, pale green, little russet. September. 

Beurre Colmar. 

Beurre Colmar d'Automne. 
Foreign. Medium, oval obovate, pale greenish yellow. October. 

Beurre Van Mons. 
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, yellowish, with russet. October. 

Beurre Romain. 

Gros Romain. 
Foreign. Medium, obovate, yellowish green. October. 

Beurre de Bollwiller. 
Foreign. Medium, turbinate, yellowish red in sun. Winter. 

Beurre Kenrick. 

No. 1599 of Van Mons. 
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, greenish yellow. September. 

Beurre Haggerston. 

No. 8 of Van Mons. 
Foreign. Medium, oblong obtuse, yellow. Middle August. 

Bezi Vaet. 
Foreign. Medium, obovate, greenish yellow, brown cheek. November. 



UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. ^1 

Bezi dTIeri. 

Bezi Royal. 

Foreign. Medium, roundish, greenish yellow. October. 

Bezi Blanc. 

Foreign. Large, oblong pyriform, yellowish. August. 

Bom Chretien, Spanish. 

Bern Chretien d'Espagne, jj Spina. 

Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. December. 
Bon Chretien, Flemish. 

Bon Chretien Tare 

Foreign. Medium, obovate,, pale green, brown cheek. November, March. 

Blshop's Thumb, 

Beurre Adam. 

Foreign. Large, oMong, irregular pyriform, yellowish green and russet 
October. 

Burgomaster. 

Burgermeister. 
Foreign. Medium, long pyriform, yellowish green. December* 

BOUCQUIA. 
Beurre Bouequia. 
Foreign. Large, angular, oval pyriform, pale yellow, red cheek. October. 

BuRLINGHAMIL 
Burlingame- 
Americano Medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow. September. 

Burnett, 
American Large, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, russet, October. 

Bleecker's Meadow. 

Large Seckel, Feaster. 

American, Medium, roundish, yellowish. October, November. 

Broome Park. 
Foreign. Medium, roundish, brown, December* 



892 THE PEAE. 

Cabot. 
American. Medium, oval, roundish, russet yellow, red in sun. September. 

Calebasse. 

Calebasse Double Extra, [ Calebasse d'Hollande. 
Foreign. Medium, oblong, dull yellow, russet. September. 

Calebasse Grosse. 

Monstrous Calabash. 

Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellowish., dull green. October. 

Calebasse Delvinge. 
Foreign. Above medium, obovate pyriform, pale yellow. October, November. 

Capucin. 
Foreign. Large, oval obtuse, greenish yellow. October. 

Catillac. 

Cadillac, | Grand Monarque, 

Groote Mogul, 

Foreign. Large, turbinate, yellow and brown. November to March. 

Chapman. 
American. Above medium, ovate pyriform, yellow. October. 

Charles oe Austria. 

. Charles d'Autriche. 
Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish yellow, russeted. October. 

Citron of Bohemia. 

Great Citron of Bohemia. 
Foreign. Large, oblong, yellow, red cheek. October. 

. Clinton. 

No. 1238, Van Mons. 
Foreign. Large, obovate, light yellow. November. 

Clara. 

Claire. 

Foreign. Medium, oval pyriform, yellow, with red. October. 



UNWOKTHY OF CULTIVATION. 393 

Chelmsford. 

Stone. 
American. Large, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. September, 

COMPRETTE. 

Foreign.- Medium, obtuse pyriform, yellowish green. October, November. 

Copea. 
American. Large, obovate, acute pyriform, yellow. September, October. 

Commodore. 

Van Mons, No. 1218. 

Foreign. Medium, obovate, yellow, with red. October, November. 

Comstock. 

Comstock Wilding. 

American. Medium, obovate, yellow, crimson cheek* November, January. 

Colmar. ' 

Colmar Dore, D'Auch, 

Incomparable, De Maune. 

Foreign. Large, obtuse pyriform, yellowish. December. 

Colmar d'Aremberg. 
Foreign. Large, obovate pyriform, yellow, with russet. October, November. 

Crasanne. 

Bergamot Crasanne, | Cresane, 
Beurre Plat. 

Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish yellow, thin russet. October. 

Crawford. 
Foreign. Medium, obovate, yellow, tinged with brown. August. 

Croft Castle. 
Foreign. Medium, oval obovate, greenish yellow. October. 

Cuvelier. 
Foreign. Medium, obovate pyriform, yellow. October, November. 

Cumberland. 

American. Large, obovate, orange yellow, red cheek. September, October. 

17* 



394 THE PEAR. 

D'Amour. 

Ah ! Mon Dieu, | Mon Dieu. 
Foreign. Small, obovate, pale yellow and red. October, November. 

Dearborn. 
Foreign. Large, piriform, russeted. November, December. 

De deux foix Lane. 
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, dull yellow. Last August. 

Doyenne d'Hiver. 

Coffin's Virgalieu. 

Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, yellow, faint blush. November. 

Downton. 
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, yellowish brown. December, January. 

Dorr. 
American. Large, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, red cheek. August 

Dumortier. 
Foreign. Small, obovate, yellow russet. October. 

Duquesne d'Ete. 
Foreign. Medium, obtuie pyriform, greenish. September. 

Early Bergamot. 
Foreign. Medium, roundish, flattened, yellowish green. August 

Excellentissima. 
Foreign. Medium, roundish pyriform, yellow and dull red. Winter. 

Early Denzelonia. 
American. Fruit small, roundish, yellow russet. August. 

Early Catherine. 



Roussellet Hatif, 
Early Roussellet, 
Cyprus Pear, 



Poire de Chypre, 

Perdrue, 

Kattern, 



Green Catherine. 

Foreign. Small, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. July. 

Emerald. 
Foreign. Medium, obovate, green and brown. Decembei 



UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. x 3'9o 

Enfant Prodige* 
Foreign. Medium, obovate, acute pyriforni, dull yellow. October. 

Fine Gold of Summer. 

Fin Or d'Ete. 
Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellow, red cheek. August 

Famenga. 
Foreign. Medium, obovate, greenish yellow. September, 

Fortunee. 

Episcopal, La Fortunee de Paris, 

La Fortunee de Parmentier, Beurre Fortunee. 

Foreign. Small, roundish, grayish yellow. December, February. 

Foster's St. Michael. 
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, dull yellow. September, October 

FONDANTE DU BoiS. 

Foreign. Medium, obovate, greenish yellow. December, February, 

Forme de Delices. 
Foreign. Medium, obovate, yellowish, with russet. October. 

French Jargonelle. 



Bellissime d'Ete 
Supreme, 

Bellissime Supreme, 
Bellissime Jargonelle, 
Vermillion d'Ete, 



Red Muscadel, 
Sabine d'Ete, 
Summer Beauty, 
English Red Cheek, 
Red Cheek. 



Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, yellow, with red cheek. July, August. 
Franc Real D'Hiver. 

Franc Real, | Fin Or d'Hiver. 

Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellow, brownish cheek. December, February. 

Gendesheim. 
Foreign. Large, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow. October, November. 

Gilogil. 

Gile-o-gile, I Garde d'Ecosse, 

Poire a Gobert, | Jilogil. 

Foreign. Large, roundish, reddish russet. November, February. 



396 THE PEAK. 

Green Pear of Yair. 

Green Yair. 
Foreign. Medium, obovate, green. September. 

Green Chisel. 

Sugar . 

Foreign. Small, roundish, green, with brown cheek. August. 

Grise Bonne. 
Small, pyriform, green. Middle August. 

Green Sugar. 

Prince's Green Sugar. 

American. Medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green. August, Septem- 
ber. 

Hampden's Bergamot. 

Bergamot d'Angleterre, | Ellanrioch, 
Fingal's, Summer Bergamot, 

Bergamot d'Ete. 

Foreign. Large, roundish obovate, yellow. September. There is also a 
Summer Bergamot, small, round, yellowish green ; and a large Summer Ber- 
gamot, all equally worthless. 

Harrison's Fall. 

Rushmore Bon Chretien. 
Large, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow. October. 

Hessel. 

Hazel. 
Foreign. Small, obovate, yellowish green. September. 

Huguenot. 
American. Medium, roundish, pale yellow, spots of red. October. 

Jalousie. • 
Foreign. Large, obovate pyriform, russet, reddish in sun. September. 

Leon Le Clerc. 

Leon Le Clerc de Laval. 

Foreign. Large, obovate, yellow, few russet spots. December, February. 



UNWOKTHY OF -CULTIVATION. 397 

Little Muscat. 

Little Musk, Petit Muscat, 

Primitive, | Muscat Petit. 

Foreign. Small, turbinate, yellow, dull red cheek. July. 

Louise Bonne. 

Louise Bonne Real, St. Germain Blano. 

Foreign. Large, pyriform, pale green. December. 

Marulis. 

Marcellis . 

Foreign. Small, roundish, greenish yellow. September. 

Madotte. 
Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow. October. 

Messire Jean. 



Monsieur Jean , 
Messire Jean Gris, 
Messire Jean Blanc, 



Messire Jean Dore, 
Mr. John, 
John. 



Foreign. Medium, turbinate, yellow, brown russet. November, December. 

Marie Louise Nova. 
Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow, with red cheek. September. 

Michaux. 

Compte de Michaux. 

Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellowish green. September, October. 

Moor Fowl Egg. 

Little Swan's Egg, | Knevett's New Swan's Egg. 
Foreign. Below medium, roundish, dull green. October. 

Muscat "Robert. 



Poire a la Reine, 

D'Ambre, 

St. Jean Musquee Gros, 



Musk Robine, 
Early Queen, 
Queen's Pear. 



Foreign. Small, roundish pyriform, greenish yellow. July. 

Muskingum. 
American. Large, roundish obovate, greenish yellow. August, September. 

Naumkeag. 
American. Medium, roundish, yellow russet. October. 



S98 THE PEAR. 

Neil. 

Colmar Neil, j Poire Neil, 

Beurre Neil, | Colmar Bosc. 

Foreign. Large, obovate pyriform, pale yellow. September. 

Oliver's Russet. 
American. Small, obovate, roundish, yellow, red russet. October. 

Owen. 
American, Medium, roundish oval, dark green. November. (Cole.) 

Pailleau. 
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, greenish yellow. September. 

Pitt's Prolific. 

Pitt's Marie Louise, Pitt's Surpasse Marie. 

Foreign Medium, oblong pyriform, yellow and brownish red. September. 

Pope's Quaker. 
American Medium, oblong pyriform, yellowish russet. October. 

Pope's Scarlet Major. 
American. Large, obovate, yellow, red cheek. August. 

Princess of Orange. 

Princesse d'Orange, \ Princesse Couquete. 
Foreign. Medium roundish, reddish russet. October, November. 

Queen Caroline. 

Reine Caroline. 
Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, greenish yellow. November. 

Queen of Pears. 

Reine des Poires. 

Foreign. Large, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow. September, October. 

Quilletette. 
Foreign. Below medium, roundish, greenish, dull russet. November. 

RoUSSELET DE MeESTER. 

Ferdinand de Meester. 

Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellow, pale red in sun. October. There is 
another of this name, large, pyriform, greenish yellow, but ripening at same 
time, and unworthy. 



UNWOKTHY OF CULTIVATION. 399 

RoUSSELET OF RhEIMS. 

Rousselet, I Spice or Musk Pear, 

Petit Rousselet, j Late Catherine. 

Foreign. Small, ovate pyriform, yellowish green, brown red. September. 

Rousselet. 

Large Rousselet | Gros Rousselet. 

Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, greenish, russety. August. 

Raymond. 
American. Medium, obovate, yellow, red in sun. October. 

Styrian. 
Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. October. 

Sugar Top. 

July Pear, | Prince's Sugar Top, 

Harvest. 

Small, roundish ovate, yellow. July. 

Summer Bon Chretien. 

Bon Chretien d'Ete, Richard's Beurre, 

Summer Good Christian, | Musk Summer Bon Chretien. 

Foreign. Large, uneven pyriform, yellow, faint blush. August, September. 

Summer Rose. 



Epine Rose, 
Poire de Rose, 
Caillot Rosat, 



Caillot Rosat d'Ete, 
Epine d'Ete Couleur Rose, 
Thorny Rose. 



Foreign. Below medium, round obovate, yellow, red russet. August. 

SUCREE DE HOYERSWERDA. 
Sugar of Hoyersworda. 

Foreign. Medium, oblong obovate, yellowish green. August. 

Summer Thorn. 

Epine d'Ete, [ Fondante Musquee, 
Satin Vest. 

Foreign. Medium, pyriform, greenish yellow. September. 



Summer St. Germain. 

:. Germain, | St. Germai 
St. Germain d'Ete. 

Foreign. Medium, obovate, pale green. August, September. 



Short's St. Germain, St. Germain de Martin, 

St. Germain d'Ete. 



400 THE PEAK. 

Sullivan. 
Foreign. Medium, olblong piriform, greenish yellow. September. 

Swan's Egg. 

New Swan's Egg. 

Fruit below medium, oval obovate, pale green, dull brown. October. 

Swiss Bergamot. 

Bergamot Suisse. 
Foreign. Medium, roundish, striped pale green, yellow, and red. October. 

Sylvange. 

Bergamot Sylvange. | Green Sylvange. 
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, dull pale green. October. 

Tarqtjin. 
Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, dull yellow. December, February. 

Van Buren. 
American. Large, obovate, yellow, red in sun. October. 

Vallee Eranche. 

De Vallee, | De Keingheim. 

Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, pale yellowish green. August. 

Virgouleuse. 

Poire Glace, | Chambrette, 
Bujaleuf. 

Foreign. Large, oval obovate, yellowish green, gray dots. November, 
January. 

William. (Edward's.) 

American. Medium, obtuse pyriform, yellow, dotted with red. September. 

Windsor. 

Summer Bell, | Konge. 
Foreign. Large, pyriform, dull yellowish green. August, September. 

Whitfield. 
Medium, obovate, yellowish brown. October. 



UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 401 

WuRZUR. 

Wurzur d'Autumn. 

Foreign. Medium, pyriform, yellowish, russeted. November. 

Winter Orange. 

Orange cPHiver. 
Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellowish green. November, January. 

Yat. 
Yutte. 
Foreign. Small, pyriform, brownish russet. September. 

Zoar Flat. 
American. Small, obovate, green. September, October. 



THE PLUM. 

Prunus domestica, L. Bosacece of Botanists. 

The Plum is found in a wild state throughout the middle sections 
of this country, but the original parent of the cultivated varieties is 
supposed to have come from Asia Minor. The fact of production 
in our States of many varieties esteemed among the best, attests 
the adaptedness of both soil and climate. 

Propagation — By seed. — The gathering, preserving, and planting 
of the plum is the same as we have described under head of peaches, 
to which, therefore, we refer the reader. Of the best varieties for 
producing stocks on which to bud, any free-growing sorts may be 
taken ; avoiding, except wanted for forming dwarf trees, those of 
slow habit, and in all cases avoiding the damsons. The wild red or 
yellow (P. Americana) is much used by many nurserymen, but 
it should always be worked just at or rather below the collar. 
Seedlings from it often answer to work the same season, and we 
have seen them used with advantage as stocks for the peach. The 
Chickasaw (P. chicasa) is used at the South, where it is a native. 
New varieties have thus far been produced from chance seedlings ; 
no person, to our knowledge, in this country, having exerted them- 
selves to the production of varieties with any special view to the 
preserving of separate or combined characters. 

By Budding. — The plum is generally and best propagated in its 
varieties by budding. This should be performed in the month of 
July. Strong stocks of free-growing sorts should be especially select- 
ed for inserting buds of such varieties as Green Gage, Purple Favor- 
ite, &c, &c. 

By Grafting. — Where budding can be done, we should prefer 
never to graft. But it not unfrequently happens among nursery- 
men, that owing to some causes buds fail, and this, too, when the 
stocks if left until another budding season would become too large. 
They may therefore be grafted with success and profit, by cutting 
them off just at the collar, and grafting early in the month of March, 
drawing the earth up around the graft, and leaving only one bud 
out. Tan, bark, saw-dust, or other mulch should be placed on the 
ground, and free-growing sorts, as Imperial Gage, Lombard, &c, 
should only be used. Grafting on pieces of roots is sometimes 

(402) 



CULTUKE. 403 

practised, and as successfully, if free-growing kinds only are used, as 
in the apple ; it is also done in same way : we cannot recommend it. 

Transplanting and Distance Apart. — The plum tree is per- 
fectly hardy, and we prefer in all cases to transplant in the fall, say 
October. The shoots of the year should be cut back to form a 
round regular head, and all small or slender-grown shoots cut out ; 
The roots, with exception of tap-root, should only have the ends 
trimmed smooth, the tap-root should be cut out. The distance apart 
of the plum depends very much on the variety ; such sorts as 
Green Gage, Cloth of Gold, &c, requiring only to be about fifteen 
feet apart, while the Imperial Gage, Washington, &c, would be 
better at twenty feet. 

Soil and Situation. — The soil generally recommended for suc- 
cessful growth and fruiting of the plum is denominated heavy clay ; 
this, by some, is construed to mean a soil so devoid of sand as to 
bake and crack open after periods of heavy rain ; we have been un- 
able to perceive any special difference in the success of growers in 
varied soils, relative to the growth, hardihood, or bearing habit of 
trees. That certain elements are requisite in the soil, wherever a 
tree is planted, to supply suitable food for the growth and perfecting 
of both fruit and wood, we do not doubt ; but as yet, we are to learn 
that a cultivator who plants on clay soil will be any more success- 
ful either in health of trees or procuring a crop of perfect fruit, than 
he who plants on what is termed usually a light or sandy soil, and 
supplies that soil, if deficient, with the elements requisite for the plant 
to support health. Analysis of the plum tree and fruit has not, to 
our knowledge, as yet been made. The trees appear to grow, both 
in nursery and orchard, equally well on sandy as on clay soil : the 
insect curculio, and the leaf-blight or defoliation of the trees in July 
and August, black warts, &c, &c, are equally injurious in one as the 
other location. Native wild trees are found growing in all soils, 
and in our rambles we have met with trees equally healthy and pro- 
ductive, equally attacked in fruit by curculio, and rot or decay, in 
leaf-blight and black knots, in all soils, from strong clay, through all 
intermediates, to sandy soils. We therefore say, plant the plum in 
any good soil which is well drained. The situation suited to the 
plum is that where the soil is well drained, and where the most 
convenient. 

Pruning. — The plum grown as a standard tree, with head formed 
four to six feet high, requires little pruning, except to shorten back 
each summer or spring such shoots as are becoming too vigorous 
and likely to destroy the regular form of the tree, or to cut out 
weakly-growing and unripened shoots. A round-headed tree, with 



404 THE PLUM. 

branches formed at two feet from the ground, we consider best. In 
order to have this, trees one year old from the bud are best to begin 
with ; the stem cut off so as to let two buds start at about two feet 
from ground, then shortened back one half the next year. After 
which, if the tree is of the slow or slender-growing varieties, it will 
need no farther pruning than the above-named standard. If it is of 
the strong, rampant-growing kind, it will require both root-pruning, 
(i. e., passing round the root of the tree in a circle distant from the 
body two feet for a tree of ten feet high, and with a long, sharp 
spade, cut off all the roots,) and at same time shorten back the 
year's growth one half. This is best done in August. This mode is 
especially calculated for the Western prairies and the warm South- 
ern States. 

Cultivation. — Like all other fruit trees, the plum does best when 
the ground is often dug or hoed around. Many growers are also of 
impression that frequent stirring the soil prevents attacks of cur- 
culio. Trees planted where swine have run among them are gene- 
rally healthy and fruitful ; but whether it is owing to the stirring 
of ground by their rooting, or food supplied the plants in their excre- 
ment, is yet a question undecided. 

Manures. — The plum requires abundant food in the soil, and this 
is generally best supplied by animal manure ; and where abundant 
supply of animal manure has been given, salt will be found highly 
beneficial : the proportion should be controlled somewhat by the 
quantity of animal matter contained in the soil ; but a dressing of 
half an inch deep over the whole ground, if applied in the spring, 
may be regarded as a medium. The benefit to the tree of this 
application will be in its tendency to an equable state of moisture in 
the soil. Ashes, in soils devoid of lime and the phosphates, will be 
found beneficial : two bushels to a tree twelve feet high, and in 
■ bearing state, will be a guide ; larger trees requiring more, and 
smaller ones less. Brewers' grains are also valuable as a manure, 
when they can be obtained at prices corresponding with the value of 
animal manures. 

Diseases. — The Black Warts, Knots, or Black Gum, is a disease 
affecting many plum trees at the North. In the Southern States it 
is not yet much known. Its cause is variously attributed — by some 
to insects, (membracis bubalis. See Harris's Treatise on Insects ;) 
by some to inherent cause from its parent; by some to tem- 
perature and atmospheric change on the health and vigor of the 
tree; and by others to a diseased state of sap. After noting 
that it first -appears in a neighborhood on trees grown from 
suckers, or propagated on sucker or unhealthy stocks, we are inclined 
to a support of the last-named cause. Trees in a judicious, rather 



CULTURE. 405 

high state of cultivation, and grown or worked on good, healthy 
seedlings, are rarely subject to it. And a tree diseased by inocu- 
lation may be recovered by appliance of abundant food at the roots, 
cutting away the apparent knots, and washing the wounds either 
with salt or copperas-water. The latter is best. And if, also, the 
whole tree be watered with a solution of one ounce of copperas to 
two gallons of water, the knots will disappear. 

Defoliation of both seedling stocks and bearing trees, in the 
months of July and August, we believe is caused by want of some 
specific ingredient in the soil. We have cured it by dressing with 
ashes, and by watering with copperas-water as above named. When 
animal manures and salt have been used, we have never seen the 
foliage drop. 

Rot or Decay of Fruit is often a very serious drawback to the 
sanguine expectations of the fruit-grower. We have supposed it to 
arise from atmospheric influence, and to pervade the fruit in like 
manner as fever and ague does the human frame, but have been 
compelled to relinquish this theory. Latterly we are inclined to 
the belief that it has its origin in too great exhaustion of the sup- 
plies of the tree, by reason of excess of quantity ; as trees that have 
come under our notice on which only a moderate quantity of fruit 
was permitted to mature have apparently been free, while those 
overloaded, and only moderately, or not additionally, supplied with 
food, have decayed. 

Our friend, Professor Kirtland, with some friends of science, 
have, however, lately pronounced it a species of fungus. 

Insects injurious. — The Egeria. which is noted under head of 
peaches, sometimes, but rarely, attacks the plum. We refer to that 
head for its remedy. The Curculio, or Plum Weevil, {Rhynchcenus 
Nenuphar^) is an insect so destructive as in some sections to have 
caused orchardists to cut down their plum trees and replant with 
different fruit. Again, there are sections where the insect, although 
known, appears not to increase, or injure fruit, materially to affect 
the crop. It was unknown in the Western States until within a few 
years past, but now pervades all sections, even to destruction often- 
times of the wild plum. It has been thoroughly described in " Har- 
ris's Treatise on Insects ;" and so much is written yearly relative 
thereto, that one entire book of four hundred pages would not con- 
tain it. Our accompanying figure represents the insect in its natural 
size, i. e., about one quarter of an inch long, of a grayish ^v«w^ 
brown color, the wing-covers forming two little humps, ^S^s 
giving a rounded appearance to it, resembling a ripe hemp- 
seed. The head has a long rostrum, beak, or snout, projecting, 
with which it punctures the fruit, as represented by the crescent- 
shaped mark on the fruit in our engraving. Early in the month of 




406 THE PLUM. 

June the curculio commences his task of propagation, and his mark 
will then be found near the apex of the fruit, at this time not much 
larger than a pea ; as the fruit increases in size, the marks newly made 
will be found gradually approaching the stem, until in 
July, near the close of his labors, they will be found 
very near the stem. These last marks in July are 
not often found, as they are produced only from a few 
insects which have escaped late from the larva state, 
or, as some say, have, owing to shallow imbedding, in 
the earth and great heat, been transformed from eggs 
deposited the same season. 
The eggs, one of which is deposited in each crescent mark, soon 
hatches into a small white larva, which enters the body of the fruit 
and feeds upon it, causing, usually, its premature fall to the ground. 
The period at which the young fruit falls, after being punctured, 
varies with its age at the time of the injury. The earlier portions 
drop in about two weeks ; but if the stone is hard when the egg is 
laid, the fruit remains till near the usual period of ripening, some- 
times presenting a fair and smooth exterior, but spoiled by the worm 
within. 

The insect, soon after the fall of the fruit, makes its way into the 
earth, where it is supposed to remain till the following spring, when 
it is transformed into the perfect insect or beetle, to lay its eggs and 
perpetuate its race. 

The curculio travels by flying, but only during quite warm wea- 
ther, or at the heat of the day, at which time a person lying flat 
upon his back under a tree, and perfectly still, can observe their 
movements. If the least motion or noise is made, they remain 
inactive. The insects mostly confine themselves to certain trees, or 
to the same orchard. But the fact that newly bearing and isolated 
orchards are soon attacked, clearly shows that in occasional instances 
they must travel considerable distances. Indeed, they have been 
known to be wafted on the wind for a half mile or more, the wind- 
ward side of orchards being most infested, immediately after strong 
winds from a thickly planted plum neighborhood. In the cool of 
the morning they are nearly torpid, and can scarcely fly, and crawl 
but slowly ; hence, at this time of the day they are most easily de- 
stroyed. 

The plum alone is, however, not the only fruit subject to attack 
from this insect, but the peach, apricot, nectarine, and cherry, all 
suffer ; and, when a scarcity of fruit, then the tender branches of the 
oak, wild plum, and other trees, receive the egg, and dropping the 
same, after a period, to the ground, its regular transformations are 
continued, and the succeeding season the natural instinct of the 
insect leads it to the fruit again. 

The preventives to injury from the natural instinct and course of 



CULTUKE. 407 

the curculio are recorded in number more than we care to recount. 
Suffice it that, as yet, no certain agent or preventive has been found ; 
trees, to our knowledge, this year producing abundant crops, when 
no specific disinfecting agent has been applied, while trees forty rods 
distant have all their fruit destroyed. Salt, sulphur, lime-water, etc., 
etc., as variously recommended, is not a certain specific ; and he who 
uses is just as liable to lose his crop of fruit as he who uses not. 
Hanging iron hoops in the trees, etc., etc., is a little like the old 
Salem practice of nailing horse-shoes over the door ; and the one as 
valuable as the other. The natural instinct of the insect teaching 
it to seek such place of deposit for its egg as will insure successful 
production, avoids all trees where the soil is daily stirred under- 
neath, or where causes are that the fruit shall drop ere required by 
the larvee of the insect ; hence the value of plantations made where 
swine are to run, or the planting of single trees where daily passing 
subjects them to chance loss of fruit. So also that of paving, and of 
trees standing on sites where water becomes the recipient of falling 
fruit. Heavy soils are just as much subject to destruction of plum 
from curculio as light soils. Soils termed wet are less subject ; but 
here the tree does not nourish as well. In large orchards, where there 
is much fruit to save, a man constantly employed with a pole of about 
ten feet long, having a small cup or basin fastened at one end, pass- 
ing from tree to tree and scattering dirt freely, will well repay the 
cost, in the amount of fruit saved ; while, for small gardens, the 
plan first introduced, more than twenty years since, by one of the 
most estimable horticulturists of the States, David Thomas, of New- 
York, is the best. It is, in first preparing a short pole, having at one 
end a cushion made of several thicknesses of cloth or India-rubber ; 
place this cushion against the body of the tree early in the morning, 
(having first spread a sheet or large cloth on the ground, the dia- 
meter of the branches ;) then strike the end with a heavy mallet : 
the jar causes the insect to drop on the cloth, when it may easily be 
gathered and destroyed. 

XJsss. — The best varieties are by many esteemed delicious for the 
dessert. Others, and even the unripe fruit, are used in pies, tarts, 
conserves and sweetmeats. Our own taste compels us to place the 
plum in- the lowest scale of cultivated fruits, and mainly from the 
fact that, unless perfectly ripe and fresh from the tree, if eaten in a 
raw state, they tend to flatulence and disease. Dried or cooked, 
they are regarded valuable, and are an article of considerable com- 
merce as imported to this country under name of French prunes or 
dried plums. By a selection of the richest varieties, there is no 
doubt that prunes superior to those of foreign preparation might be 
easily obtained. The following description of an oven purposely 
built for primes, and doubtless, with some modifications, well adapted 



408 



THE PLUM. 



to the drying of other fruits, is given in Liegel's Treatise, (German,) 
as quoted in the Horticulturist. The amount of heat obtained by a 
small quantity of fuel, commends it to the particular attention of 
those engaged in drying fruit : 

" Prunes," says Liegel, " have become an important article of com- 
merce. In order to have them fair and glossy, they must be sud- 
denly cooled , when withdrawn from the oven. 

"The country-people in this part of Germany prepare their 
prunes by putting them into their bread-ovens. I have put up, for 
my own use, a very conveniently arranged drying apparatus, which, 
after the experience of many years, I am induced to recommend ; 

and for the construction of 
which I give the annexed draw- 
ing and explanatory description: 
" The vault or exterior of the 
oven, four and a half feet long, 
is surrounded by a brick wall 
one foot thick, so that the whole 
stove, abed, (see figs. 1 and 
2,) is exactly six feet every 
way ; the front wall, », being 
only half a foot in thickness. 
At the top, the vault is arched 
over with six inches of brick- 
work at the crown of the arch. 
The flues, i i, are about four- 
teen inches square. The hur- 
dles or trays, m m, for containing the prunes, rest upon shelves fixed 
upon two bearers. It would be better if they rested upon rollers, 

so as to admit of their being 
pushed in and drawn out with 
greater ease. These lines of 
trays are place at a distance of 
six inches from the furnace, so 
as to keep the fruit from too 
great a heat ; they may be made 
entirely of wood, but it will be 
better if the bottoms are of 
open-work, like shelves. Their 
weight is such that they may 
be easily managed by a woman ; 
but in preparing prunes on a 
large scale, let them be made 
of greater length and breadth, 
so as to just come within the 
strength of a more robust person. 





WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 409 

" The wooden frame, h h, is that on which the two doors are hung. 
The door, g, which covers the arch, (and which is represented in the 
cut as open and fastened up,) shuts up the front of the upper part 
of the oven. In the middle of this upper door or flap is a round 
vent-hole, for the escape of the moist vapor, k is an iron clamper 
or slide, to be placed in the flue at I I, in order to regulate the heat. 

"A thousand fully ripe quetsches (prune plums) make about 
ten pounds of dried prunes. 

"Plums of different kinds may be dried, either whole or deprived of 
their skins and stones. In the latter case, they are styled prunelles." 

Characters and Classfication. — The characters of the plums 
are represented by the texture of the flesh as combined with its 
juiciness and flavor ; and what are termed gages (a word really of 
no meaning as applied to the fruit) represent fruits of round form, 
very delicate, and of a rich, sugary, jnicy, high flavor. The prunes 
are known as those fruits that are dry in the texture of their flesh. 
The character of size is one of which Washington may be taken as 
large, Green Gage as medium, and Mirabelle as small; while the wood 
being smooth or downy, needs no explanation, and the depressed line 
on one side, called a suture, is the same as in cherries or peaches, 
and often serves as a guide in detecting varieties. The classification 
by most writers of divisions of green, white, or yellow, and of blue, 
or red, or purple, we adopt only in our text descriptive of each 
distinct variety ; preferring as a practical matter, here as elsewhere 
in our work, to follow that of, in short, best, very good, and good. 

Varieties. — These are far too numerous for any practical use ; 
and while we may have possibly reduced too much, we yet feel that 
the uses and wants of community will be best supplied in this fruit 
by a few really valuable, and for the particular purposes pointed out 
in our text descriptive. 



CLASS I. — Worthy General Cultivation. 

Bleecker's Gage. , 

German Gage. 

Raised at Albany, N. Y., about forty years since, by Mrs. Bleecker. 
The tree is of healthy, hardy habit, and a regular, sure bearer. 
Branches, downy ; leaves, dark green ; fruit, medium size, roundish 
oval, very regular ; suture, slight ; skin, yellow, with numerous im- 
bedded white specks, and a thin white bloom ; flesh, yellow, rich, 
18 



410 THE PLUM. 

sweet and luscious flavor, separating freely from the stone, which is 
pointed ; stalk, an inch or more long, downy, inserted in a slight 
cavity. Season, last of August here ; in Georgia, first of July. Dis- 
tinguished from Prince's Yellow Gage by its larger stalk and later 
maturity. 

Coe's Golden Drop. 

Bury Seedling, New Golden Drop, 

Coe's Imperial, Fair's Golden Drop, 

Golden Gage. 

This is an English variety. Tree only moderately productive; 
and although we should always plant, yet it does not always mature 
perfectly north of 40° latitude. Branches, smooth ; fruit, large, 
oval ; suture, well marked, one side enlarged ; skin, light yellow, 
much dotted or mottled with red on side exposed to sun ; flesh, ad- 
hering to the stone, yellowish, firm, rather coarse-grained, but rich and 
sweet; stalk, three-fourths to an inch long, rather stiff. Season, 
last of September. The Yellow Egg is often grown under this 
name at the West. 

Denniston's Superb. 

A variety originated in the famous garden of Mr. Denniston, 
Albany, N. Y. Its great productiveness, together with its period of 
ripening, more than its quality, makes it desirable. Branches, downy ; 
fruit, medium, cr rather above, roundish, slightly flattened ; suture, 
distinct ; skin, pale yellowish, overspread with a thin bloom, and 
mottled or clouded with purple ; flesh, thick, not juicy, but with rich 
vinous flavor; stone, small, roundish, from which the flesh parts 
freely ; stalk, three-fourths inch long, set in a cavity of moderate 
depth. Season, 15th to 20th August. 

Early Orleans. 



Wilmot's Early Orleans, 
New Early Orleans, 
, New Orleans, 



Grimwood's Early Orleans, 
Hampton Court, 
Monsieur Hatif. 



An English variety, which on account of its quality and early 
maturity must always make it popular as an orchard fruit. Branches, 
downy ; fruit, medium, round oval ; suture, shallow ; skin, dark red- 
dish purple ; flesh, yellowish green, of rich, brisk flavor, and separat- 
ing freely from the stone ; stem, usually about half inch long, but 
varying. Season, first August. 

Green Gage. 



Ida Green Gage. 

Waterloo, 

King of Plums, 

Wilmot's late Green Gage, 

Schuyler Gage, 

Rensselaer Gage, 

Isleworth Green Gage, 



"Wilmot's Green Gage, 

New Green Gage, 



Brugnon Gage r 
Bruyn Gage, 
Bradford Gage, 
Reine Claude, 
Grosse Reine Claude 
Grosse Reine. 



" During the last century, an English family by the name of Gage 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 411 

obtained a number of fruit trees from the monks of Charteuse, near 
Paris. Among them was a tree of this plum, which, having lost its 
name, was called by the gardener the Green Gage." There are very 
few trees in bearing of the true variety at the West, the Imperial 
Gage having been often sold as Green Gage. The true variety is 
readily known by its short-jointed, slow-growing, spreading, and 
dwarfish habit. It also requires a rich, warm soil to insure fruit in 
perfection in locations north of 42 deg. Branches, smooth ; buds, 
with large shoulders ; fruit, medium, round ; suture, slight ; skin, 
yellowish green, marbled and dotted on the sunny side with red ; 
flesh separates freely from the stone, pale green, exceedingly melt- 
ing, rich, sprightly, high flavor ; stalk, slender, slightly inserted. 
Season, midddle to last August. 

Imperial Gage. 

Prince's Imperial Gage, White Gage, 

Flushing Gage, | Jenkinson's Imperial, 

Superior Green Gage. 

This is an American variety, originating at the old nursery of Wm. 
Prince, Flushing, N. Y. In heavy, strong soils it is sometimes 
deficient in flavor, probably from a deficiency of some particular 
element in the soil, as it produces abundantly, grows vigorously, and 
trees apparently healthy. In light, loamy, or even dry, poor soils, 
it is a hardy, productive variety, and the flavor often almost equal- 
ling a true Green Gage. As a market variety, it is far superior to 
Green Gage, and hardly surpassed by any other plum. Branches, 
slightly downy, dark-colored, upright, vigorous ; fruit, above medi- 
um, oval ; suture, distinct ; skin, at first pale green, with a white 
bloom, becoming yellowish green, marbled with dark green stripes ; 
flesh, greenish, juicy, rich, sprightly flavor ; stone, oval, with flesh 
occasionally adhering. In good seasons and soils it separates freely 
from the stone ; stalk, long, hairy, stout, inserted in an even cavity. 
Season, first September ; at the South,. July first. 

Jefferson. 

An American variety, originated by Judge Buel, at Albany, 
N. Y., probably from a seed of Coe's Golden Drop, which in growth, 
wood, etc., it closely resembles. It has been pretty extensively 
tested, both in this country and in Europe, and fully sustains the 
high character given it by the late A. J. Downing. The Bingham or 
Clingstone plum has occasionally been disseminated for this variety. 
In rich, high flavor, it does not equal the Green Gage, but its large 
size, great beauty, productiveness, freedom from decay, and habit of 
hanging long on the tree after ripe, render it valuable for all collec- 
tions. Branches, nearly smooth; fruit, large, oval, slightly nar- 



412 THE PLUM. 

rowed one side toward the stalk ; skin, at first greenish yellow, 
becoming golden yellow when fully ripe, and with a rich reddened 
cheek in the sun, bloom ,thin, white ; suture, slight ; flesh, separating 
nearly free from the long pointed stone ; yellow, almost orange yel- 
low ; juicy, with rich flavor ; stalk, an inch long, inserted without 
depression. Season, last of August ; at the South, last of July. 

Lombard. 

Bleecker's Scarlet. [ Beekman's Scarlet. 

An American variety, which, as a tree, is thrifty, healthy, hardy, 
and productive ; while the fruit appears less attractive than most 
others to the curculio. It is therefore very desirable. Branches, 
smooth, bright purple, very thrifty, leaves much crumpled ; fruit, 
medium, roundish oval, slightly flattened at ends; suture, slight; 
shin, violet red, dusted thinly with bloom ; flesh, yellow, juicy, not 
rich, but pleasant flavor ; stalk, slender, three-fourths inch long, set 
in a broad, open cavity"; adheres to the stone. Season, middle to 
last of August. 

Lawrence's Favorite. 

Lawrence Gage. 

An American plum, raised from seed of the Green Gage by Mr. L. 
U. Lawrence, Hudson, N. Y. It forms a tree of upright, thrifty 
growth, and bears young and abundantly of fruit much resembling 
outwardly the Green Gage, except being larger. Branches, downy, 
short-jointed; fruit, large, roundish; skin, dull yellowish green, 
clouded with streaks of a darker shade beneath, and in sun, around 
the stem a mottling or dotting of brownish red, bloom light blu- 
ish green ; flesh, greenish, juicy, rich, excellent, only surpassed by 
Green Gage. When fully ripe, separates freely from the stone ; 
stalk, half inch long, slender, inserted in a narrow cavity. Season, 
middle August. 

McLaughlin. 

An American variety, raised by James McLaughlin, Bangor, 
Maine. The tree is very thrifty, making stout, vigorous shoots of 
four to six feet in a season ; but forming a round, regular head. 
Originating so far north, it will unquestionably prove a most valua- 
ble variety for northern culture. The fruit, in character of quality, 
resembles the variety just previously described. Branches, smooth ; 
leaves, broad, glossy ; fruit, above medium, roundish, flattened at 
ends ; suture, obscure ; skin, thin, tender, russet yellow, sprinkled 
with a red Isinge, which deepens to a purplish hue around the stalk ; 
flesh, adhering to the stone, dull yellow, firm, juicy, excellent j stone, 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 413 

roundish; stalk, three fourths inch long, inserted without depression 
season, middle to last of August. 

Madison. 

An accidental seedling in the Denniston Garden, Albany N Y • 
and, according to Dr. Herman Wendell, a hybrid from Blocker's 
Gage and Blue Gage. Its flavor, late period of maturity, and hardi- 
hood, commend it to a first place. Branches, slender smooth- 
leaves, light green, slightly downy ; fruit, medium, roundish oval • 
suture, slight ; shin, light orange, with a cast of greenish yellow, in 
sun mottled and spotted with lake carmine, bloom thin, delicate ; 
flesh, yellow, firm, juicy, rich and sweet, agreeable flavor' separates 
freely from the stone, which is small, oval, pointed ; stalk, three- 
fourths inch long, inserted in a regular, not deep basin. Season, 
first to fifteenth October. 

Ottoman. 

Imperial Ottoman 

A foreign variety, but from whence is uncertain. We have fruited 
it several years, and as an early variety have not met its superior. 
The trees are hardy, regular, not rampant growers, and regular,' 
abundant bearers. Branches, slightly downy ; fruit, medium, round- 
ish oval, regularly formed; skin, greenish yellow, marbled with 
darker shades in stripes underneath ; if permitted to hang it becomes 
mostly pale yellow, bloom thin ; suture, only half way clown on 
one side ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, rich, sweet, delicious, and when 
fully ripe parts freely from the stone ; stem, downy, three-fourths 
inch long, inserted in a cavity of moderate depth. Season, last July. 

Purple Favorite. 
This variety the late A. J. Downing states to have been planted 
and grown by his father. Although of dwarfish, slender habit, the 
trees are very hardy, and bear when young. For large market or- 
chards it is not as valuabie as some other varieties, but in private 
gardens it should always have a place. Branches, smooth, short- 
jointed ; fruit, medium, or rather above, roundish obovate; skin, 
brownish purple, dotted with golden specks, bloom light blue ; flesh, 
pale greenish, juicy, sweet and excellent, and separating freely from 
the stone, which is small ; stalk, three-fourths inch loner, depression 
slight. Season, last of August. 

Purple Gage. 

Reine Claude Violette, | . Violet Queen Claude, 

Die Violette Koning Ciaudie. 

A foreign variety, moderate bearer, but high flavor. Branches. 



414 THE PLUM. 

smooth, short-jointed ; fruit, medium, roundish, a little flattened ; 
suture, shallow ; skin, violet, dotted with pale yellow, bloom light 
blue ; flesh, greenish yellow, firm, sugary, high flavor ; stone, oval, 
compressed, from which the flesh separates freely ; stalk, an inch 
long, set in a narrow basin. Season, about 10th September, but 
will hang a fortnight, shrivelling slightly. 

Prince's Yellow Gage. 

American Yellow Gage, J White Gage, 

Harvest Gage. 

A variety produced in 1783 by the elder Mr. Prince, of Flush- 
ing, N. Y. The trees are abundant bearers, and the fruit carries 
well to market and always sells readily, wherefore one reason for 
placing it in this class. As a table fruit it is often too dry, and does 
not deserve to be planted in small gardens where market sales are 
not contemplated. Branches, smooth, short-jointed ; leaves, glossy ; 
fruit, slightly above medium size, oval, broadest near the stalk ; 
suture, a mere line ; skin, golden yellow, little clouded, bloom white, 
abundant ; flesh, yellow, sugary, rich, sometimes rather dry, parts 
freely from the stone; stalk, an inch long, set in a round cavity. 
Season, early in August ; at the South, middle of June. It is stated, 
also, at the South to ripen gradually, to be juicy, and of the best. 

Red Gage. 

An American plum, raised from seed of the Green Gage, by the 
elder Wm. Prince, in 1790. The tree is of hardy, yet vigorous 
habit, wood dark reddish color, and producing abundantly a fruit 
rather small, yet of the best flavor. Branches, smooth ; leaves, crim- 
pled ; fruit, hardly medium size, oval, rounded ; skin, brownish red, 
bloom slight ; flesh, parting freely from the stone, greenish amber, 
juicy, sweet, delicious ; stalk, slender ; cavity, narrow. Season, 
middle August. 

Saint Martin's. 

St. Martin's Quetsche. 

A German fruit : the word quetsche, or prune, not applying to this 
fruit, we prefer to drop it. It is a juicy, not a dry prune plum. The 
trees are good bearers, and the time of ripening makes it profitable 
for market or preserving. Branches, smooth ; fruit, medium, or 
rather above, ovate, broadest at base ; skin, bright yellow, dotted a 
little with brownish red in the sun, bloom white ; flesh, yellowish, 
juicy, rich, excellent. Season, 1st October, but will hang two weeks. 

Schenectady. 

Schenectady Catherine 

An American plum, originated at Schenectady, N. Y., and first in- 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 415 

troduced to notice and described by Dr. Herman Wendell. Tree, 
thrifty, hardy, and prolific. Branches, smooth, rather slender ; fruit, 
above medium, roundish oval, broadest and slightly depressed at 
stem end ; suture, shallow ; skin, rich, deep purple, slightly netted 
on the sunny side ; flesh, greenish yellow, fine-grained, melting, 
juicy, rich, sweet, delicious flavor ; stone, small, thick, ovate, parts 
readily from the flesh ; static, three-fourths inch long, rather slender, 
inserted in a deep, narrow cavity. Season, last August. 

Washington. 

Bolmar, Franklin, 

Bolmar's Washington, Parker's Mammoth, 

New Washington, | Irving's Bolmar. 

The original tree of this variety grew on what, in 1818, was known 
as Delancey's Farm, and now constitutes' a portion of New- York city, 
known as the Bowery. It was introduced to notice, grown and dis- 
tributed by Michael Floy, Esq., American Editor of Lindley's Guide 
to the Orchard. Without possessing high flavor, the uniform hardi- 
hood of the tree, with its productive habit, large size of fruit, and 
often freedom from attack of curculio, renders it a most popular 
variety, and for market deservedly so at the North. In Georgia, 
and other sections South, it is said to be entirely flavorless and dry, 
so that while we cannot avoid placing it in the first list, it is requi- 
site to give this qualification. Branches, downy ; fruit, large, round- 
ish oval ; suture, obscure, except near the stalk ;" skin, dull yellow, 
with faint marblings of green, and on the sunny side some little red. 
often dotted ; flesh, yellow, firm, sweet, and separating freely from 
a pointed stone; stalk, nearly three-fourths inch long, downy, 
planted in a wide, shallow basin. Season, last of August. 



Class II. — New and untested ; suited to certain localities, or grounds 
of extensive Amateur Pomologists. 

Autumn Gage. 

Roe's Autumn Gage. 

American. Productive, branches smooth. Fruit medium, oval, broad- 
est at base, pale yellow, whitish bloom, flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, 
separates freely from a stone long, compressed, and pointed at both ends ; 
stalk three-fourths inch long. September 15. 

Albany Beauty. 

Deniston's Albany Beauty. 

American. Branches slightly downy. Fruit below medium, roundish 



416 THE PLUM. 

oval ; skin whitish green, with purple dots, bloom thin ; flesh yellow, 
rich, sweet, hot juicy, separates freely from a small pointed stone ; stalk 
slender, one inch long. Last August. 

Blue Imperatrice. 

Imperatrice, Imperatrice Violette, 

Veritable Imperatrice, Violette. 

Foreign. A fine variety, almost worthy the first class. The true Blue 
Imperatrice must not be confounded with Semiana or Blue Imperatrice 
of some eastern growers. (See Semiana.) Branches smooth, long, slender. 
Fruit medium, obovate, tapering to the stalk, deep purple, bloom blue, 
thick ; flesh greenish yellow, rich, sugary, hangs long on the tree, adheres 
to the stone. Last September. 

Bingham. 

American. Productive, branches downy. Fruit above medium, oval, 
deep rich yellow, dotted with red in the sun ; flesh yellow, juicy, rich, 
delicious, adheres to the stone; stalk three-fourths inch long, slightly sunk. 
Last August. 

Blue Plum. 

Branches smooth ; leaves rather small ; tree productive. Fruit me- 
dium, roundish, scarcely oval ; suture obscure, dark blue, light blue bloom ; 
flesh yellowish green, juicy, sweet, adheres to the stone ; stalk three- 
eighths inch long, inserted in a shallow cavity. Season middle July, in 
Georgia ; middle August, here. Propagated by suckers. Description by 
W. N. White, Athens, G-a. 

Buel's Favorite. 

American. Branches smooth. Fruit large, ovate ; suture half round, 
pale green, little red next the stalk ; flesh greenish yellow, firm, juicy, 
adhering to a long pointed stone ; stalk three-fourths inch long. Last 
August. 

Cherry. 

Early Scarlet, D'Amerique Rouge, 

Myrobolan, • I Prunus Myrobolana, 

Virginian Cherry, Prunus Cerasifera, 

Der Virginia, i Miser Plum, 

Golden Cherry. 

A variety of which many sub-varieties have been and are constantly 
being produced from seed. Its chief merit is in the tree being ornamental, 
and the fruit maturing early. Being very pretty for the dessert, commands 
ready sale. It requires root-pruning every two years, in order to make 
it productive. Branches smooth. Fruit small, round, yellow and red, 
shaded and mottled ; flesh greenish, juicy, pleasant, adhering closely to an 
oval stone; stalk short, cavity narrow. Middle of July. The Chickasaw 
Plum {Prunus chicasi) is very similar to this. 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 417 

Cloth of Gold. 

Drap d'Or, Mirabelle Grosse, 

Mirabelle Double, Yellow Perdrigon. 

Foreign. Productive, branches slightly downy. Fruit below medium, 
round; suture indistinct; skin bright yellow, crimson specks in sun; 
flesh yellow, sugary, rich, adheres slightly to the stone. Early August. 

Columbia. 

Columbian Gage. 

American. Valuable market sort, productive, succeeds well South ; 
branches downy. Fruit large, globular, one side enlarged ; skin brown- 
ish purple, with fawn-colored specks, blue bloom ; flesh orange, rather 
coarse, dry but sugary, separates freely from stone, which is small, com- 
pressed ; stalk an inch long ; cavity small, narrow. Last August. 

Cooper. 

Cooper's Red, | Cooper's Large Red, 

Cooper's Large American. 

American. Described by Coxe, in 1817, as grown from a stone of 
Orleans. Some writers state it to be identical with " Smith's Orleans ;" 
but we do not so consider it. Fruit large, deep purple, with a bloom ; 
suture shallow and broad ; stem three-quarters inch long ; flesh coarse, 
yellow, "good.'' Last August. 

Cruger's Scarlet, 

Cruger's, | Cruger's Seedling, 

Cruger's Scarlet Gage. 

American. Productive, and comparatively free from attacks of cur- 
culio. Branches downy. Fruit little above medium, roundish oval ; 
skin lilac red, with thin bluish bloom and yellow dots, in dark shade one 
side, pale fawn color ; flesh orange, rather dry, rich, separates free from 
stone ; stalk half inch long ; basin shallow. Last August. 

De Monteort. 

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit above medium, roundish, light pur- 
ple, spotted with brownish yellow, and with blue bloom ; flesh light yel- 
low, rich ; when fully ripe, parts freely from stone ; stalk half inch long. 
Middle August. 

Deniston's Red. 

American. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish oval; suture 
half round; skin light red, with fawn-colored dots, bloom thin ; flesh am- 
ber color, separates freely from a small, oval, compressed stone ; stalk long, 
slender. Last August. 

Downton Imperatrice. 

Foreign. Branches smooth, valued for preserving. Fruit medium, 
18* 



418 THE PLUM. 

oval, narrowing to the stalk, pale yellow ; flesh yellow, melting ; unless 
fnlly ripe, acid, then sweet, adheres to the stone ; stalk three-fourths inch 
long. Last of September. Sometimes grown as Yellow Egg. 

Domine Dull. 

German Prune, | Dutch Prune, 

Dutch Quetzen. 

American. From seed of the Dutch Prune ; productive and valuable 
for drying ; branches smooth. Fruit medium size, long oval ; skin dark 
purple, nearly black, with blue bloom ; flesh yellow, juicy at first, if 
allowed to hang on the tree becomes dry, rich and sweet, adheres to 
stone ; stalk an inch long. September. 

Duane's Purple. 

Duane's Purple French, | English Pond's Seedling. 

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit large, oblong oval, one side enlarged, 
reddish purple in sun. pale red in shade, dotted with yellow specks, lilac 
bloom ; flesh amber color, juicy, slightly acid, adhering to the stone ; 
stalk three-fourths inch long, slender, narrow cavity. Early August. 

Early Royal. 

Royal Hative, | Mirian. 

Foreign. Slow grower, and tender tree far North ; branches downy. 
Fruit medium, roundish, light purple, dotted little with dull yellow ; flesh 
amber color, rich, parts from stone; stalk half inch long, stout; stone 
small. Last July. 

Emerald Drop. 

American. Productive ; branches smooth. Fruit medium, long oval, 
one side enlarged, yellowish green ; flesh greenish yellow, juicy, adheres 
to the stone ; stalk three-fourths inch long. Last August. 

Early Purple. 

Sea. 

Foreign. Fruit small, roundish, brownish purple, with a scanty light- 
colored bloom ; flesh greenish yellow, highly perfumed, sweet, juicy, parts 
freely from stone. Early June at South, July here. (W. N. White, in 
Horticulturist.) 

Elfrey. 

Elfrey's Prune. 

American. Very productive, always valuable for drying, often very 
fine for the dessert, succeeds admirably at the South ; branches smooth. 
Fruit rather below medium size, oval, blue ; flesh greenish, sweet, parts 
freely from stone. Middle August ; South, first July. 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 419 

Early. Favorite. 

Rivers' Early No. 1. 

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, roundish oval, purple ; 
flesh melting, rich, sweet. Early August 

Early Prolific. 

Rivers' Early No. 2. 

Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit little above medium, roundish oval, 
purple • flesh yellowish, rich, sweet, excellent flavor. Early August. 

* Frost Gage. 

American. Does not answer well in soils of only moderate richness, 
requires rich, moist, clayey soil. On the borders of the Hudson river, 
where it originated, it is one of the most valuable late-ripening market 
varieties. Branches smooth, slender, upright habit. Fruit below medium, 
roundish oval ; suture half round, deep purple, bloom thin ; flesh greenish 
yellow, juicy, sweet, adhering to stone ; stalk three-fourths inch long. 
First October. 

Galbraith. 

An early plum, said to have originated with the late Mr. Galbraith, near 
Boalsburg, Pa. ; and is represented as being a straggling grower, but the 
best early plum cultivated in that vicinity. An inch and a half long by 
one and five-sixteenths broad, oval, purple ; stem five-eighths of an inch 
by one- fourteenth ; flesh tender, juicy, adherent to the stone, flavor lus- 
cious, quality " very good" if not " best." (W. D. B.) 

Huling's Superb. 

This variety we have little doubt will eventually command a place in 
the first class : at present it has been little grown; Duane's Purple being 
almost invariably the variety distributed under this name. Leaves broad, 
large ; branches stout, downy, with a swollen knob behind each bud. 
Fruit very large, roundish oval, shallow suture ; skin dull greenish yellow, 
covered with pale bloom ; flesh greenish yellow, little coarse grain, rich, 
brisk, sprightly flavor, adheres partially to the stone; stalk an inch long, 
swollen at its junction with the tree, and set in a round, small cavity. 
Middle August. 

Howell's Early. 

American. Branches slender, gray, downy. Fruit below medium, 
oval angular; suture indistinct, light brown, greenish yellow in the 
shade, thin blue bloom ; flesh amber color, juicy, sweet, separates freely 
from a small oval stone ; stalk three-fourths inch long, slender. Last 
July. 

How's Amber. 
American. Branches slightly downy. Fruit medium, roundish ; skin 



420 THE PLUM. 

amber color, dotted and mottled with rose ; flesh yellow, a little coarse, 
adhering to the stone, rich, fine flavor. Season last August. (Hov. Mag.) 

Howard's Favorite. 

American. Fruit large, roundish obovate, slight neck ; stem one inch ; 
color orange yellow, shaded with red, and reddish spots ; flesh yellow, 
juicy, sub-acid, "good." September. New. s 

Hudson Gage. 

American. Somewhat like Imperial G-age, but earlier. Branches 
downy. Fruit medium, oval, enlarged one side ; suture obscure ; skin 
yellow, clouded as if underneath with stripes of green; bloom white; 
flesh greenish, juicy, sprightly, and mostly parts from the stone, which is 
small ; stalk half inch long. Early August. 

Imperial of Milan. 

Imperial e de Milan. 

Foreign. Fruit large, oval, deep purple, juicy, sugary. October. (T. 
Eivers, in Hort.) 

Isabella. 

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit above medium, oval, dull red, mot- 
tled ; flesh yellow, rich, juicy, parting freely from the stone when fully 
ripe ; stalk three- fourths inch long. Last August. 

ICKWORTH ImPERATRICE. 
Knight's No. 6. 

Foreign. North this does not ripen well ; in the Middle and Southern 
States it promises yet to become a first-class plum, on account mainly of its 
period of ripening. Branches smooth. Fruit above medium, obovate, 
purple, with irregular tracings of fawn yellow ; flesh greenish yellow, 
sweet, juicy, and mostly adhering to a small stone; stalk half inch long, 
thick. Early October. If gathered by hand, wrapped in paper, and laid 
in a dry place, will keep a month. 

Italian Damask. 

Damas d'ltalie. 

Foreign. Productive, succeeds finely South. Branches smooth. Fruit 
medium, roundish, flattened at base ; suture half round ; skin violet, be- 
coming Drown ; flesh yellowish green, firm, sweet, separating from a thick 
oval stone ; stalk half inch long, slender ; cavity small. Last August. 
Bears well in all soils. 

Kirke's. 

Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, round, dark purple, thick 
blue bloom ; flesh greenish yellow, firm, rich, separating freely from a 
broad flat stone ; stalk three-fourths inch long. Last August. 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 421 

Long Scarlet. 

Scarlet Gage. 

American. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oblong obovate, one side 
enlarged, tapers toward the stalk, bright red in sun, pale yellowish red in 
shade ; bloom lilac ; flesh yellow, rich, juicy, acid, adheres to the stone ■ stalk 
three-fourths inch long in a narrow cavity. Last of August. A Pood 
market sort, valued for making jelly. 

MiRABELLE. 
Mirabelle Petite, | Mirabelle Jaune. 

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit small, obovate ; suture distinct • 
skin yellow, spotted with red ; bloom white ; flesh orange, sweet, sprightly' 
separates from stone ; stalk half inch long. Early August. 

Mamelonne. 

_ Foreign. Fruit medium, round, with a knob-like protuberance where 
joined to the stalk, occasional specimens with unequal surface ; skin green- 
ish, spotted with red ; flesh yellow, juicy, rich, and parts freely from the 
stone. Early August. 

Marten's Seedling. 

A variety said by C. Eeagles, of Schenectady, K Y., to have originated 
there, and to be a yellow plum of the finest quality. We have not seen it. 

Mediterranean. 

This is also said by Mr. Reagles to be a seedling of Central New York 
very large, early and superior. 

Morocco. 

Early Morocco, I Early Black Morocco, 

Black Morocco, Early Damask, 

Black Damask. 

Foreign. Moderate bearer. Branches downy. Fruit medium, round- 
ish, shallow suture ; skin dark purple ; bloom thin ; flesh greenish yel- 
low, slightly adhering to the stone, juicy, rich and sweet ; stalk half inch 
long. Early August. 

Manning's Prune. 

Manning's Long Blue Prune, | Large Long Blue, 

Manning's Long Blue. 

American. A sub- variety of the German prune, and superior thereto. 
Branches smooth. Fruit large, long oval, a little one-sided ; skin dark 
purple, thick blue bloom ; flesh greenish yellow, firm, rather juicy, sweet, 
pleasant, separates readily from a long pointed stone ; stalk long, slender! 
September. 

Mulberry. 
American. Branches stout, smooth. Fruit large, oval, narrowing to 



422 THE PLUM. 

the stalk, pale yellow, with dots of red in sun ; flesh greenish yellow, 
coarse-grained, adheres to an oblong pointed stone ; stalk an inch long, 
slender. First September. 

Nota Bene. 

Corse's Nota Bene, | Dictator ? 

Canadian. Branches smooth. Fruit large, round, pale lilac or brownish, 
dull green on the shaded side, bloom light blue ; flesh greenish, rather 
firm, juicy, sweet, separating freely from the stone ; stalk half an inch 
long, in a round basin. First September. 

October Green Gage. 

Reine Claude Tardive, Reine Claude d'Octobre. 

Foreign. Branches slightly downy. Fruit small, round, yellowish 
green, marbled and dotted slightly with red in the sun ; flesh yellowish, 
juicy, melting, rich, separating freely from the stone ; stalk slender. First 
to 15th October. 

Orange. 

Orange Gage. 

American. Branches smooth. Fruit very large, oval, flattened at both 
ends, bronze yellow, clouded with purplish red near the stalk ; flesh yel- 
low, coarse-grained, adhering slightly to the stone ; stalk three fourths 
inch long, in a narrow round cavity. Last of August. 

Peach Plum. 

Prune Peche. 

Foreign. Long cultivated at Schenectady, N. Y., as the French plum, it 
having been received from France, and lost its name on the voyage : was 
only recognized of late as the old Prune Peche of French authors. It is 
tender at the North, and an indifferent bearer. Branches smooth. Fruit 
very large, shaped much like a peach, one side enlarged, wider than deep, 
light brownish red, with small yellow dots ; flesh pale yellow, coarse- 
grained, slightly sub- acid, separates freely from the stone, which is round 
and much furrowed ; stalk short. Last July, first August. 

Prince of Wales. 

Chapman's Prince of Wales. 

Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, oval, bright purplish^pink, 
bloom abundant ; flesh pale yellow, sweet, separates from stone. Last 
August. 

Prune op Agen. 

Agen Date, I D'Agen, 

Prune d'Agen, | Prune d'Ast, 

St. Maurin. 

Foreign. Valuable only for drying. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 423 

obovate ilattened, purple, with a blue bloom ; flesh greenish yellow, sweet ; 
stalk short. October. 

Peter's Yellow Gage. 

American. Resembles Cloth of Gold. Tree rather longer jointed, and 
fruit separates freely from the stone. . August. 

Queen Claude of Bavay. 

Heine Claude de Bavay. 

Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish oval, greenish 
yellow, spotted with red ; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, rich, adhering slightly 
to the stone ; stem short. Last September. This variety has been, as 
we think, over-praised. 

Red Saint Martin. 

Saint Martin Rouge, Prunier de St. Martin, 

Saint Martin, Coe's Fine Late Red, 

Coe's Late Red. 

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium size, roundish ; suture half 
round, well marked ; skin light purplish red, thin blue bloom ; flesh yel- 
lowish, juicy, vinous, separating freely from the stone ; stalk three-fourths 
inch long, stout. October. In Northern locations it does not always 
mature its fruit. 

Red Diaper. 

Diapree Rouge, Roche Corbon, 

Mimms, ] Imperial Diadem. 

Foreign. Slow grower, branches nearly smooth. Fruit above medium, 
obovate, brownish red and purple, light blue bloom ; flesh pale green, 
juicy, melting, very good ; stalk slender, slightly hairy, parts free from 
stone. Last August. 

ROYALE. 

La Royale. 

Foreign. Branches very downy. Fruit medium or slightly above, 
roundish, reddish purple, with light brown specks, thick pale bloom ; flesh 
dull yellow, rather firm, juicy, vinous, parts freely from a small roundish 
stone ; stalk three-fourths inch, cavity narrow. Last August, and hangs 
to middle September. 

Royal of Tours. 

Royale de Tours, | Royal Tours. 

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit large, roundish ; suture deep, giving 
appearance of one side enlarged, lively red in shade, violet in sun, minute 
golden dots, blue bloom ; stalk stout, cavity narrow ; flesh greenish, firm, 
with abundant juice, adheres closely to large, oval, flattened stone. Early 
August. 



424 THE PLUM. 

Sharp's Emperor. 

Denyer's Victoria, Queen Victoria. 

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit large, roundish oval, lively red in 
sun, paler in shade ; flesh yellow, separates from stone, pleasant flavor. 
Middle September. 

Thomas. 

American. Hovey, in Mag. of Hort., says this is a seedling of Mr. 
Thomas, Boston, Mass. We take from his description. Branches stout, 
slightly downy. Fruit large, oblong, flattened at apex, shallow suture, 
dark amber color, mottled and shaded with red, sprinkled with white dots 
and whitish bloom ; flesh deep yellow, sweet, separating from a large 
roundish ovate stone ; stalk half inch, stout, deeply inserted. September. 

Smith's Orleans. 

La Delicieuse. 

American. Originated by a Mr. Smith, on Long Island, and first de- 
scribed by Prince. As a market plum this is a fine variety, but for des- 
sert it is deficient in richness and flavor on moist strong soils. Branches 
stout, nearly smooth. Fruit large, oval oblong, largest at base ; suture 
half round ; skin deep purplish red, with small golden specks and deep 
blue bloom ; flesh yellow, tender, juicy, adhering closely to a large ovate 
stone ; stalk short, inserted in a deep round cavity. Last August. 



Yellow Egg. 



Yellow Magnum Bonum, 
White Magnum Bonum , 
White Egg, 
Egg Plum, 
White Mogul, 
Askew's Golden Egg, 
Col. Young's Seedling, 



White Imperial, 

White Holland, 

Wentworth, 

Dame Ambert, 

" ' ' Jaune, 

" " Blanche, 

Grosse Luisante. 



Foreign. Numerous seedlings are produced from this variety, differing 
little from the parent. " Long's Yellow " is one considerably distributed 
West. It is a variety only esteemed for cooking purposes. Branches 
smooth. Fruit large, oval, narrowing at ends , suture distinct ; skin 
yellow, white dots, and thin white bloom ; flesh yellow, adhering mostly 
to the stone ; stalk long, surrounded at insertion by fleshy ring. Middle 
to last August. 



CLASS III. — Unworthy Farther Culture. 
Apricot. 

Apricot Plum of Tours, I Abricotee, 

Abricotee de Tours, Yellnw Apricot, 

Red Apricot . 

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, with red ; 
flesh yellow, bitter. Freestone. August. 



UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 425 

American Wheat. 

American. Branches smooth. Fruit small, round, blue ; flesh greenish. 
Clingstone. August. 

Admiral, 

Corse's Admiral. 

Canadian. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, light purple ; flesh green- 
ish yellow. Clingstone. September. 

Brevoort's Purple. 

New York Purple, | Brevoort's Purple Bolmar, 

Brevoort's Purple Washington. 

American. Branches smooth. Fruit large, oval, reddish purple ; flesh yel- 
lowish. Clingstone. September. 

Blue Gage. 

Azure Hative, | Black Perdrigon, 

Little Blue Gage. 

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit small, round, blue ; flesh greenish. Free- 
stone. August. 

Byfield. 

American. Branches smooth. Fruit small, round, light yellow ; flesh yel- 
low. Clingstone. August. 

Blue Perdrigon. 

Violet Perdrigon, Brignole Violette, 

Perdrigon Violelte, | Battle Monument. 

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, reddish purple 5 flesh 
greenish yellow. Clingstone. August. 

Beach Plum. 
Native of the sea-coast. Fruit small, reddish, astringent. 

Croft's Early. 

A small reddish blue fruit, with yellow flesh, dry and devoid of flavor. 
August. 

Copper. 

French Copper. 

Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, oval, bluish copper; flesh 
greenish. Freestone. September. 

Cheston. 

Cheston Matchless, j Matchless, 

Violet Diaper. 

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit small, oval, purple ; flesh yellow. Free- 
stone. August. 



426 THE PLUM. 

Diamond. 

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit large, oval, purplish black ; flesh yellow, 
dry. Freestone. September. 

Dana's Yellow Gage. 

American. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, pale yellow ; flesh yel- 
lowish. Clingstone, September. 

Damson. 

Common Damson, | Purple Damson, 

Early Damson. 

A variety common in all gardens, increased by seeds and suckers ; many 
sub-varieties, under names of Winter Damson, Prune Damson, Sweet Damson, 
&c. Branches downy. Fruit small, oval, purplish blue ; flesh greenish, par- 
tially free. September to November. 

Early Yellow. 

Jaune Hative, Jaune de Catalogue, 

Catalonian, Prune de St. Barnabee, 

White Primordian, D'Avoine, 

Amber Primordian, Picket's July, 

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit small, oval, pale yellow ; flesh yellow. 
Freestone. July. 

Early Tours. 

Preeoce de Tours, Violet Hative, 

Early Violet, Noire Hative, 

Violet de Tours. 

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, deep purple ; flesh green- 
ish yellow, fibrous. Clingstone. Early August ; poor bearer. 

Field Marshal. 

Corse's Field Marshal. 

Canadian. Fruit medium, oval ; flesh greenish yellow. Clingstone. August. 

FOTHERINOHAM. 

Sheen, Grove House Purple. 

Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, obovate, reddish purple ; flesh 
greenish yellow. Freestone. August. 

Guthrie's Apricot. 

Guthrie's Apricot Plum. 

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, yellow, with crimson dots ; 
flesh yellow. Clingstone. August. 

General Hand. 

American. Branches nearly smooth. Fruit large, roundish oval, yellow 
marbled ; flesh pale yellow. Freestone. September. 



UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 427 

German Prune. 



Quetsche, 
Common Quetsche, 
True German Prune, 
Turkish Quetsche, 



Leipzic, 
Sweet Prune, 
Damask, 
Quetsche Grosse, 



Prune d'Allemagne. 

A variety with numerous sub-varieties, the best of which is " Manning's 
Prune," previously described. Branches smooth. Fruit long oval, purple ; 
flesh greenish. Freestone. September. 

Ghiston's Early. 

American. Branches smooth. Fruit large, oval, yellow ; flesh yellow. Free- 
stone. August. 

Goliath. 

Caledonian, SteeT's Emperor, 

Saint Cloud, Wilmot's Late Orleans. 

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit large, roundish oblong, purplish red ; 
flesh yellow. Clingstone. August. 

Gwalsh; 

American. Branches smooth. Fruit large, obovate, dark purple ; flesh yel- 
low, acid. Clingstone. August. 

Gifford's La Fayette. 

American. Fruit medium, long oval, purplish blue ; flesh yellowish. Sep- 
tember. 

Horse Plum. 

Large Early Damson, | Sweet Damson. 

American. Seedlings make good stocks for budding. Branches downy. 
Fruit medium, oval, reddish purple ; flesh greenish yellow. Freestone. August. 

Holland. 

Blue Holland , | Holland Prune. 

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, round, reddish purple ; flesh 
yellowish. Freestone. September. 

Judson. 

American. Fruit small, roundish oval, reddish pink, mottled ; flesh yel- 
lowish ; stone large, free. August. 

Large Green Drying. 

Knight's Large Green Drying. 

Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit large, round, greenish yellow ; flesh 
yellowish. Clingstone, insipid. September. 



428 THE PLUM. 

Lucombe's Nonsuch. 

Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish green ; 
flesh greenish. Clingstone. August. 

Little Queen Claude. 



Yellow Gage (of the English, ) 
Petite Reine Claude, 
Reine Claude Blanche, 



Small Green Gage, 
Gonne's Green Gage, 
White Gage. 



Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit small, round, yellowish green, with red 
spots ; flesh pale yellow. Freestone. August. 

Muscle. 
Foreign. Only grown for stocks. Fruit oblong, dark red, large stone. 

Nectarine. 

Caledonian? | Howell's Large. 

Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit large, roundish, purple ; flesh greenish 
yellow, partially clingstone. August. 

Orleans. 

Monsieur, I Old Orleans, 

Monsieur Ordinaire, | Red Damask, 
Italian Damask of some. 

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, round, reddish purple ; flesh 
yellowish. Freestone. August. 

Penobscot. 

American. Fruit large, oval, greenish yellow, little red in sun ; flesh yellow. 
Clingstone. September. 

Pond's Seedling. 

Pond's Purple. 

American. Branches downy. Fruit medium, roundish, purple ; flesh yel- 
lowish. Freestone. August. 

Peoly's Early Blue. 

American. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oblong, dark blue ; flesh yel- 
low, partly free. August. 

Queen Mother. 

Red Queen Mother, | - Pigeon's Heart, 

Damas Violet. 

Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit small, round, purplish red in sun, amber 
in shade ; flesh yellow. Freestone. September. 



Red Egg. 



Red Magnum Bonum, 
Askew's Purple Egg, 
Purple Egg, 



Red Imperial of some, 
Purple Magnum Bonum, 
Florence. 



Branches smooth. Long and extensively grown. It is far surpassed by many 



UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 429 

others ripening at same time. Fruit large, oval, deep red, with gray dots : 
flesh greenish, coarse. Freestone. September. 

Red Imperial. 

Imperial Rouge, | Early Forcing. 

Foreign. Branches slightly downy. Fruit large, oval, reddish violet : flesh 
greenish yellow. Freestone. September. 

Red Perdrigon. 

Perdrigon Rouge. 

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, roundish oval, deep red, lilac 
bloom ; flesh yellow. Freestone. August. 

St. John's. 

Prune de St. Jean. 

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, purplish blue ; flesh greenish 
yellow. August. 

Semiana of Boston. 

This has been thought to be the Imperatrice Violette of old Duhamel. We 
are not prepared to say, and as it is condemned by all growers, do not think it 
worth looking after. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, oval, dark blue ; flesh 
harsh, acid. Clingstone. September. 

Suisse. 

Simiana, I Swiss Plum, 

Prune Suisse, Monsieur Tardif, 

Prune cTAltesse. 

Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit above medium, round, violet red ; flesh 
greenish yellow, acid. Clingstone. September. 

Siamese. 

American. Branches smooth, Fruit grows in pairs, which is its only merit, 
pale yellow ; flesh yellow. Clingstone. September. 

Stabeler's Seedling. 

American. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, greenish yellow, with 
white specks ; flesh yellowish. Clingstone. August. 

St. Catherine. 

Foreign. Branches smooth, valued in France for drying, surpassed here by 
varieties of later origin. Fruit medium, obovate, pale yellow, little red in 
sun ; flesh yellow. Clingstone. September. 

Virgin. 

Virginale. 

Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish, purple ; flesh yellow. 
Freestone. September. 



430 THE PLUM. 

Wilde's. 

American. Fruit large, oval oblong, greenish yellow ; flesh yellowish green. 
Clingstone. July. 

White Damson. 

Late Yellow Damson, Shailer's White Damson, 

White Prune Damson, | White Damascene. 

Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit small, oval, pale yellow, few red spots ; 
flesh yellow. Clingstone. September. 

White Imperatrice. 

White Empress, | Imperatrice Blanche. 

Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, obovate, bright yellow, few red 
spots ; flesh yellow. Freestone. September. 

White Perdrigon. 

Perdrigon Blanc, | Maitre Claude, 

Brignole. 

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, greenish yellow, red 
spots in sun ; flesh pale yellow. Clingstone. August. 



THE QUINCE. 

Cydonia vulgaris, Dec. Rosacece of Botanists. 

The Quince is a tree of crooked, tortuous, rambling branches, and 
in the usual neglected state in which it is cultivated, seldom reaches 
a height of over fifteen feet. In rich, deep soils, however, it will 
acquire a height of twenty -five to thirty feet. While young and 
in the nursery, it is of rather rapid growth; but after the trees 
commence fruiting, the growth is less rapid, and is more spreading 
than upright. The botanical name, Cydonia, is said to be from its 
first attracting notice in the city of Cydon, Candia. The largest 
tree on record is growing in the neighborhood of Geneva, New- 
York, and is, according to the "Horticulturist," thirty feet high, 
with a trunk girthing six feet, and branches extending over a circle 
seventy -five feet in circumference. In the Journal of the London 
Horticultural Society, a variety is spoken of as existing in Persia, 
of which the fruit acquires the weight of fifty to sixty ounces, and 
ripened, loses all its austerity, so that it is eaten at the dessert like 
a soft, ripe pear. No such variety has, however, yet found its way 
to our shores, and it is somewhat doubtful if it exists. The large, 
pale pink blossoms of the quince make it rather ornamental ; and 
appearing, as they do, after other fruit trees have done blooming, it 
is almost certain to escape late frosts, and annually produce fruit. 
We have often wondered at the taste that cultivates carefully a bush 
of privet or snowberry, while the quince is neglected in some se- 
cluded, shaded corner. 

Propagation. — By Seed. — The seed should be saved by cutting 
out the cores and seeds, and laying them in a heap for a few days, 
or until they become soft, when rubbing in water and passing the 
pulpy part through a sieve leaves the seeds clear. They should 
then be mixed with damp sand in shallow boxes, and placed in a 
cool cellar or outhouse until spring— care being taken that they do 
not get dry, nor yet wet enough to decay. In spring, sow thinly, in 
drills, good, rich, deep soil, and cover about two inches deep. 

By Cuttings. — These are usually taken off in spring early, from 
wood of last year's growth, and are about one foot long each. The 
buds should all be cut out, except the two upper ones, and the 
cutting set erect ten inches deep, in rich, moist, sandy soil. If 
ground is available where moisture can be insured in summer, 
without overplus in winter, the month of September is best for 

(431) 



432 THE QUINCE. 

making and putting in the cuttings. Small beds may be made, 
well shaded from noonday sun, and watered during the summer 

season. 

By Layers. — These are usually made in spring, by bending down 
and pegging, as described in a previous part of this work. They 
usually form roots the first season, and will answer the following 
spring to be cut from the parent plant and transplanted into nursery- 
rows. 

By Roots. — Small pieces of the roots, from four to six inches 
long each, taken off in spring, and planted with the upper end 
about two inches under ground, will throw up fine shoots during the 
season. For propagating the Cydonia Japonica^ or Japan Quince, 
this is decidedly the best way. 

By Budding and Grafting. — The Portugal and Orange Quince, 
being the most valuable, are often propagated by budding and 
grafting ; and when quince stocks for the purpose are not on hand, 
the common white thorn answers a very good purpose — often doing- 
even better than the quince, in poor soils, or in the hands of those 
who neglect cultivation. 

Soil. — The soil, for successful growth, should be rich, deep — say 
two feet — and regularly cultivated, or, in other words, free of grass 
or weeds. Barn-yard manure, with salt in abundance, mixed, and 
allowed to lie six months before being applied and spaded-in around 
the trees, will often render trees deemed unproductive, and of poor 
quality, productive, and of the best. New plantations, if to be 
made in old worn-out soils, should first have a liberal dressing of 
virgin-earth or leaf-mould from woods. Free use of liquid manures, 
applied during winter and spring, have to our knowledge kept a 
plantation of the quince in fine health and bearing for upwards of 
thirty years. Bog-earth, or salt marsh-mud, is frequently used in 
the States bordering on the ocean or salt water. 

Situation. — A shaded situation, and moist, has been almost uni- 
versally advised; neither of which is at all essential. Shade, on 
the contrary, is objectionable ; while, in soils well supplied with 
manures and salt, moisture sufficient will always be found. 

Transplanting, Pruning, and Distance apart. — The Quince is 
hardy, and the fall is best for transplanting ; but, when not conve- 
nient, its roots strike so readily that no one should be deterred, even 
if left until late in spring. Newly-planted trees should be pruned 
back very closely, or say two-thirds of the last year's growth cut 



INSECTS — USES. 433 

away, and all branches for a distance of eighteen inches from the 
crown cut away, thus leaving the tree with a stem or body of 
eighteen inches — just sufficient to enable one to dig and cultivate 
around it underneath the branches. The distance apart for trees 
destined for an orchard should be about twelve feet each way. 
The object of pruning orchard trees should be, to keep the head 
open and regular — cutting away all crossing limbs and suckers. 
"The bearing branches, or spurs of the quince, are small twiggy 
shoots, produced on wood at least two years old. These bear two, 
three, or more fruit-buds. These produce shoots two or three 
inches long, on the point of which the fruit is borne singly. These 
spurs have always wood-buds, as well as fruit-buds, and therefore 
should be shortened back the spring after they have borne, in order 
to produce new spurs at the same point." 

Insects, etc. — "The borer sometimes proves a formidable enemy. 
It is the larva of an insect which attacks the wood of the trunk, near 
the surface of the ground, and works inwards, usually upwards, but 
sometimes downwards, to a distance of several inches into the wood, 
during the summer season. 

"As the borer frequently destroys the tree, various means of pre- 
vention have been resorted to. The remedies described for the 
apple-borer are found useful. When the insect has once obtained 
possession, the best method appears to be direct attack. Scrape 
the soil from the trunk, and cut with a knife lengthwise, and not 
across the bark and wood, till the insects are found. Eepeat the 
operation once a week for several times, as a part escape the first 
examination. Then cover the wounded parts with a mixture of 
warm tar and ochre or brickdust. It is a great saving of labor to 
arrest early their progress; hence, trees should be examined fre- 
quently. They may sometimes be extracted by a flexible barbed 
wire, when cutting out would too much mutilate the tree." 

In spring or early summer months the ends of the branches often 
turn black and die. By some, this is declared to be caused by an 
insect, (scolytus,) and the remedy said to lie in the cutting off and 
burning the branches. We do not so regard it, but believe it rather 
caused by atmospheric change ; as a bright, clear, hot sun imme- 
diately opening at about midday, after a warm, softening rain, will 
often exhibit the result of blacking ends of young, tender shoots, in a 
very few hours. 

Uses. — The quince is never eaten in a raw state, but has, from 
the days of Columella, been highly esteemed for making of marma- 
lade, preserving, stewing, to give additional flavor to tarts of apple 
and of pastry, etc. In medicine, the expressed juice, repeatedly 
taken in small quantities, is regarded as cooling, astringent, and 
IS) 



434 



THE QUINCE. 



stomachic. Dried quinces are said to be excellent. Gathered care- 
fully by hand, the quince may be wrapped in paper, and, placed in 
a cool room, kept until near midwinter. 

Varieties. — Of these there are but three really worthy of descrip- 
tion, and, of these, two only worthy cultivation to any extent. The 
Chinese Quince {Cydonia Sinensis) is cultivated only as ornamental. 
Its fruit is egg-shaped, dull green, with hard, dry flesh ; its flowers 
rosy red, very pretty. The Japan Quince {Cydonia Japonica) is 
also only cultivated as an ornamental shrub. There are three vari- 
eties, bearing flowers bluish white, scarlet or crimson ; and of the 
latter, with flowers nearly double. The fruit is dark green, hard, 
with a pleasant odor ; not eatable. 

Orange Quince. 



Apple Quince, 
Apple-shaped Quince, 



Angers Quince, 
Cydonia v. Malformis. 




This is the variety most generally grown, and most esteemed. 
When fully ripe, its rich golden yellow resembles more the color of 



THE QUINCE. 



435 



an orange than its shape corresponds to the general form of apples; 
therefore we prefer the name orange to apple-shaped. It is not rare 
to find it grown from seed, and the seedlings sold as the Orange 
Quince, when, in truth, as many of the seedlings are likely to pro- 
duce the^ pear-shaped or even far inferior fruit, as seedlings from a 
good pear or good apple, when the parent was grown by itself. It 
is often gathered before ripe, which is not until from the middle to 
last of October. If gathered too early, they do not cook tender. 
Leaf, ovate pointed ; fruit, large, ovate, obtuse pyriform, varying to 
obovate conical ; stem, usually in a slight depression. When well- 
grown and cared for, the skin is smooth, of a rich golden yellow. 
Without care, it becomes small, knotty, and woolly. Core, large, 
and placed nearest the blossom or calyx end ; seeds, reddish brown. 

Portugal Quince. 

Cydonia Lusitanica.. 




This variety is readily distinguished in the tree, by its leaf being 
round, or as wide as long, and very downy underneath. The true 



436 THE QUINCE. 

variety is yet scarce in the West. It has the reputation of being a 
shy bearer, but trees in our grounds have produced equally as abun- 
dant as the Orange Quince. Fruit, medium to large, regular oblong 
pyriform, smooth, of a paler yellow than the Orange variety ; core, 
medium, and placed near the centre ; seeds, light brown ; flesh, mild, 
less astringent than other varieties ; cooks tender, and turns a fine 
purple or deep crimson, hence highly esteemed. It ripens about 
ten days earlier than the Orange Quince ; requires very rich, deep 
soil. 

Pear Quince. 

Pear-shaped Quince, I Pyriform Quince, 
Oblong Quince, | Cydonia Sub. v. Pyriform. 

This takes its name from the fruit being shaped much like many 
varieties of the pear. It is of medium size, roundish oblong or pyr- 
iform, tapering to the stalk. Skin, dull yellow ; flesh, firm, tough, 
dry, but of high flavor. When stewed or cooked, it is less tender, 
and the flesh less lively in color than the Orange Quince. Leaves, 
oblong ovate. Season, last of October. 

New Upright. 

Paris de Fontenay. 

A variety first introduced to notice by Messrs. Ellwanger and 
Barry, of Rochester, N. Y. It grows upright, strikes readily from 
cuttings, but after the first year's growth seems to lose vigor and 
afterwards grows very tardily. It has not yet fruited. 



THE RASPBEREY. 
Rubus Idceus. Rosacece of Botanists. 

A low deciduous shrub, found wild in the woods, both of this 
country and Europe. The roots being permanent and the stems 
biennial, they throw up a number of shoots, which produce fruit the 
second year and die. Our present cultivated varieties have been pro- 
duced by high cultivation of seedlings from a variety no better than 
is to be found common in the fence corners of our slovenly farmers. 

Propagation and Transplanting. — New varieties are produced 
from seed ; the seedlings having a tendency to depart materially 
from the character of the parent, as in the instance of the " Orange," 
produced from seed of a crimson berry. 

Seedlings are easily grown by planting the berry when fully ripe, 
about one inch deep, in light loamy soil, where it is a little shaded. 
They will fruit the second or third year. Varieties are usually in- 
creased by transplanting the suckers or offsets. They can be pro- 
pagated by cuttings, which is done much in the manner of managing 
cuttings of the rose ; the care and attention requisite, making it 
only desirable in case of rare or new kinds. A few varieties, as the 
American Black and English Red, sometimes propagate by their 
branches bending over until the ends touch and become covered in 
the ground. 

In transplanting, the root should be protected from drying winds 
or hot suns, and the cane should be cut back one-fourth its previous 
season's growth. 

The rows should be north and south, and three to four feet apart, 
according to the vigor of the sort, and the plants placed one every 
two feet. Some plant three in a hill, the hills four feet apart. We 
think they become matted too soon in this way. 

Soil. — All cultivators agree, that w T hile the raspberry may be 
made to grow on gravelly loam, slaty soil, or stiff cold clay, it can 
be relied on for a crop only when planted in a rich deep loam, where 
there is moisture, but such drainage that water will not stand. For 
those whose gardens are upon soils naturally unfavorable, deep 
trenching, placing coarse barn-yard manure at the bottom of the 
trench, and covering the surface with two inches of leaf-mould from the 
woods, will often render the plants productive, especially in wet seasons. 

Situation. The situation should be open, fully exposed to light 
and air ; to this end the advice to form rows north and south. 

Culture and Training. — In large plantations the weeds are kept 
down mostly with the plough and cultivator, hoeing where the culti- 



438 



THE RASPBERRY. 




Fig. 9. 



vator does not reach. Where the variety is hardy, a single prun- 
ing in the spring is all that is necessary. This should "be done early 
in March or April, according to the season or section of the country 
where located ; and consists in cutting away the canes of last year's 
bearing, leaving four to six of the strongest of last year's growth for 
the coming crop ; these to be cut back one-fourth, cutting away all 
shoots of slender growth, and also all suckers unless wanted for 
future planting. Varieties requiring winter protection should have 
the old fruiting canes cut away in September. Where increase of 
plants is wanted, they should not be dug or hoed around early in 
spring. 

An English gardener in our immediate neighborhood has prac- 
tised the following modes of training ever since our residence in the 
north of Ohio : 

Figure 9 represents the canes prepared for fruiting, in April. 

The uprights are posts 
4_4_y^j^iL made of cedar or locust, 
four inches square at the 
bottom, and two inches 
at top. The horizontal 
lines may be of tarred 
rope or annealed iron 
wire, coated with coal 
tar. To the horizontal wires the canes are tied by strips of bass 
bark, such as is used in budding. 

In figure 10, the 
arched portion tied to 
the stake in the centre, 
represents the canes of 
last year's growth pre- 
pared for fruiting the 
coming season. 

Figure 11 represents 

the upright canes being those of the season's 

growth, while the arched 

»/ % ones are those which 

m(/m have produced fruit and 

w must be cut away. 



4k« 

Insects. — The rasp- 

% berry is generally free 

t'vj from destructive insects. 

H Dr. Munson, of New 

ft Haven, Conn., in a paper 

to the American Pomo- 

logical Society, speaks 




Fig. 10. 

the plants in the fall 




Fipr. 11. 



PROFITS — AUTUMN FRUITING, 439 

as follows of one. We have not seen it West. " It is a fungus of a 
bright orange color, and infests the under side of the foliage of the 
common red raspberry, Rubus Idceus, in Connecticut ; and the ex- 
haustion occasioned by this fungus causes the plant to put up a 
multitude of spindling stalks, and renders it wholly unproductive. 
This affection disseminates itself, and I know of no remedy." 

Protection. — Many of the best varieties, like Red Antwerp, re- 
quire protection in winter, north of Philadelphia, in order to insure 
a full crop. This is best and easiest done by two men passing along 
the rows, one bending down the canes to the ground, while the other 
with a shovel throws two inches of earth upon them. 

Gathering Fruit. — This should be done in the cool of the morn- 
ing, when they are higher flavored than at midday. 

Uses. — " The raspberry is held in general estimation, not only as 
one of the most refreshing and agreeable sub-acid fruits for the 
dessert, but it is employed by almost every family in making pre- 
serves, "jams, ices, sauces, tarts, and jellies ; and on a larger scale by 
confectioners, for making syrups; by distillers, for making rasp- 
berry brandy, vinegar, etc. Raspberry wine, made in the same 
way as that of currant, is considered the most fragrant and delicious 
of all home-made wines." {Downing.) Its fruit, immediately suc- 
ceeding the strawberry, and not liable to undergo acetous fermenta- 
tion in the stomach, is regarded and prescribed by many physicians 
as a promoter of health. 

Profits. — Seldom failing to produce a crop when grown on suit- 
able soil — requiring comparatively little labor to prune and keep 
the plant in order; always meeting ready sale at fair prices — it is 
surprising that more attention has not been given the culture of the 
raspberry by orchardists and farmers. The " Red Antwerp," which 
is mostly grown for the New- York market by cultivators on the 
Hudson river, is stated to have produced 3,300 baskets of one pint 
each, from three-fourths of an acre; and $1,500 has been realized in 
a single season from sale of product of three acres. A plantation 
of raspberries will be in perfection the third year, and continue pro- 
fitable five or six years, when it is best to form a new one on a 
fresh piece of ground. 

Autumn Fruiting. — Any variety may be caused to mature its 
fruit in the autumn, by cutting away all shoots in spring, and stop- 
ping in the young shoots about midsummer. It is, however, an 
unprofitable course, as the plant is unfitted for another season's 
fruiting, except in the same way, and the yield is only about one-half! 



440 



THE RASPBERRY. 



Classification and Varieties. — We have made but two classes 
of the raspberry, from the great difficulty of selecting those only for 
a first class which would bear the mark of worthy general culture. 
Heretofore, the Red and Yellow Antwerps have always been re- 
garded as finest for the dessert ; but since the introduction of the 
Fastolf and the Orange, they have by very many been regarded as 
surpassed in delicacy. 



CLASS I. — Worthy General Culture, or farther Trial by Amateurs. 

American Black. 

Thimbleberry, | Common Black Cup, 

Black Raspberry. 

This is to be found common around old stumps and in fence- 
corners in the country. Cultivated in deep, loamy soil, in the 
garden, it increases in size nearly one-fourth ; and ripening very late, 
will always be profitable for market. For making jam, flavoring 
puddings, etc., it is preferred to the more delicate kinds. Shoots, 
long, rambling, recurved ; berries, dark purple, nearly black, round, 
flattened. 

Cope. 



A seedling of Dr. Brinckle's, yet little disseminated, 
light green ; fruit, large, conical, crimson, spines red. 

Colonel Wilder. 



Foliage, 




Another seedling of Dr. Brinc- 
kle's, which proves perfectly hardy 
even to the ends of the shoots. It 
is firm, and promises to be one of 
the most valuable light-colored 
berries for market culture. Shoots, 
strong, light-colored, very hardy ; 
fruit, above medium, roundish 
conical, light cream color, firm, 
with a sprightly, fine flavor. Pro- 
ductive, and ripening its fruit in 
succession, from early until quite 
late in the season. Raised from 
seed of the Fastolf, and named in 
honor of one of the best pomolo- 
gists in America. 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



441 



CuSHING. 

This fine raspberry was raised from seed of the Double-bearing, 
by Dr. Brinckle, of Philadelphia, in 1844. It has not as yet been 
sufficiently tested to judge of its value for extensive culture, but 
should receive attention of amateurs. Shoots, strong, vigorous ; 
prickles, brown ; leaf, plaited, regular form ; fruit, large, roundish 
conical, crimson, and of fine flavor. Matures early. Said to occa- 
sionally produce a second crop in autumn ; and as this is from shoots 
grown the same year, it will probably become twice-bearing in all 
sections south of Philadelphia. 



Emily. 

A seedling from the Colonel Wilder; little disseminated ; # vigor- 
ous growth, with white spines. Fruit, large, round, occasionally 
shouldered, light yellow. 



Eastolf. 




in, , 






An English variety, 
introduced with high 
praise, which it has 
fully sustained in this 
country. It is proba- 
bly a chance seedling 
of the Red Antwerp, 
which it much resem- 
bles. Its name is from 
an old pile called Fast- 
olf Castle, near Yar- 
mouth, Eng. Through- 
out most of North and 
Western States it will 
need protection in win- 
ter, as its canes are 
not quite hardy. For 
small gardens, we pre- 
fer it to Red Antwerp ; 
but for market culture, 
the latter is best, on 
account of being more 
firm. Shoot's, strong, 



are much inclined to 
branch, light yellowish 
brown ; fruit, large, 

roundish, obtuse conical, bright purplish red, soft, rich, high-flavored. 

productive; ripening its fruit in long continued succession. 



442 



THE RASPBERRY. 



French. 

Vice-President French. 



This is a seedling of Fastolf crossed with Yellow Antwerp, origin- 
ated with Dr. Brinckle, and is yet little known. Fruit, large, round, 
crimson, matures late ; spines, red. 



x 1 RANCONIA. 

Introduced to this country from France, under this name; but not 
to be found in any foreign catalogue to which we have had access. 
Its canes are nearly hardy ; maturing good crops, without protec- 
tion, four years out of five. Shoots, strong, branching, yellowish 
brown, with scattered, rather stout bristles ; leaves, rather narrow ; 
fruit, large, obtuse conical, dark, rich red, rich, rather acid flavor ; 
more firm than Fastolf, and not as much so as Red Antwerp. A 
few days later than the latter in ripening. 

Fulton. 

From seed of French. Fruit, large, round, crimson; productive, 
and a vigorous grower ; spines, red. One of Dr. Brinckle's origin. 



General Patterson. 

Seedling of the Colonel Wilder ; vigorous grower. 
fruit, large, round, crimson. 



Spines, red ; 



Knevett's Giant. 




Imported from England 
by Col. Wilder, in 1843. 
This raspberry has proved 
more hardy than any other 
foreign variety, requiring 
no protection, and produc- 
ing uniformly large crops 
of fruit. Its texture being 
firm, it will be found pro- 
fitable to grow for market. 
Canes, strong, upright, dis- 
posed to branch ; fruit, 
large, obtuse, conical or 
roundish, deep red, and of 
excellent flavor. 



WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION". 



443 



Monthly. 

Large-fruited Monthly, | Rivers' Large-fruited Monthly. 

This variety has been lately introduced, with claims to excellence 
and productive habit. We have fruited it but one year, and cannot, 
therefore, speak knowingly, but incline to the impression that, like 
others of its character, it depends more on the system of culture to 
produce the fruit in succession, than the actual habit of the plant. 
Shoots, long, slender, purplish in the sun, thickly covered with 
dark purple spines ; fruit, hardly above medium, red, fine flavor. 
Barry says, " to insure a good autumn crop, the canes should be 
pruned in spring to within a foot of the ground." 

Mrs. Wilder. 

Seedling of Col. Wilder, which it so nearly resembles as not to 
require distinct description. 

Orange. 

This variety was grown by Dr. Brinckle from seed in 1844. On 
account of being more hardy, it will probably supersede the Yellow 
Antwerp, while its late period of ripening, being some ten days after 
that variety, will render it highly valuable for marketing. Shoots, 
vigorous, with white spines ; leaf, irregular ; fruit, large, ovate, beau- 
tiful bright orange color, and of excellent flavor, productive. By 
many this is regarded as the best of all the varieties originated by 



Dr. Brinckle. 



Red Antwerp. 



New Bed Antwerp, 
True Red Antwerp, 
Knevelt's Antwerp, 



Framboisier a Gros Fruit 



Burley, 

Late-bearing Antwerp, 

Rowland's Red Antwerp, 



Although universally desired, it 
is rare that the true Red Antwerp 
raspberry is found west of the State 
of New York. It is a Dutch sort, 
originally from Antwerp city. An 
examination of the Red Antwerp 
as imported from several sources, 
all of which prove incorrect, leads 
us to doubt whether it is better 
known in the old country than here. 
The common Red Antwerp is easily 
detected in its fruit being smaller 
and round, while that of the true is 
large, regularly long conical, dull 
red, with a rich sweet flavor. 




444 THE RASPBERRY. 

Canes, moderately strong, yellowish green, becoming pale brown 
early in autumn, covered below with dark brown spines, but the 
upper portions, especially of the bearing wood, nearly smooth. Ripens 
from 1st to 10th July. The canes need protection in winter through- 
out northern sections, in order to secure a full crop. 

Yellow Antwerp. 

White Antwerp, | Double-bearing Yellow. 

This variety is only suited to small gardens, and even there we 
presume will soon give place to the Col. Wilder and Orange. It 
sometimes throws up a succession of shoots, maturing fruit for a long 
time, whence its synonym of Double-bearing. Shoots, strong, light 
yellow, with greenish spines ; fruit, large, conical, pale yellow, sweet, 
and excellent. Requires protection in winter. In our Southern 
States the Antwerp varieties are said to fail. 

Walker. 

Seedling grown by Dr. Brinckle, which promises to be valuable as 
a market variety. It is yet little known out of Philadelphia. Fruit, 
large, round, deep crimson, solid, adheres firmly to the stem, keeps 
long in perfection on the plant, and bears carriage well ; spines, red, 



CLASS III. — Unworthy farther Culture. 
American Red. 

Common Red. J English Red of some. 

Well known. Shoots upright, light brown. Fruit medium, roundish; light 
red, sub-acid. Early. 

American White. 

White Thimbleberry. 
Varying from above only in color. 

Barnet. 

Cornwall's Prolific, | Cornwall's Red, 
Cornwall's Seedling, Large Red, 

Lord Exmouth's. 

English. Shoots long, yellowish green, branching. Fruit large, soft, round- 
ish conical, purplish red, agreeable. 



UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 445 

Brentford Cane. 

English. Shoots strong, branching. Fruit medium, oval conical, dull red. 
Inferior. 

Cretan Red, 

From the Mediterranean. Shoots upright, hardy. Fruit medium, round, 
deep red, acid. Late. 

Cox's Honey. 
English. Fruit medium, yellowish white, borne in clusters along the stems. 

Double-bearing. 

Perpetual Bearing, j Late Cane, 
Siberian, Red Double-Bearing. 

Variety of the Antwerp. Large, dull red, hardy. Ripens late. 

Nottingham Scarlet. 
English. Fruit medium, obtuse conical, red. 

Ohio Ever-bearing. 

Ohio Raspberry . 

Native of Ohio, and differing from the American Black only in producing 
two inferior crops in a year. 

Victoria. 
English. Medium, roundish conical, red. 

Woodward's Red Globe. 
English. Large red, roundish conical. 

Wilmot's Early Red. 
English. Small, roundish, red. Early. 




THE STRAWBERRY. 

Fragaria, (of species,) L. Rosacea of Botanists. 

During the past ten years, or since the advent of Hovey's Seed- 
ling to the varieties of the strawberry, there has arisen a furor for 
the production^flf new varieties, until nearly every village in the 
United States has its " rare and unsurpased seedling," cultivated and 
extolled with praise and poetry equalling that of olden bard ; while 
savans wise on strawberry culture, and the structure of plants 
botanically, have occupied page after page of our Horticultural 
Journals, much to the amusement, if not instruction, of practical 
men. 

A native of the temperate latitudes of both hemispheres, the 
varieties of the strawberry are universally esteemed among the 
most delicious as well as most wholesome of the smaller fruits. 
And although it is regarded as properly a habitant of cold climates, 
it is successfully cultivated in the most southern latitude of this 
country. 

As a fruit embracing delicious and healthful qualities, with full 
and satisfactory pecuniary returns, it has found a place in every 
garden, farm, and plantation, from the size of a bed four feet square 
to the field of five times that many acres ; yet withal, there is not 
sufficient quantity grown to meet* the demand. Olden records ha^e 
been made of cures effected in the human frame from use of straw- 
berries. We consider the fact, that during strawberry season there 
is less of sickness in cities well supplied with that fruit, a most 
agreeable testimonial to its healthful and invaluable qualities at 
the present day. The distinctive name Fragaria is highly expressive 
of the fragrant scent emitted by the fruit* 

Raising from Seed. — When the fruit is perfectly ripe, it should 
be gathered and cut into small pieces, or with great care each seed 
separated. Select ground of light sandy soil, where only the morn- 
ing sun will shine ; or, better, perhaps, have ready a cold frame with 
the lights sloping to the north. Sow the seed at distances of about 
one inch, and cover lightly by sifting fine sand, or, what is preferable, 
vegetable mould from the woods. This done in June, the plants 
will need care until about October, at which time, if not grown in a 



CULTURE. 



447 



frame, they should have tan-bark or decayed leaves strewed among 
them to the depth of two inches. Early in April following, trans- 
plant into deeply trenched ground, well manured with vegetable 
compost. 

Propagation from Runners and Divisions. — All varieties of the 
strawberry, except the Wood and Alpine, propagate rapidly by" 
means of runners. These, when a new variety is procured, should 
be carefully watched, and as fast as they make joints, should be 
pegged down, and have fine soil or sharp sand scattered over them 
to induce them more readily to make roots. In this way from fifty 
to one hundred new plants can be obtained from a single one in a 
season. 

To secure a bed of those most prolific in old grounds, select while 
in fruit, and set. stakes by side of those from which you wish to 
renew ; after fruiting, destroy all around, thus giving them light 
and room to form abundance of new plants. The Wood and 
Alpine varieties are propagated easily from seed with but little 
variation. They are also propagated by dividing the roots or cluster 
of roots early in the spring. 

Fertile and Barren Plants. — It is an old saying that " every 
person enjoys some hobby on which to ride." Mr. N. Longworth, 
of Cincinnati, has received the credit of starting the hobby of (in 
common phrase) male and "female strawberry blossoms; and so 
vigorously has the hobby been ridden, that, with locomotive power 
and speed, it has found its way into every journal in the country, 
whether horticultural or otherwise ; and so generally is the dis- 
tinction of staminate (male) and pistillate (female) flowers under- 
stood, that we do not deem it necessary here to re-describe. 

" The European Wood and Alpine strawberries always maintain 
a natural character of the blossom, no matter how cultivated, and 
therefore every blossom gives a perfect fruit." 






Fig. i. 
Natural State. 



Fig. 2. 
Sterile Staminate Blossom. 



Fig. 3. 
Sterile Pistillate Blossom. 



The " Scarlets " and " Pines," as they are classed, when grown 
from seed in highly cultivated grounds, have a tendency to become 
imperfect in either stamens or pistils, as the case may be, and hence 



448 THE STRAWBERRY. 

arises the necessity as well as apparent reality of the terms male 
and female. 

In the production of new varieties, even in our wildlings, the seed- 
ling plants, by means of highly enriched and stimulating soils, in 
exhibiting the full and even enlarged development of one organ, the 
other remaining imperfect, has given rise to the theory of strictly 
barren (staminate) and fertile (pistillate) plants, which when once 
formed, it is well known, seldom change. We coincide with Mr. 
Downing, that " the organs are always present, though imperfectly 
developed," and that when "deficient in pistils, (see Fig. 3,) they are 
called male plants ; if deficient in stamens, (see Fig. 2,) female plants, 
the terms are incorrect ;" yet these terms have become so commonly 
accepted that we have for the better understanding continued their 
use. 

This deficiency in the one or other organ arising from the original 
state of cultivation, cannot be changed by placing the plant in dif- 
ferent soil and preserving an even temperature. The runners will, 
when grown in open air and usual cultivation, in nine hundred and 
ninety-five instances out of every thousand, continue to maintain the 
habit of the parent plant. A change from imperfect or perfect con- 
struction in the flower of the strawberry cannot be depended on from 
a plant whose habit is once established, by means simply of varied 
cultivation, although very high and exciting cultivation from enrich- 
ing of animal manures, will often produce over-luxuriance of foliage, 
with corresponding decrease of fruit stems ; hence the necessity of 
forming beds or plantations of the two distinct fully developed plants, 
and also the care requisite to prevent the staminate or male plants 
from occupying too much ground, their supply of food derived from 
the root being given to creation of new plants by means of runners 
instead of fruit, as in the pistillate or female variety. 

With this understanding, therefore, that varieties are continu- 
ally being produced, in which one organ is most prominently devel- 
oped, and measurably to the destruction of the whole as a fruit- 
bearing flower, it has become a requisite in planting to secure such 
proportion of fruit-bearing or pistillate plants with the fructifying or 
staminate varieties as to return the desired yield of fruit. The pis- 
tillates, being regarded as the female, are counted valuable in newly 
formed beds as of ten to one of staminates or males. 

Varieties however exist, like the Large Early Scarlet, Burr's Old 
Seedling, and Longworth's Prolific, which have generally been classed 
as staminate or male plants, and yet produce abundance of fruit. 
These varieties possess both organs perfect, in proportion of about 
three out of five flowers, and we have therefore classed them as her- 
maphrodite. 

Varieties and their Classification. — The varieties of this fruit 



, CULTURE. 449 

have within ten years past become so numerous as to be burdensome 
to the author who describes, as well as the amateur or nurseryman 
who grows, while for all practical and useful purposes, but very few 
are retained as desirable to cultivate where quantity of produce and 
character, or rather flavor in fruit is expected. 

The character exhibited in varieties often marks their parentage, 
yet, as it is known that a plant can be fertilized by two or more 
varieties, it is sometimes difficult to select the distinct class, and 
writers are often not a little confused in endeavoring to place them. 

Authors have classed the strawberry as Scarlets, the original 
type being our wild strawberry ; Pines, originating from Pine or 
Surinam strawberry ; Woods and Alpines, from the common wood 
strawberry of Europe ; Hautbois, or High wood, from Bohemia ; 
Chili, from South America. 

The Scarlets are designated in their character by small flowers ; 
long, thin, light green, sharply serrate leaves ; acid or sub-acid fruit, 
of bright scarlet color, with seeds deeply imbedded. 

The Pines are designated by large flowers ; broad, dark green 
leaves ; fruit of pineapple flavor, and generally soft in texture ; seeds 
slightly imbedded. 

The Alpines and Woods have small flowers, perfect in their 
organs ; small, thin, light green leaves ; fruit small, sweet, and sepa- 
rating freely from the calyx. 

The Hautbois have large, pale green leaves, on tall foot-stalks, 
the fruit-stalk tall and erect, the fruit of a dull red or purplish color. 

The Chili, designated by hairy, thick, obtusely serrate leaves, fruit 
pale red and insipid. 

The Green strawberries have light green foliage, plaited fruit, solid 
flesh, so unworthy cultivation as rarely to be found in this country. 

We have dropped the arrangement into classes in order, simply 
designating each in our descriptive text. 

Soil and Situation. — Kich, deep, loamy, inclining to clayey soils 
are generally found to produce the largest berries as well as most 
in quantity ; but a sharp sandy soil, well manured with compost of 
animal manure, bones, decayed weeds, old mortar, brick-dust or 
rubbish, has, to our knowledge, produced some crops equal to any 
recorded in the public journals. Deep the soil must be, say twenty 
inches, to insure the perfection of an entire crop. If only a mode- 
rately deep soil of six to eight inches, the first berries will fill and 
perfect, while the heat and drought so usual throughout the West and 
South-west in strawberry season, will cause too rapid exhaustion, 
and prevent the filling and perfecting of the remainder. 

Trenches, three feet wide and two feet deep, with one foot of 
straw or leaves laid in the bottom, then filled up with good soil, well 
repays the labor in the extra crop produced. 



450 THE STRAWBERRY. 

Where beds have been long established and rendered rich by dig- 
ging in liberally of barn-yard manure, it frequently happens that too 
much growth of foliage ensues, to the destruction of flowers or fruit 
stems. Where such is the case, application of one quart of gypsum 
(plaster of Paris) to every four feet square of ground, with two 
inches over the surface of leaf or vegetable mould from the woods 
or old pastures, will again bring in fruit. It also often occurs, that 
the staminates have become too numerous. These are easiJy de- 
tected, as they flower some four or five days earlier than the pistil- 
lates, and may then be drawn out. 

The situation of a bed or plantation affects only the earlier or 
later maturity of a variety. A side hill sloping south-east, with 
springs of water gushing from several points near its summit, has 
enabled an acquaintance of ours to send to market the " Early 
Scarlet " strawberry some ten clays or two weeks in advance of 
others who have the same variety on warm soils and open level 
exposures. Situations so selected that water can be supplied 
liberally throughout the fruiting season, will increase the product 
nearly one-third. Wet ground, where water stands after rains, or 
springy, cold soils, should never be selected. 

Season for Transplanting and Preparation op Plants. — 
South of Philadelphia, the best season for forming new plantations 
is either the last of September, first of October, or in March. In 
latitudes north of this range it will generally be found best to trans- 
plant in April or early in May. July or August planting in either 
section will be found unprofitable, owing to the clear drying heat of 
our sun ; while September or later planting in the northern range 
will require additional care, heavy mulching with tan-bark, saw-dust 
or the like ; and even then, many of the plants will be drawn out by 
frosts of winter. 

The plants when set should be trimmed of all but two leaves, the 
roots immersed in muddy water, and if possible a damp or rainy 
time selected for the work ; and in order to have the bed profitable, 
one hermaphrodite should be planted to every eight pistillate plants. 

Time of Ripening. — This varies according to latitude. In the 
latitude of Cincinnati, the season usually commences about the 
25th May, continuing until the first of July, and for every degree 
of latitude a difference of ten days may be counted on, either earlier 
or later, as you go north or south. 

The fruiting season may also be controlled at pleasure by means 
of cutting foliage and flowers, and liberal or restrained watering. 
If, for instance, a bed of Jenney's Seedling be taken of eight feet 



CULTURE. 451 

square, the first two feet square shall be permitted to bloom and 
fruit at its usual time ; the next two feet shall have only its first 
fruit-stems plucked when just about to bloom ; the third shall have 
its entire foliage and fruit-stems cut close to the ground, and when 
the second fruit-stems appear, they are also to be picked as in the 
second plat ; the fourth shall be treated as the third, but receive no 
moisture after the first cutting for a space of ten days or two weeks. 
The result will be a succession of fruit in order. 

Modes of Culture. — Different varieties require measurably dif- 
ferent modes of culture in order to insure full and perfect fruit. 
That of cultivation in hills of about two feet apart, one plant to a 
hill, the runners regularly destroyed, is most successful with the 
Wood and Alpine varieties, and also returns the largest and most 
perfect berries with nearly all the Scarlets and Pines ; but at the 
price of labor in this country, it is regarded as too expensive to com- 
pare favorably with the following modes in rows or strips, which 
have been successfully and largely practised in this country, and are 
thus described by A. J. Downing : 

" Culture in Rows. — The rows should be two feet apart, and the 
plants of the large growing kinds two feet from each other in the 
rows ; of the smaller growing kinds, from one foot to eighteen inches 
is sufficient. The runners must be kept down by cutting them off 
at least three times a year, and the ground maintained in good order 
by constant dressing. During the first year, a row of any small 
vegetables may be sown in the spaces between the rows. Every 
autumn, if the plants are not luxuriant, a light coat of manure should 
be dug in between the rows ; but if they are very thrifty, it must be 
omitted, as it would cause them to run too much to leaf. 

"A light top-dressing of leaves, or any good compost, applied late 
in the fall, greatly promotes the vigor of the plants, and secures the 
more tender kinds against the effects of an unusually cold winter. 
Before the fruit ripens, the ground between the rows should be 
covered with straw or new-mown grass, to keep it clean. A plan- 
tation in rows is generally in full perfection the third year, and must 
always be renewed after the fourth year." 

Culture in Alternate Strips. — " Strike out the rows three feet 
apart with a line. Plant along each line, about a foot apart in the 
row. The plants will soon send out runners, and these runners 
should be allowed to take possession of every alte rnatestrip of three 
feet, the other strip being kept bare by continually destroying all 
runners upon it, the whole patch being kept free of all weeds. The 



452 THE STRAWBERRY. 

occupied strip or bed of runners will now give a heavy crop of 
strawberries, and the open strip of three will serve as an alley from 
which to gather fruit. After the crop is over, dig and prepare this 
alley or strip for the occupancy of the new runners for the next sea- 
son's crop. The runners from the old strip will now speedily cover 
the new space allotted to them, and will perhaps require a partial 
thinning out to have them evenly distributed. As soon as this is the 
case, say about the middle of August, dig under the whole of the old 
plants with a light coat of manure. The surface may be then sown 
with turnips or spinach, which will come off before the next season 
of fruits. 

" In this way the strips or beds occupied by the plants are reversed 
every season, and the same plot of ground may thus be continued in 
a productive state for many years." 

Specific Nutrition. — E. G. Pardee, of Palmyra, N. Y., says : " I 
fertilize the plants, on opening of spring, with a liberal sprinkling of 
a solution of one-fourth of a pound each of sulphate of potassium, 
Glauber salts, and sal soda, and one ounce of muriate ammonia, to 
eight gallons of water ; continue this once a week or ten days, until 
they blossom ; then pure cold water until they ripen." 

An old recipe published in the " Friends' Review," Philadelphia, 
says that "A bed 30 feet by 40 should have applied, about once a 
week, for three times, commencing when the green leaves first begin 
to start, and making the last application just before the plants are in 
full bloom, the following preparation : Of nitre, of potash, of Glauber's 
salt, and sal soda, each one pound ; of nitrate of ammonia, one-quar- 
ter of a pound, dissolved in thirty gallons of rain or river water. 
One-third applied at a time, and the application made at evening." 
If dry weather, free application of clear soft water should be made 
between the times of using the preparation. Throughout most of 
the Western soils there is as yet no necessity for specific application 
of food to the strawberry, except it may be in old gardens. - For 
field or market culture, new clover-ley will be found better than 
specific manures on old grounds. The applying specific nutrition in 
solution to all fruit-bearing plants, undoubtedly increases their sus- 
ceptibility, while it increases the vigor, and foliage, and size of fruit ; 
yet we doubt the success of such increased action in the soils of the 
Western States, as combined with the great changes of climate. On 
the other hand, we advise such course as will rather check than en- 
hance vigor. We append analysis of the strawberry plant made by 
Mr. Bilius Kirtland for guidance of those whose grounds have become 
exhausted, and who prefer this method : 



WOKTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



453 



Garden Strawberry. 
In one hundred and sixteen grains of the ashes 

Silica, 

Charcoal and Sand, 

Perphosphate of Iron, 

Lime, ...» 

Magnesia, 

Sulphuric Acid, 

Phosphoric Acid, 

Chlorine , . ... 

Potash, 

Soda, .... 

Carbonic Acid, . 

Organic matter and loss, 



Grains. 

6.117 

3.103 

1.515 

. 26.539 

8.908 

. 1.469 

6.970 

708 

33.154 

. 2.790 

23.008 

114.281 
. 1.739 

116.020 



CLASS I. — Worthy General Cultivation. 

Burr's New Pine. 

Originated at Columbus, Ohio, in 1846, on a 
clayey soil. Flowers, pistillate, large for the sex ; 
vines, hardy, vigorous, very productive ; fruit, 
large, obovate or rounded, light pale red ; seeds, 
slightly imbedded ; flesh, whitish pink, delicate 
aromatic flavor, sweet and delicious ; core, firm, 
long, rounded, too tender for a market fruit, highly 
desirable in gardens. Ripens among the very 
earliest. • 

Western Queen. 

Originated at Cleveland, by Prof. J. P. Kirt- 
land, in 1849, on gravelly loam. Flowers, pistil- 
late ; vines, very hardy ; foot-stalks, long ; foliage, 
dark, acuminate; truss, well spread, very pro- 
ductive ; fruit, medium to large, regular, rounded, 
conical, very little inclination to form a neck ; 
color, rich dark glossy red ; seeds, dark ; flesh, yel- 
lowish stained, firm, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly and 
agreeable flavor ; core, long, conical. This variety 
bears carriage well, and being less acid as well as 
larger than Hudson or Willey, should supersede 
them. 





454 



THE STRAWBERRY. 



Longworth's Prolific. 

Schneieke's Seedling. 

Originated at Cincinnati at same time 
as McAvoy's Superior, and on similar 
ground ; both on the land of Mr. Long- 
worth known as the "Garden of Eden." 
For market culture we regard it of more 
value than McAvoy's Superior. Flowers, 
hermaphrodite ; vines, hardy ; foot-stalks, 
long, stout ; leaf, broad, round, bold, up- 
right, with a curve; trusses, large, full, stand 
up well from the ground; productive, regu- 
lar, and sure bearer. Fruit, above me- 
dium to large, generally regular, roundish, 
or obovate, sometimes slightly conical or 
coxcomb ; color, rich, dark crimson ; seeds, small, deeply imbedded ; 
flesh, firm, bright red, with veins of white, and a white rim sur- 
rounding the core, which is obovate rounded, sub-acid, rich, high, 
not delicate flavor; calyx, around stem, is large, long acuminate, 
and the stem set deeply into the fruit. Ripens medium season, or 
with " Hudson. " 

McAvoy's Superior. 

McAvoy's No. 12. 






Originated at Cincinnati, in 1848, on loamy clay soil underlaid 
with limestone. Received the prize of $100 from the Cincinnati 
Horticultural Society, 1851. Flowers, pistillate : vines, hardy ; foli- 
age, broad, dark, wavy, and sharply serrated; foot-stalks, long; 
trusses, full and well formed ; fruit, very large, exceeding by one- 



WOKTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 



455 



eighth that of any other variety ; form, varied, as shown in our draw- 
ings, generally roundish, irregular, conical, and occasionally slightly 
necked ; color, rich, dark, glossy crimson ; seeds, large, slightlv im- 
bedded ; flesh, red crimson, lighted and veined with white, the white 
most apparent at the apex, tender, juicy, rich, with an exquisitely 
fine, high flavor ; core, round, oblong, rather open and coarse in tex- 
ture. Too tender to endure carriage long distances, desirable for 
market gardens near town, as well as for private gardens. Ripens 
at medium season. 

Jenney's Seedling. 

For ripening late — say one week after " Long- 
worth's Prolific," or about same time as " Dun- 
dee" — and for its firm texture, and desirable 
qualities as a variety for preserving, we place 
the Jenney's Seedling in our list for general cul- 
tivation. Flowers, pistillate; vines, very hardy; 
leaf and fruit-stems both long, stiff, and up- 
right ; calyx, very large, distinctive ; fruit, 
large, very regular, roundish conical ; color, rich, 
glossy dark red ; seeds, deeply imbedded ; flesh, 
white, tinged with pink at the core, while the 
red of surface is shaded in one-sixteenth of dis- 
tance, firm, rich, sub-acid, delicious ; core, long 
conical, open texture, sometimes hollow. Sea- 
son, late. Very productive, 3,200 quarts having been gathered from 
less than three-quarters of an acre. 




Prolific Hautbois. 



Conical Hautbois, 
Musk Hautbois, 
Double Bearing, 



Caperon Royal, 
Lafayette (of some,) 
La Grange (of some.) 



Of all the Hautbois or high-wood class of straw- 
berries, this we regard as the only one worth culti- 
vating ; and even this is only adapted to private 
gardens of those who relish its peculiar musky fla- 
vor. One pint of these berries, mixed with a dish 
of two quarts of any of the Scarlet or Pine varie- 
ties, imparts a richness and character that few can 
avoid liking, after once tasting. Plants of both 
sexes require to be carefully selected, in order to 
give product. Footstalks, long, bearing the fruit 
above the foliage ; vines, hardy, and very product- 
ive ; fruit, medium, sometimes large, rounded con- 
ical, dark purplish red ; seeds, light crimson, prominent ; flesh, firm, 
musky, very rich, sweet, and delicious ; core, ovate conical, partially 




456 THE STKAWBEREY. 

hollow. Ripens with " Western Queen ;" and sometimes, when the 
season is rainy, gives a partial second crop. 

John Saul, Washington, D. C, says the Fertilized Hautbois of 
Myatt is a larger fruit and better bearer than above. 



CLASS II. — Worthy further Attention by Amateurs, and adapted to 

certain Localities. 

Alice Maude. 

Princess Alice Maude. 

n English, Hermaphrodite ; large flowers, conical, dark crimson, glossy, 
flavor sprightly, abundant bearer, grown largely in some sections of Vir- 
ginia. 

Ajax. 

English. Staminate ; globular, sometimes cock's comb, dark crimson, 
fine flavor. New. 

Black Prince. 

Black Imperial. 

English. Pistillate ; large, rounded, deep purplish red, glossy; seeds 
slightly imbedded, very showy ; flesh rich, red, sweet ; in some localities, 
as at Newburgh, N. Y., and on the Canada shore opposite Detroit, proves 
of the very highest flavor ; wants a rich loamy clay ; core full, firm, 
surrounded by a light pink line. There is another variety of Black Prince 
which is long, conical, somewhat acid. 

Bishop's Orange. 

Orange Hudson Bay, | Bishop's New. 

Pistillate ; medium, light orange scarlet, conical ; fruits in clusters, mod- 
erately prolific ; desirable in warm, deep, sandy soils. . 

Burr's Seedling. 

Burr's Staminate Seedling, | Burr's Old Seedling. 

American. Hermaphrodite ; foliage light green, vines strong, vigorous 
and hardy. Fruit above medium, roundish oval, often conical ; seed light- 
colored ; color light pale red ; flesh tender, mild and pleasant flavor, does 
not bear carriage well, and is of too pale color to sell well in market ; 
productive, and as a fertilizer for pistillate varieties, valuable. 

Boston Pine. 

American. Staminate ; requires high cultivation in hills ; vines vigor- 
ous. Fruit large, roundish, slightly conical ; seeds yellow, slightly imbed- 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 457 

ded; color deep, rich shining red; flesh pale scarlet, firm, juicy, sweet, 
with a sprightly agreeable flavor. C. M. Hovey, the originator of this 
variety, claims for it earliness and great productiveness. 

Brewer's Emperor. 

English. Staminate ; large, ovate, dark red, hardy, and said to be pro- 
ductive. Although introduced to this country some eight years, it has 
not as yet been much disseminated. 

Brilliant. 

American. Hermaphrodite ; flowers large. Fruit large, conical, deep 
crimson, flavor excellent, productive, plants vigorous. W. R. P. in Hort. 

Caleb Cope. 

American. Pistillate ; large, pointed, scarlet ; flesh white, flavor good, 
prolific. 

Crimson Cone. 

Dutch Berry. 

Pistillate; flowers medium. Fruit large, conical, good flavor, slightly 
acid ; vines vigorous, requiring space, productive. 

Gushing. 

American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, color light scarlet, form ob- 
tuse conical; flesh fine, flavor sprightly, agreeable, productive. Originated 
by Dr. W. D. Brinckle, of Philadelphia. 

Cleveland. 

American. ■ Hermaphrodite ; leaf large, ovate rounded, dark green. 
Fruit large, varying from cock's comb to conical shape, irregular; color 
dark purplish red on sunny side, opposite a rich clear vermilion ; seeds 
ovate pointed, prominent ; flesh firm, of pineapple flavor, rich and deli- 
cious. A variety raised from seed in 1849, by Mrs. D. H. Lamb, of Cleve- 
land, Ohio. 

Crescent Seedling. 

A variety originated at New Orleans, said to be perpetual bearer. We 
have been unable to examine it. It requires further testing. 

Charlotte. 

American. Pistillate; flowers medium, foliage broad. Fruit large, 
obovate ; color dark scarlet ; flesh sweet, sprightly flavor, productive. 
W. R. P. in Hort. 

20 



458 • THE STRAWBERRY. 

Climax. 

Climax Scarlet. 

American. Pistillate. Fruit medium, conical, slightly necked, light 
scarlet, rather acid, very productive. E. & B. 

Cornucopia. 

American. Pistillate. Fruit large, conical, scarlet, productive. W. 
R. P. in Hort. 

Dundee. 

Scotch. Pistillate ; leaves light green, foot and fruit-stalks long, sup- 
porting the clusters of fruit clear of the ground. Fruit medium to large, 
roundish oval, very uniform, light pale clear scarlet ; flesh firm, rich, acid, 
high flavor ; very productive, extremely valuable as market berry, its pe- 
riod of ripening being from five to ten days after Willey or Hudson. 
Yines very hardy. 

DuCHESSE DE TrEVISE. 

A variety which as yet we do not know of having been fruited in this 
country. Mr. R. Thompson, of the London Horticultural Society, thus 
describes it: Presented to the Society by M. Jamin, Bourg-la-Reine, near 
Paris, September 6, 1851. Fruit middle-sized, ovate, deep red ; seeds 
small, rather deeply embedded ; flesh pale red, juicy, with a brisk rich 
flavor ; leaves large, roundish, widely and rather obtusely serrated ; leaf- 
stalks moderately tall, very hairy, the hairs on these spreading horizon- 
tally, but those on the scapes and runners are adpressed. Appears to be 
a good bearer. 

Duke of Kent. 

Duke of Kent's Scarlet, | Austrian Scarlet, 

Early Prolific Scarlet. 

English. Staminate. Fruit small, roundish, conical, bright scarlet, 
sharp, rather acid flavor, valuable only on account of its early period of 
ripening ; vines hardy. 

Duncan's Seedling. 

English. New. Fruit large, dark rich red, fine flavor, productive. 
Lately introduced. 

Eberlein's Seedling. 

American. Hermaphrodite ; vines vigorous ; flowers medium. Fruit 
medium, conical compressed; seeds light-colored, prominent; color dark 
scarlet, good, slightly acid flavor. Early, moderately productive. 

Genesee. 

American. Hermaphrodite; vines luxuriant; fruit-stalks stout, sup- 
porting the fruit well. Fruit large, roundish, dark crimson, very produc- 
tive. Ripens late. 



FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 459 

Green Strawberry. 

Green Pine, | Green Wood, 

Green Alpine. 

Cultivated only by the curious. Small, roundish, whitish green; 

Hovey's Seedling. 

American. Pistillate. Flowers small ; vines vigorous ; leaves broad, 
roundish, distinct from all other varieties ; leaf and fruit-stalks short and 
stout. Fruit very large, roundish ovate, slightly conical, with a short 
neck ; color, when fully exposed to the sun, dark rich shining red ; seeds 
dark ; flesh scarlet, firm, bears carriage well, but is deficient in richness of 
flavor. In rich, deep, loamy soils, and supplied with a good impregnator, 
this variety will give immense crops of large fine fruit. In common 
or sandy soils it perfects only a few large berries. We think " McAvoy's 
Superior" will entirely supersede it. The " Methven Scarlet" has been 
largely disseminated in Illinois and farther west States as Hovey's Seed- 
ling. Newly planted beds require a covering of litter in winter. 

Hudson. 

Hudson's Bay, I Late Scarlet, 

Old Hudson, American Scarlet. 

Pistillate. More extensively cultivated than any other variety : its 
hardihood and late period of maturity, together with its fine rich acid 
flavor, so valuable for preserving, will continr .? for years to bring it abun- 
dant in the markets of our large cities. In the rich clay lands around 
Cincinnati it grows to such size as frequently to have been mistaken for 
Hovey's. It must, however, gradually give place to such varieties as 
Longworth's Prolific, Western Queen, &c. Fruit above medium, ovate, 
often with a neck ; seeds deeply imbedded ; color rich dark glossy red ; 
flesh firm, of a high, brisk, acid flavor. Should be permitted to hang until 
fully matured. Season rather late. 

Hooper's Seedling. 

English. Staminate. Fruit medium, conical, dark rich red, good flavor, 
productive. Late. 

Iowa Male. 

American. Staminate. Fruit medium, round conical ; seeds deeply 
imbedded ■ color pale red ; core ovate conical, marked with a greenish 
line ; flesh yellow ; flavor delicate ; moderate bearer. 

Jenny Lind. 

Staminate. Size rather large ; form conical, perfect, generally with 
short neck ; seeds moderately sunk in oval cavities ; color bright light 
scarlet ; flesh white, nearly solid, heavy, tender and juicy flavor, pleasant 
sub-acid, and under favorable circumstances highly perfumed. Early, 
ripening with the Early Virginia, but more prolific. Quality "very- 
good." (Wilder, MS.) 



460 THE STRAWBERRY. 

Large Early Scarlet. 

Early Virginia. 

American. Hermaphrodite. In the Eastern States this is regarded as 
the best early berry. West, it has never sustained such character. Its 
chief value may be found as an impregnator of pistillate kinds. Fruit 
medium, roundish ovate, bright scarlet ; seeds deeply imbedded ; flesh ten- 
der, rich, slightly acid flavor. Season, very early. 

Methven Scarlet. 



Methven Castle, 
Methven, 
Southampton Scarlet, 



Keen's Seedling (of some West,) 
Hovey's do. " " 

Stoddart's do. " " 



Scotch. Pistillate. Strong grower. Fruit large, roundish or cock's- 
comb-shaped ; seed slightly imbedded ; color dull scarlet ; flesh coarse, 
open texture ; core large and hollow ; flavor very indifferent. It some- 
times produces large crops, ripening some four or five days after the 
height of strawberry season. 

Montevideo Pine. 

American. Hermaphrodite. Foliage large and vigorous ; flowers very 
large ; fruit large, conical, of a pine-apple flavor, ripening late. (W. R. P. 
in Hort.) 

Monroe Scarlet. 

American. Pistillate. Large, roundish, light scarlet, good, very pro- 
lific. (E. and B.) 

McAvoy's No. 1. 

McAVOY'S EXTRA RED. 

American. Pistillate. Two varieties originated at same time and place 
as " McAvoy's Superior." They are yet comparatively untested, but with 
exception of quality, the same description will answer for both; large, 
roundish, scarlet; seed deeply imbedded ; flesh stained with red; flavor 
agreeable, the extra red, sub-a,cid. 

MOYAMENSING. 

American. Pistillate. Foliage large, crenate serratures. Fruit large, 
roundish conical, deep crimson ; seed crimson, set in rather deep depres- 
sions, with rounded intervals ; flesh red, flavor very fine. (Trans. Penn. 
Hort. So.) 

Magnifique. 

American. Pistillate. Very large, rounded, orange scarlet, pleasant 
flavor, productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.) 

Necked Pine. 

Unique Prairie, | Pine Apple. 

American. Pistillate. Fruit medium, conical, always necked, light 
scarlet; flesh white, delicate, a little acid, pleasant when fully ripe; 
little grown except in private gardens at Cincinnati. 



FOR AMATEUE CULTURE. 461 

Primordian. 

American. Pistillate. Flowers small. Fruit large, conical, deep 
scarlet; productive. (W. E. P. in Hort.) 

Prolific Hudson. 

American. Pistillate. Fruit medium, short cone, crimson, good flavor, 
ripens gradually. (W. R. P. in Hort.) 

Pennsylvania. 

American. Pistillate. Leaf large, deep green. Fruit large, broadly 
conical, dark crimson ; seed crimson, when shaded, yellow, slightly im- 
bedded ; flesh red ; flavor fine. (Trans. Penn. Hort. So.) 

Prolific Swainstone. 

American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, ovate, scarlet ; flavor fine ; 
productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.) 

Primate. 

American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, conical, deep scarlet; pro- 
ductive, fine for market. (W. R. P. in Hort.) 

Refulgent. 

American. Pistillate. Medium, ovate with a neck, scarlet, fine flavor'; 
productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.) 

Ruby. 

English. Fruit medium, oval, ruby red, fine flavor, prolific. (Hov. Mag.) 

Rival Hudson. 

Burr's Rival Hudson. 

American. Pistillate. Fruit large, bright scarlet ; flesh red, firm, sub- 
acid, very productive. Originated same time as " Burr's New Pine," and 
is much like " Hudson," its parent. 

Red Alpine. 

Stafford's Washington Alpine, | Newland's Mammoth. 

Flowers perfect. Fruit small, conical, bright scarlet, delicate, peculiar 
flavor. Its principal value in our climate is the ripening gradually a long 
time. An autumnal crop may be procured by destroying the early blos- 
soms. The "White Alpine" varies only in the color of its fruit. 

Richardson's Late. 
American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, roundish, short neck, light 



462 THE STKAWBEftRY. 

scarlet, rich, sub-acid, sprightly flavor, moderately productive, ripens in 
succession until about middle of July. (" M. P. W., in Hort.") 

Ross Phcenix. 

American. Staminate. Fruit large, roundish compressed, dark red ; 
flesh firm, good flavor ; generally a poor bearer. 

SoiTTHBOROUGH. 
Southborough Seedling, | Marshall's Seedling. 

English. Pistillate. Fruit medium, ovate, conical, sometimes pointed, 
rich deep scarlet; seeds small, deeply imbedded, mild rich flavor, firm 
flesh, bearing carriage well. We have fruited this several years in con- 
nection with ''Large Early Scarlet," (to which it is a good mate,) and 
found it more productive, and ripening equally early in season. Yines 
hardy ; fruit and foot-stalks short. 

Swainstone Seedling. 

English. Staminate. Fruit large ovate, light crimson, firm fleshed, 
rich, delicious flavor. Ripens a long time, but is an uncertain bearer. 

Salter's Versaillaise. 

English. New. Not yet, we think, here introduced. We copy de- 
scription of Mr. R. Thompson, of London Hort. Society : 

Presented to the Society by Mr. John Salter, Nurseryman, Hammer- 
smith, Oct. 24, 1851. Fruit large, ovate, sometimes flattened or cock's- 
comb-shaped, dark red ; seeds rather deeply embedded ; flesh pale, juicy, 
and rich ; leaves middle-sized, roundish oval, widely serrated ; leaf-stalks, 
scapes and runners hairy, the hairs spreading almost horizontally. A 
good bearer. 

Orange Prolific. 

American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, orange scarlet, acid, pro- 
ductive, late. (E. & B.) 

White Alpine. 
Varies from Red Alpine only in the color of its fruit, 

Victoria. 

Hermaphrodite, sometimes pistillate. Fruit medium to large, round, 
conical, rich scarlet ; flesh firm, rich, high, slightly acid flavor. Season 
with Hudson and Willey. Some six years since we received this variety, 
but have never been able to find it described, or to recognize it as any 
variety under different name. The vines are hardy and usually prolific. 

Willey. 

Wiley. 

American. Pistillate. Undoubtedly a seedling from Hudson, as plants 
taken from the bed of Mrs. Willey, originally Hudson, (from whence its 



UNWOETHY OF CULTIVATION. 463 

name,) have some been recognized as Hudson, while others bear the cha- 
racter allied to, but yet varied. Fruit medium to large, ovate, conical, 
rounded, rarely inclining to neck, rich, dark, glossy red ; flesh firm, juicy, 
high acid flavor. Hangs long, and should be permitted so to do; vines 
very hardy, vigorous, require severe thinning, or the fruit is materially 
lessened in size. 

Unique Scarlet. 

American. Hermaphrodite. Large, light scarlet, sweet, rich, delicious 
flavor, moderate bearer. 

White Bush Alpine. 

This and Red Bush Alpine differ from the Alpine previously described, 
only in' not forming runners ; but, growing in neat, compact bunches, are 
used by many persons for edging beds in kitchen gardens. Bearing 
throughout the entire season renders it desirable. They are propagated 
by dividing the roots early in spring. Andrew Parmentier, of Brooklyn, 
N. Y., first introduced the Bush Alpines to this country. 

Walker's Seedling. 

American. Staminate. Fruit medium size, roundish conical, very dark 
crimson ; seed moderately sunk ; flesh not quite solid, deeply stained with 
red, sprightly rich flavor, of quality " best," prolific for a staminate. Wil- 
der, MS. 



CLASS IIL — Unworthy further Cultivation. 

Aberdeen Bee Hive. 
English. Staminate ; below medium, scarlet. 

Bain's Extra Early. 
Medium to small, round conical ; flesh tinged with red. sweet and pleasant. 

Buist's Prize.. 
American. Hermaphrodite 5 large, firm, moderately productive. 

British Queen. 

Myatt's British Queen. 

English. Staminate ; large, roundish, scarlet, rich, poor bearer. 

Bostock. 

Rostock. 

English. Roundish, poor bearer. 

Cole's Prolific 
English. Large, conical, good flavor. 



464 THE STRAWBERRY. 

Cole's Late Scarlet. 
English. Medium, deep color, moderate bearer. 

Cox's Seedling. 
English. Large, light red, irregular shape, acid. 

Columbus. 
American. , Pistillate, large, dark red, sweet, too tender. 

Crimson Pine. 
Hermaphrodite. Resembles Hudson. 

DOWNTON. 
Knight's Seedling. 

English. Staminate 5 large, irregular form, purplish scarlet, unproductive, 

Deptford Pine. 

Myatt's Deptford Pine. 

English. Staminate ; large, long conical, rich, scarlet, poor hearer, par- 
tially hardy. 

Elton. 

Elton Pine. 

English. Staminate ; large, light red, ovate,- acid, tender, unproductive. 

Giant Alpine. 

Medium, globular, tasteless. 

Goliath. 

German. Medium to large, scarlet, irregular, acid, vinous. There is also 
an English variety, no better. 

Grove End Scarlet. 

Atkinson's Scarlet. 

English. Hermaphrodite ; medium to small, globular, light vermilion, 
acid, early, productive. 

Globe Hautbois. 
English. Small, globular, unproductive. 

Huntsman's. 

American. Pistillate ; large, productive, flavorless. Huntsman's Stamin- 
ate, medium, dark scarlet, good flavor, poor bearer. 

Keene's Seedling-. 
English. Staminate ; large, round cock's comb, purplish crimson, firm, rich, 



UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 465 

high flavor, tender, unproductive. There is also a pistillate Keene's Seedling, 
received by N. Longworth, of Cincinnati, equally unproductive. 

La Liegoise. 
French. Staminate ; medium, bright scarlet, unproductive. 

Late Prolific. 
American. Pistillate ; medium, light pale scarlet. 

Lizz.E Randolph. 
American. Pistillate ; medium, scarlet, indifferent grower. 

Myatt's Eliza. 

English. Staminate 5 large, irregular cock's comb, tender flesh, hollow core, 
high flavor, poor bearer. 

Mottier's Seedling. 
American. Pistillate ; resembles its parent " Hudson." 

Melon. 
Scotch. Medium, roundish, dark color, dwarf. 

Myatt's Eleanor. 
English. Staminate ; large, long conical, crimson scarlet, acid. 

Myatt's Globe. 
English. Large, roundish, fine flavor, tender. 

Myatt's Mammoth. 

English. Staminate ; large, irregular roundish, dark crimson, flavorless, 
poor bearer. 

Myatt's Prince Albert. 
English. Medium, conical, purplish crimson. 

Myatt's Pine. 
English. Large, bright scarlet, fine flavor, poor bearer. 

Myatt's Prolific. 

English. Staminate ; medium, conical, light scarlet, good flavor, not prolific. 

» 

Ohio Mammoth. 

American. Staminate ; large, light pale red, conical, hollow core, deficient 
in flavor, poor bearer. 
20* 



4:66 THE STRAWBERRY. 

Old Pine, or Carolina. 

Bath Scarlet, | Old Scarlet Pine, 

Pineapple . 

American. Staminate ; medium, conical with a neck, bright scarlet, rich 
flavor, ripens when there are many better varieties. 

>. 

Profuse Scarlet. 

American. Pistillate ; from seed of Large Early Scarlet, which it resembles. 

Profusion. 
American. Pistillate ; small, rich, sweet, productive. 

Prince of Orleans. 
Staminate ; medium, delicate flavor. 

RoSEBERRY. 

English. Staminate ; medium, conical, good flavor, poor bearer. 

Red Wood. 

English Red Wood 

The wild strawberry of Europe, easy of cultivation, bears freely and of long 
continuance ; small, red, roundish ovate, sweet and delicate. The "White 
Wood varies only in color. 

Richardson's Early. 
American. Pistillate ; medium, dark crimson, acid. 

Scioto. 
American. Pistillate ; large, light pale scarlet. 

Scarlet Melting. 

American. Pistillate ; ovate conical, necked, light pale red ; flesh tender, 
juicy, good. 

Taylor's Seedling. 

American. Pistillate ; medium, long oval, neck distinct, light scarlet, sweet 
and agreeable, hollow core, unproductive. 

True Chili. 

Patagonian, Greenwell's New Giant, 

Greenwell's French. 

" This, with the two following, are little valued, and rarely grown. Fruit 
large, conical, dull red, firm, hollow core. 

Wilmot's Superb. 
English. Large, round, cock's comb, scarlet, poor bearer. 



UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 467 

Wilmot's New Scarlet. 
English. Large, oval, bright scarlet, poor bearer. 

William Henry Harrison. 
American. Staminate ; large, cock's comb pointed, dark red ; flesh reddish. 

• Yellow Chili. 

Fruit large, irregular, yellow, firm. 




APPENDIX 



Since the manuscript of the foregoing pages was placed in hands 
of the printer, there have been several new fruits introduced and 
described, in the Horticultural Journals and Societies' Transactions ; 
these we have thought best to add in an appendix. There have also 
been some few omissions, consequent on the author not being at hand 
to correct the proofs until they were stereotyped ; these also we 
have thought best to insert here. 

APPLES. 

CLASS I. Worthy General Cultivation. 
Cogswell. 

Cogswell's Pearmain 

American. Native of Connecticut. It has been grown in Mass. 
and Ohio, and succeeds equally as well as in its native locality. 
Trees, moderately vigorous, making rather long annual shoots, of a 
dark, reddish brown color. 

Fruit, large ; form, roundish flattened ; color, deep yellow, nearly 
covered with stripes, splashes, and dots of rich red, and a few large 
russet specks ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, open ; calyx, medium, 
nearly closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, sprightly 
sub-acid ; core, small ; seeds, medium size, dark brown. Season, 
January to March. 

Maiden's Blush. 

American. Tree a rapid grower, forming a fine spreading head ; 
succeeds, so far as producing annually and abundantly, in all soils ; 
much the best, however, in those termed " limestone clay." Valued 
for cooking, for drying, and salable in market on account of its 
handsome appearance. 

Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish, flattened ; color, clear 
lemon yellow, with red cheek, varying from faint blush to rich 
crimson ; stem, short ; calyx, closed ; basin, medium, abrupt ; core, 
medium ; flesh, white, fine-grained, tender, sprightly, rather sharp 
sub-acid unless fully ripened. Season, September and October. 



470 APPENDIX. 

CLASS II. New and untested, adapted to Amateur Culture, or cer- 
tain Localities. 

Berry. 

American. Fruit large, roundish oblate, striped and mottled with 
crimson on greenish yellow ; green russet spots. October, November. 

Buel's Favorite. 

Spotted Pippin, J Gray Pippin. 

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, stem slender, cavity deep, 
russeted, calyx medium, flesh a little tough. November. 

Callasaga. 

American. Fruit above medium, roundish, dull brown on greenish 
yellow russet ; calyx large, wide furrowed basin. October, November. 

Camac's Sweet. 

American. Fruit below medium, roundish conical, whitish green, 
clouded with green russet ; calyx large, closed. 

Cranberry. 

American. Fruit medium, roundish conical, red, striped with carmine, 
gray russet dots ; stem in a narrow, russeted cavity ; calyx small, closed. 

Dapper. 

American. Fruit small, roundish, yellow, clouded with dull green, and 
specked with crimson in sun ; calyx small, closed. 

Mountain Sprout. 

American. Fruit medium, oblong truncate, red striped, numerous white 
dots. 

Nickejack. 

American. From North Carolina. Fruit large, oblate, red striped and 
mottled on greenish yellow ; cavity deep, russeted ; calyx large, par- 
tially open ; core small; seed light brown; flesh tender, juicy, delicate, 
" best." Well adapted to the Southern States, not yet tested at the North. 

Ritter. 

American. From Berks county, Pa. Fruit medium, roundish oblong, 
shades of red striped, white dots ; stem short ; cavity deep, narrow ; 
seed short, plump ; flesh tender " very good." October, November. 



APPENDIX. 471 

SuMMEROUR. 

American. Fruit large, roundish, red mottled and striped, large gray- 
dots ; cavity deep ; calyx large. October, November. 

The ten foregoing descriptions of apples we take from the Ad Interim 
Reports of Pa. Hort. Society. 

Sturmer Pippin. 

Foreign. Tree healthy, good bearer ; fruit rather small, roundish conical, 
yellowish green with brown, dull red in sun ; flesh firm, crisp, juicy, acid j 
keeps well. January to June. 



GKAPES. 

New and untested, suited to Amateur Culture. 

Brinckle. 

Raabe's No. 1. 

First fruited in 1850. Bunch large, rather compact, sometimes 
shouldered ; berry five-eighths of an inch in diameter, round, black ; 
flesh, solid, not pulpy ; flavor, rich, vinous, and saccharine ; quality, 
" best." (Ad. Int. Rept.) 

Cassady. 

An accidental seedling white grape, with native leaf, and dark 
purplish wood. Bunch, of medium size, tolerably compact, and 
sometimes shouldered ; berry, below medium, five-eighths of an 
inch in diameter ; form, round ; color, greenish white with occasion- 
ally a faint salmon tint, and thickly covered with white bloom ; flesh, 
juicy, with but little pulp ; flavor, pleasant ; quality, " very good." 
(Ad. Int. Rept.) 

Clara. 

Raabe's No. 1. 

Bunch, medium ; not compact ; berry, medium ; round, green, 
faintly tinged with salmon when exposed to the sun ; flesh, tender, 
juicy ; flavor, rich, sweet, and delicious ; quality, " best." Fruited 
the present season for the first time. (Ad. Int. Rept.) 

Concord. 

Native of Concord, Mass., and stated in Hov. Mag. to be very 
early in its season of ripening, and possessing the aroma of the 
Catawba. 



472 APPENDIX. 

Emily. 

Raabe's No. 2. 

Bunch, large, not very compact, occasionally shouldered ; berry, 
below medium, from three-eighths to one-half of an inch in diame- 
ter, round, pale red ; flesh, very juicy, with little or no pulp ; flavor, 
saccharine and delicious ; quality, " best," for an out-door grape. 
Fruited in 1850 for the first time. 

Graham. 

An accidental seedling raised by Mr. Graham. It sprung up in 
1845, and fruited in 1850 for the first time. Bunch, of medium 
size, shouldered, not compact ; berry, half an inch in diameter, 
round, purple, thickly covered with a blue bloom, contains little or 
no pulp, and abounds in a saccharine juice of agreeable flavor; 
quality, " best." The leaf indicates ita native parentage. It is 
probably a natural cross between the Bland and Elsinborough, both 
of which were in bearing in the garden where it orginated. (Ad. 
Int. Rept.) 

Raabe. 

Raabe's No. 3. 

Bunch, small, compact, rarely shouldered ; berry, below medium, 
round, dark red, thickly covered with bloom ; flesh, very juicy, with 
scarcely any pulp ; flavor, saccharine, with a good deal of the Cataw- 
ba aroma ; quality, " best." (Ad. Int. Rept.) 



PEACHES. 

CLASS II. New and untested; suited to Amateur Culture, or cer- 
tain Localities. 

Gorgas. 

American. Native of Philadelphia ; originated with Benjamin G-ulliss 
from a stone of Morris White. Leaves serrate. Fruit large, roundish, 
with a slight prominence at the apex ; dull greenish white, clouded and 
blotched with red on the exposed side ; cavity wide, rather deep ; stone 
free ; flesh whitish, slightly stained at the stone, juicy ; flavor saccharine 
and exceedingly luscious; quality "best." Middle to end of September. 

Jane. 

Baxter's Seedling No. 1. 

Origin, Philadelphia, Pa. Fruit large, ten and one-half inches in cir- 
cumference, roundish oblate, greenish yellowish white, with a red cheek ; 
free; flavor delicious; quality "very good" to "best." (Ad. Int. Rept.) 



APPENDIX. 473 



PEARS. 

CLASS II. New and untested. Suited to Amateur Culture, or certain 

Localities. 

Downing. 

Doyenne Downing. 

Foreign. New, recently described and dedicated by M. Leroy (France) 
to the memory of the unfortunate Downing. 

Fruit medium, roundish, irregular ; green yellowish, speckled with 
russet dots ; stem short, obliquely inserted ; flesh white, crisp, juicy, 
sugary, lightly acidulated. Season, September. 

Barry. 

Foreign. New. Fruit medium size, sometimes large, pyriform, irregu- 
larly shaped ; skin rough red, spotted on the sunny side, yellow greenish 
on the opposite ; calyx small, set in a narrow basin ; stalk obliquely in- 
serted ; flesh white, coarse, tender at the centre, very juicy, sugared and 
perfumed. Season, October. 

Hovey. 

Foreign. New. Fruit medium size, pyriform, regular, resembles the 
Beurre Capiaumont, skin fair, smooth, yellow, speckled and dotted around 
the eye ; calyx set outside ; stem obliquely inserted ; flesh yellow, melting, 
juicy, sugary, perfumed and vinous. Season, September. 

General Taylor. 

Native of Maryland. The tree supposed to be the original one grows 
near Baltimore, and is 25 or 30 years old. 

Size, under medium ; form turbinate, obscurely pyriform, broad at the 
crown; color cinnamon russet, becoming fawn on the exposed side ; stem 
inserted into a very small cavity ; calyx partially closed, set in a broad, 
not very deep, furrowed basin ; core medium ; seed dark brown, ovate, 
no angle at the obtuse end ; flesh yellowish white, granular, becoming 
buttery and melting, but somewhat gritty at the core ; flavor as high as 
the Seckel, aroma delicious ; quality " best ;" maturity, November. (Ad. 
Int. Rept.) 

Regnier. 

This is a variety claimed through the Pennsylvania Hort. Society to 
have been grown from seed of the White Doyenne ; under that name it 
has repeatedly received premiums there : hence, not having seen the fruit, 
we conclude our description will answer for both. The growth of tree 
is stated as its distinctive character ; being " more erect, full and rounded 
in its ton." 



474 APPENDIX. 

GLOSSAEY 

Of the more Common Terms used in Fruit Culture. 

Acute, sharp or angular. 

Acuminate, drawn out to a point. 

Alburnum, the sap-wood, as distinguished from the heart-wood. 

Apex, point ; the part of a fruit farthest from the foot-stalk. 

Base, lower end, or that portion of a fruit, stalk, or part of a plant, 

nearest the supporting part or root. 
Basin, the hollow or depression at the apex or crown of a fruit, surround- 
ing the calyx. 
Bezi, a wilding, or natural seedling. 
Beurre, a buttery pear. 
Border, artificial bed of enriched earth. 
Callus, ring or swollen portion formed at the base of a cutting, by the 

descending cambium. 
Calville- shaped, much ribbed, as applied to apples. 
Calyx, the outer or green leaves of a flower, which, remaining on the 

apex of a pear or apple, are often denominated the eye. 
Cambium, the soft, newly formed wood beneath the bark. 
Canes, long bearing shoots ; applied to grapes and raspberries. 
Clipping, trimming down to some definite shape. 
Colmar-shaped, pyriform or pear-shaped, with a rather slender neck and 

large body. 
Conical, tapering regularly towards the apex. 
Cordate, heart-shaped. 
Coxcomb, applied to the form of strawberries when much compressed at 

the sides. 
Crenate, notched or cut like rounded or blunt saw-teeth. 
Crown, the part of a iruit farthest from the foot-stalk or base. 
Dwarfs, trees made diminutive by grafting or budding upon stocks of 

small growth. 
Espalier, a tree trained flat upon a trellis. 
En quenouille, training to produce fruitfulness by tying the branches 

downwards. 
Fibrous roots, the smaller, branching, or thread-like roots. 
Forcing, the early ripening of fruits by artificial heat under glass. 
Head back, to cut off the limbs of a tree, part way down. 
Head down, to cut off the entire limbs or branches of a tree, or to cut 

down to an inserted bud. 
Inflorescence, the manner in which the flowers are borne. 
Lay-in, applied to selecting and fastening to a trellis or wall, new branches 

or shoots. 
Lay in by the heels, to bury the roots of trees temporarily in a trench. 
Leading shoot, the longest or main shoot of a limb or tree. 
Lopping, cutting the branch down to the stem. 
Maiden plant, a tree of one year's growth from the bud or graft. 
Mulching, covering the ground about a tree with straw or litter to prevent 

drying. 



APPENDIX. 475 

Oblate, flattened, so that the shortest diameter is between the base and 
apex, like a flat turnip. 

Obovate, reversed ovate, being largest from the foot-stalk or towards the 
apex. 

Obtuse, rounded or blunt. 

Ovate, egg-shaped, being the largest towards the foot-stalk. 

Pedicel, the subdivision of a flower or fruit-stalk. 

Peduncle, the flower or fruit-stalk. 

Petals, flower-leaves, usually colored. 

Petiole, leaf- stalk. 

Pomology, the science of fruits. 

Pyramidal, like a pyramid, usually nearly similar to conical, but longer. 

Pyriform, pear-shaped, having more or less a drawn-out neck. 

Pinging, the removal of a ring of bark round a branch, to impede the 

descending sap. 
Serrate, notched or cut like saw-teeth. 

Shanking, a diseased shrivelling of the foot-stalks of grapes. 
Shorten-in, to cut off more or less of the outer parts of shoots. 
Spongiole, the minute spongy extremity of a fibrous root. 
Sport, an unusual departure or variation in a new seedling. 
Spur, a short stubby shoot bearing fruit or fruit-buds. 
Standard, a fruit tree in open ground, or not trained to a wall or trellis. 
Stock, seedling tree, which supports the inserted bud or graft. 
Stop, to pinch or cut off the point of a shoot, to prevent its further ex- 
tension in growth. 
Strike, to emit roots. 

Tap-rool, the main or central descending root. 
Trellis, an upright, flat frame, for training fruit trees and grapes upon its 

face. 
Wilding, a natural seedling. 



INDEX TO THE DIFFERENT FRUITS. 



[The standard names are in Italic letters. The synonymous names in Roman.] 



ALMONDS. 



Amande Commune . 
Amandier a petit fruit . 
Amandier a gvos fruit . 
Amandier a gros fruit doux 
Amandier a coque tendre 
Amandier des Dames . 
Amande Princesse . 
Amande Sul'tane . 
Amande Pistache . 
Amandier Pecher . 
Bitter Almond 
Common Almond . 
Common Sweet . 
Doux a coque tendre . 
Great Soft-Shell 
Great-fruited Sweet 
Long Hard-Shell . 
Long Hard-Shell Almond 
Ladies' Thin-Shell . 
Large Persian 
Languedoc 
Bistachia Sweet . 
Peach Almond . 
Pecher .... 
Soft-Shell Sweet 
Soft-Shell Sweet Almond 
Sultan a coque tendre 
Sultana Sweet Almond 
Sultan .... 



PAGE 

. 46 

46 
. 46 

46 
. * 46 

46 
. 46 

46 
. 46 

46 
. 46 

46 
. 46 

46 
. 46 

46 
. 46 

46 
. 46 

46 
. 46 

46 
. 46 

46 
. 46 

46 
. 46 

46 
. 46 



APBICOT8. 



Abricot Eoyal . 

Abricot Peche 

Abricot Commun 

Abricot Precoce . 

Abricot Hatif . 

Abricotier . 

Abricotier blanc 

Albergier 

Alberge ■ 

Amande Aveline . 

Ananas 

Angoumois . 

Anson's Imperial . 

Blotched Leaved Turkey 

Black .... 

Blenheim 

Blanc .... 

Breda, .... 

(476) 



Brussels 

Brown Masculine 

Briancon 

Brown's Early 

Burlington . 

D'Alexandrie . 

De Hollande 

De St. Jean 

De St. Jean Eouge 

De Nancy 

De Nancy 

Dubois' Early Golden 

Dubois' Early Golden Apricot 

Dunmore ... 

Du Pape 

Dunmore's Breda . 

Early Golden 

Early Orange . • - 

Early Masculine . 

Early "White Masculine 

Germine 

Gros Musch 

Gros Precoce 

Gros d'Alexandrie . 

Gros Fruhe - 

Grosse Germine 

Hasselnussmandel 

Hemskirke. . 

Hunt's Moorpark . . 

Kaisha . 

Large Early 

Large Bed 

Large Turkey 

Moorpark 

Musch .... 

Musch-musch . 

Noir 

NewhalVs Early 

Oldaker's Moorpark . 

Orange 

Persique 

Persian . 

Beach .... 

Peche 

Peche Grosse 

Purple 

Bed Masculine . 

Boyal . . . ' 

Boman .... 

Eoyal Peach . 

Eoyal Persian 

Eoyal Orange . 



PAGE 

52 
52 
50 
50 
50 
50 
48 
49 
49 
49 
51 
49 
49 
49 
52 
49 
49 
52 
52 
52 
51 
50 
49 
49 
49 
51 
48 
50 
49 
50 
49 
50 
51 
49 
50 
50 
52 
51 
49 
52 
48 
52 
49 
49 
49 
52 
52 
51 
56 
49 
52 
52 



INDEX OF FRUITS. 



477 



Boyal George 
^Shaker Para . 
Shipley's 
Shipley's Large 
Sudlow's Moorpark 
Temple's . 
Transparent . 
Turkey . 
Violet . 
Walton Moorpark 
White Masculine 
White Apricot . 
White Algiers 
Wurtemburg . 



PAGE 

52 
. 51 

51 
. 51 

49 
. 49 

51 

51 

52 
. 49 

52 
. 52 

52 
. 49 



APPLES. 

Attgustine ....... 166 

Aurora 166 

Autumn Bomanite 166 

Api noir 167 

American White Winter Calville . ' . 179 

Abbott Seedling 119 

American Pearmain . . . .64 

Api 87 

August Apple 131 

Avery Sweeting 131 

Aromatic Carolina 121 

Autumnal Swaar .... 121 

Autumnal Sweet Swaar .... 121 

Autumn Strawberry .... 65 

Autumn Bough 66 

Autumn Sweet Bough .... 66 
Autumn Seek-no-farther . . .121 

Adams 12o 

Adams Pearmain 12o 

Ashmore , . 120 

Ashland ' 120 

Aunt Hannah 121 

Alexander 12o 

Alfriston 166 

American Mammoth .... 174 

American Newtown Pippin ... 93 

American Summer Pearmain ... 64 

American Bed Juneating ... 76 

American Pippin 166 

American Golden Eusset ... 71 

Albemarle Pippin 120 

Aunts Apple 120 

Arbroath Pippin 175 

Aurore 170 

Autumn Pearmain . . . .121 

Parr 167 

Bars 167 

Bamhilt 167 

Black Gilliflower 167 

Bartlett 168 

Bardin 170 

Baltimore Pippin 174 

Beauty of America 167 

Black Annette 167 

Black Lady Apple 167 

Buff 168 

Bullet 168 

Black Tom 170 

Big Bomanite 176 



Big Sweet 
Big Hill . 
Belpre Busset 
Brown's Golden Sweet 
Bailey Sweet . 
Belzer 



179 
99 
106 
100 
121 
122 



Bevan . 
Bevan Favorite . 
BenUey's Sweet 
Better than Good 
Bean Sweet . 
Blue Pearmain 
Bledsoe . 
Blood . 
Bohanon 
Bourassa . 
Boston . * 
Brooke's Pippin 
Barlow . 
Bailey Spice . 
Baltimore Pippin 
Bethlehemite 
Belmont. 
Bellflower . 
Broadwell 
Broadwell Sweet 
Bullock's Pippin 
Bonne du Mai . 
Bullripe . 
Bard Apple 
Beard Burden 
Belle et Bonne . 
Burlington Spitzenberg 
Black Coal 
Boalsburg 

Brabant Bellflower , 
Bucks County Pippin 
Bucks County . 
Bracy's Seek-no-farther 
Baltimore . 
Bay Apple 
Baldwin . 
Belle-Fleur . 
Belle-Fleur Bouge 
Bedfordshire Foundling 
Benoni . 
Beauty of Kent . 
Beauty of the West . 
Bell's Scarlet Pearmain 
Black Detroit . 
Blenheim Pippin 
Blenheim Orange 
Black Apple 
Black American 
Borovitsky 
Bough 

Borsdorffer . 
Borsdorff . 
Brabant Belle Fleur 
Brandy Apple . 
Bread and Cheese Apple 
Burlington Greening 
Butter . 
Butter Apple . 
Buffinglon's Early 
Burr's Winter Sweet 
Betsey's Fancy 
Brown's Late Queen . 
Bush. 
Beauty Bed 
Ben. 

Catshead . 
Cathead Greening . 
Calville Blanche d'Hiver 
Calville Bouge d'Hiver , 
Calville Bouge . 
Capendu .- _. 
Cayuga Bed Streak 



478 



INDEX OF FKUITS. 



Cann 

Campfleld 

Connecticut Summer Sweet 

Caroline .... 

Carolina Winter Queen 

Canada Pippin 

Challenge 

Cloth of Gold . 

Connecticut Apple. 

Connecticut Seek-no-farther 

Coates' Greening . 

Cooper's Early White . 

Chief Good . 

Cracking .... 

Cat Pippin ... 

Champ Sweeting 

Cole's Quince . 

Catshead Beaufin 

Cash Sweet . 

Cogswell .... 

Caroline 

Carolina .... 

Carnahan . 

Cannahan's Favorite 

Cannon Pearmain 

Cat Face .... 

Clyde Beauty 

Cooper .... 

Cane .... 

Cocklin's Favorite . 

Cain .... 

Cumberland 

Cumberland Seedling . 

Claremont Pippin 

Crane's Pippin 

Caraway Eusset 

Concombre Ancien 

Cheeseborough Russet 

Crooked Limb Pippin . 

Canadian Eeinette . 

Canada Eeinette . 

Carthouse .... 

Cailine .... 

Chandler .... 

Charles' Apple 

Chalmers' Large 

Cornish Gilliflower 

Cornish July-flower . 

Court Pendu Extra 

Court Pendu Plat . 

Court Pendu . 

Court Pendu Plat Eougeatre 

Cable's Gilliflower . 

Court Pendu Eond Gros 

Court Pendu Eose 

Court Pendu Musque 

Coriander Eose 

Court of Wick . 

Court of Wick Pippin . 

Court de Wick . 

Cos or Caas . . , 

Cole .... 

Cornish AromaUo . 

Cranberry Pippin 

Crimson Pippin . 

Cumberland Spice . 

Cooper's Russeting 

Darlington 

Darlington Eusset 

Delight 

De Eatteau . 

Dodge's Black . 



PAGB 

126 
. 126 

169 
. 168 

126 

. T2 

73 

. 73 

82 

. 115 

116 
. 127 

127 
. 129 

129 
. 137 

153 
. 175 

168 
. 468 

162 
. 162 

126 
. 126 

126 
. 126 

127 
. 127 

172 
. 127 

172 

128 

128 

169 
' 95 
. 170 

162 

168 

169 
72 
72 

135 
' 168 

168 
' 146 

169 

169 

169 

128 

128 

128 

. 128 

67 

. 128 

128 
. 128 

128 
. 128 

128 
. 128 

168 

. 127 

74 

. 169 

130 
. 128 

127 
. 129 

129 
. 129 

162 
. 128 



Dutchess . 
Dillingham . 
Dunlap's Aurora 
Dormelari's Seedling . 
Dumelow's Seedling 
Dumelow's Crab . 
Dumpling 
Dainty Apple 
Danvers Winter Sweet . 
Detroit -> 
Detroit .... 
De Bretagne . 
D'Espagne 

Devonshire Quarrenden 
DeWitt .... 
Doctor .... 
Domine .... 
Downton Pippin 
Downton Golden Pippin . 
Downy .... 
Drap d'Or 
Dickson's Emperor 
Douse .... 
Dow's . 
Dutch Pearmain 
Duchess of Oldenburgh 
Dutch Codlin . 
Dutch Mignonne . 

Dyer 

Eve .... 
Egg Top .... 
Egg Top ... 
English Winter Eed Streak 
Early Joe 
Early June 

English Summer Pearmain 
Edgerly Sweet . 
English Nonsuch . 
Emperor .... 
Early May 
Early Pennock 
English Sweeting . 

Eaten 

Eustis .... 
Early Summer Pearmain . 
Early Summer Pippin . 
Early Harvest . 
Early French Eeinette . 
Early Eed Margaret 
Early Eed Juneating . 
Early Strawberry . 
Early Crofton 
Early Sweet Bough . 
Easter Pippin 
Edmonton's Aromatic Pippi 
Eighteen Ounce Apple . 
Elton Pippin 
Emperor Alexander 
English Codlin 
English Golden Pippin . 
English Russet . 
English Golden Russet 
Epse's Sweet 
Esopus Spitsenburgh 
Eve Apple .... 
Forever Pippin 
Fall CJieese 

Flushing Seek-no-farther 
Fall Orange 
Fink's Seedling 
Frith Pitcher . 
FrencKs Sweet 



INDEX OF FRUITS. 



479 



Father Abraham 

Fall Queen . 

Fall Winesap . 

Fall Wine . 

Fallenwalder . 

Fort Miami . 

Favorite . 

Fulton . 

Fronclise . 

Fenton Sweeting , 

Ferdinand 

Fama Ousta . 

Fall Beauty 

Ferris . 

Fall Vandervere 

Fall Jennetting 

Fall Gennetting . 

Foundling 

Funtling . 

Fleiner . 

Fall Harvey 

Fall Pippin . 

Fameuse . 

Fallawater 

Fenouillet Gris 

Fenouillet Rouge 

Flower of Kent . 

Flint Eusset . 

Flushing Spitzenbwrgh 

Formosa Pippin 

Fry's Pippin 

French Pippin 

French Crab 

Franklin's Golden Pippin 

Gate 

Golden Pippin 

Garden Royal 

Gray Vandervere 

Golden 

Green Seek-no-farther 

Gaidfs Bellflower . 

Gloucester White . 
Gillet's Seedling . 

Gibbon's Smathhouse 

Gibbon's Smokehouse 

Gabriel . $ 

George 

Gloucester Cheese . 

Gdble Russet . 

Garnon's Apple 

Gilpin 

Gloria Mundi 

Glace de Zelande 

Glory of York 

Golden Drop 

German Green 

Golden Spice 

Green Mountain Pippin 

Green Sweet 

Greasy Pippin 

Green Bellflower 

Garretson's Early 

Giles . 

Gully 

Giant 

Golden Pearmain 

Goodyear 

Goodyear's Seedling 

Governor 

Granny Buff 

Granny Earle . 

Granniwinkle 



PAGE 

133 

132 

71 

77 
79 
80 
132 
134 
133 
160 

, 133 
170 
132 
170 
113 
132 

, 132 
132 

, 132 
133 

, 132 
78 

. 77 
79 

. 170 
170 

, 170 
152 

. 133 
155 

. 128 
138, 149 

. 109 

133 

69 

69 

81 

136 

170 

137 

. 170 
170 

. 106 
113 

. 113 

134 

135 

170 

170 

128 

184 

174 

179 

155 

128 

72 

75 

79 

83 

88,95 
95 
135 
185 
136 
171 
171 
171 
171 
171 
168 
136 
136 



PAGE 

Great Vandevere . . . . 136 

Gov. Seward 126 

Golden Eusset 71 

Golden Ball 82 

Golden Harvey ..... 170 

Golden Pippin ..... 171 

Golden Reinette 170 

Golden Eusset . . . . . . 131 

Golden Sioeet 81 

Gray Apple 99 

Green Newtown Pippin ... 93 

Green Winter Pippin .... 93 

Grise 99 

Gross Eeinette d'Angleterre ... 72 

Gregson Apple 168 

Gravenstein 83 

Grave Slije •. 83 

Grand Sachem 171 

Grindstone . . . . . . 166 

Green Everlasting 166 

Gros Api Eouge .... 87 

Harkness' New Favorite .... 176 

Hollandburg 172 

Hollandbury 172 

Hepper 171 

Heterich 172 

Harrigan 174 

Hampshire Greening .... 104 

Harvest 84 

Hay's "Winter 116 

Hollow Crown Pearmain . . . 116 

Honey Greening . . . 83 

Heicke's Winter Sweet ... 89 

Housom's Red 139 

High Top Sweet 189 

Hunter 139 

Hardingham's Eusset . 152 

Hannah . 171 

HowardPtusset 168 

Hogan 161 

Honey Sweet 150 

Herman 188 

Helen's Favorite .... 138 

Hector 138 

Hawley 137 

Horse Apple 182 

Horse Block 145 

Honemaker Pippin 129 

Haskell's Sweet 137 

Hommacher Apfel 129 

Hay's Winter Wine .... Ill 

Haymaker 122 

Hartford Stoeei/ing .... 137 

Harrison 137 

Hagloe 137 

Hawthorden . . . . . . 171 

Hampshire Yellow .... 17? 

Herefordshire Pearmain ... 89 

Herefordshire Eed Streak . . . 177 

Hinckman 175 

Hoary Morning 172 

Hollow-cored Pippin .... 95 

Holland Pippin 138 

Hubbardston Nonsuch .... 85 

Imperial Vandervere .... 113 

Irish Pitcher 174 

Indian Queen ..... 131 

Indian Apple . . ... 136 

Iron Apple 124 

Inman 95 

Indiana Jannetting .... 100 
Irish Peach Apple . . . .172 



480 



INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Ironstone 

Joe Berry 

Juicy Bite 

Kelly White . 

John Garretson's Early 

Jersey Pippin 

JeweWs Bed 

Jewett's Fine Bed . 

James 1 Biver 

Jennette . 

Jersey Black 

Jaber Sweet 

Jefferson 

Jeffries 

Jenkins 

Johnson's Fine "Winter 

Jack Murphy 

Jonathan 

Januarea 

Jersey Greening 

Jersey Sweeting . 

July Pippin . , 

Jun eating 

Kentish Fill-basket . 

Keswick Codlin . 

Kenriek' 's Autwmn . 

Kerry Pippin 

King Philip 

Kite's Lord Nelson 

Kirke's Lemon Pippin 

Kirk's Golden Eeinette 

Kilham Hill 

King 'of the Pippins 

King George the Third 

Knightwick Pippin 

Knight's Golden Pippin 

KaighrCs Spitzenberg 

Kingsley 

King Apple 

Kingsbury Eusset . 

Kane . . . ^ 

Keim . . . 

Kelley White . 

Kountz 

Knight's Codlin 

Large Golden Pippin 

Lady de Grey's 

Ladies' 1 Blush . 

Lady Finger 

Long Island Busset 

Loan's English Pearmain 

Large Eed Sweeting . 

Lane Sweet . 

Long John 

Lucombe's Seedling 

Luce's Early Joe 

Leather Coat Eusset 

Loring Sweeting 

Loudon Pippin 

Loiore Queen . 

Leland Spice . 

Laquier 

Lancaster 

Ledge Sweet 

Limber Twig 

Long Stem 

Loure Queen . 

Leland Pippin . 

Lacker . 

Lake . 

Lancaster Greening 

Late Strawberry 



PAGE 

169 
. 94 

122 
. 69 

135 
. 139 

140 
. 140 

143 
. 100 

123 
. 139 

139 
, 139 

149 
. 166 

175 

. 86 

72 

95, 104 

86 

. 84 

162 
. 172 

141 
. 172 

172 



173 
173 
170 
172 
173 
167 
128 
169 
141 
142 
142 
168 
172 
172 
169 

94 
179 
161 
172 
173 
173 
173 
173 
176 
178 
173 
173 
173 
175 
145 
144 
144 
143 
142 
142 
143 
143 
144 
144 
143 
142 
143 
142 

65 



Late Baldwin 

Lady Washington 

Little Pearmain 

London Sweet . 

London Winter Sweet 

Loring Sweet 

Large Striped Pearmain 

Lancaster Queen 

Late Queen . 

Lecher . . . 

Ladies' Blush . 

Long Pearmain . 

Long John 

Lady Finger 

Lowell 

Lippincott . 

Ladies' 1 Sweeting . 

Lady Apple 

Large White Juneatin^ 

Large Yellow Bough 

Lemon Pippin 

Longville's Kernel . 

Lyscom . 

Lyman's Pumpkin Sweet 

Mar stones Bed Winter 

Melvin Sweet . 

Marks . 

Monarch . 

Ifonks' Favorite . 

McLellan . 

Mifflin King . 

Montreal 

Monks' Codlin 

Mclntire's Sweeting . 

May Seek-no-farther. 

Menagerie . 

Molasses 

Murphy's Eed . 

Martin . 

Mother 

Mu,sk Spice . 

Mu-nson Sweeting . 

Myers'' Nonpjareil . 

Moore's Sweeting 

Marble Sweeting . 

May Apple 

Mauck . 

Mother Davies . 

Milam . 

Mamma Beam . 

Mygatt's Bergamot 

Mountain Pippin 

Melon 

Melting 

Melt-in-the-mouth 

Melting Mouth . 

Melting Pippin 

Matkie's Clyde Beauty 

Major 

Matchless . 

Marietta Eusset 

Manomet . 

Manomet Sweet 

Monmouth Pippin . 

Millcreek Yandervere 

MiUcreek . 

Male Carle . 

Margil 

Margaret 

Margaretha Apfel 

Maiden's Blush . 

Mela di Carlo . 



INDEX OF FRUITS. 



481 



Mela Oarla , 

Meangere . 

Minister 

Michael Henry Pippin 

Monstrous Pippin. 

Mouse Apple . 

Moose Apple . 

Murphy 

New York Spice . 

Norton's Melon . 

Noll's No. 1 . 

Neversink . 

Neisley's "Winter . 

Newtown Pippin of Sanders 

Neverfail 

Niack Pippin . 

New Jersey Bed Streak 

Nodhead . 

Northern Sweet . 

Northern Golden Sweet 

Nonpareille . 

Niger .... 

New York Gloria Mundi 

Newtown Spitzenberg 

New Scarlet Nonpareil 

Never-Fail 

Newtown Pippin . 

Newark King . 

Newark Pippin . 

Newark Sweeting 

Northern Spy 

Norfolk Beaufin 

Nonsuch 

Ohio Favorite . 

Old Golden Pippin 

Old English CodUn 

Old Pearmain 

Old Nonsnch 



Oldfleld 

Ohio Wine 

Orange . 

Orndorf . 

Orne's Early . 

Osborn's Sweet . 

Osborn's Fall Sweet 

Overman's Sweet 

Old Royal Russet 

Osceola 

Old Town Crab . 

Ortley 

Ohio Nonpareil 

Old Nonpareil . 

Orange Sweet 

Ortley Apple 

Ortley Pippin 

Oslin .... 

Osgood's Favorite . 

Owen's Golden Beauty 

Ox Apple 

Oxford Peach . 

Ox Eye . 

Paradise Winter Sweet 

Patterson Sweet 

Pennsylvania Vandervere 

Petit Api 

Pomme d'Api . 

Pomme Boyal 

Philadelphia Pippin 

Pomme Water 

Pirn's Beauty . 

Poughkeepsie Busset 

Pickman Pippin 



PAGE 

146 
. 174 

147 
. 91 

174 
. 147 

147 
, 175 

143 
. 89 

120 
. 149 

176 
, 119 

100 
. 109 

131 
, 140 

149 
, 149 

175 
, 179 

174 
94 

177 

93 

, 175 

149 

, 126 

94 

, 175 

175 

, 95 

171 

, 175 

85 

. 102 

132 

, 141 

149 

. 149 

149 

. 150 

150 

, 150 

175 

, 150 

149 

, 95 

83 

, 175 

81 

95 

95 

175 

145 

162 

174 

157 

94 

150 

121 

113 

87 

87 

75 

78 

75 

79 

98 

152 



Primate 



21 



Potter's Large Gray Seedling 

Prince's Bed and Green Sweet . 

Paragon % 

People's Choice . 

Pfsiffer . . . 

Parsons' 1 Early . 

Phillips' Sweeting . 

Prolific Beauty . 

Pomme Eoye 

Polly Bright 

Pomme de Rose 

Pryor's Red 

Prior's Bed . 

Pitzer Hill . 

Pickman 

Priestly 

Pole Cat . 

Parmin Boyal . 

Parmain d' Ete 

Petersburgh Pippin . 

Penmock's Red Winter 

Pennock . 

Pearson's Plate . 

Peck's Pleasant 

Pennington's Seedling 

Peach Pond Sioeet . 

Pecker . 

Petit Api Eouge 

Philip Wick . 

Phillips' Beinette « 

Pie Apple 

Pine Apple Russet 

Pomme d'Api Bouge 

Pompey . 

Pomme Orise 

Pomme Eoyale 

Pomme Bose 

Pound Boyal 

Pomme Begelans . 

Pomme de Berlin . 

Pomme dAnis 

Pomme de Charles . 

Pomme Finale 

Pound 

Pomme de Caen . 

Portugal . 

Pomme de Neige 

Porter 

Princesse Noble Zoete 

Priestley . 

Priestley's American 

Prince's Harvest, or Early French 

Pumpkin Russet . 

Pumpkin Sweet 

Putnam Busset 

Queen Ann 

Quince . 

Quaker Pippin 

Queen's 

Randal's Best . 

Eandal Best . 

Ragan 

Raritan Sweet 

Rambo 

Eambour Franc . 

Eambonr d'Ete 

Banndell's Sweet . 

Bed Spitzenberg 

Bed Pearmain 

Bed Winter Pearmain 



123 
138 
152 

87 
179 

99 
162 

87 
162 
150 
128 
170 
146 
146 
176 

72 
226 

76 

98 
128 
176 
176 
Beinette 84 
152 
152 
106 



INDEX OF FKUITS. 





PAGE 


Red Pippin ... 


141 


Eed Phoenix . ... 


. 141 


Bussam 


141 




. 159 


Bed Bell/lower - . . . - . 


177 


Bed Seek-no-farthei" .... 


. 176 


Bed and Green Sweet . 


176 




. 102 


Eed Cheek Pippin .... 


92 


Eeinette du Canada .... 


. 72 


Eichfleld Nonsuch 


102 




. 105 


Eough and Eeady 


153 




. 166 


Euckman's Pearmain . . ' . 


171 




. 177 


Bute's Summer Sweeting . 


177 




. 100 


Eock Eenaain .... 


100 


Eock Simmon .... 


. 100 


Eed Vandervere . 


113 




. 155 


Bepubliaan Pippin . 


155 




. 176 


Eed Ashmore . . . gp 


120 




. 176 


Eed Bough 


176 




. 171 


Eed Gloria Mundi ? 


132 




. 106 


Eoman Beauty .... 


106 


Bi/mer 


. 177 


Boseau 


177 




. 177 


Baule-s Janet . 


100 




. 100 


Baule's Jannette 


100 




. 100 


Eamsdeirs Eed Pumpkin Sweot . 


131 


Eamsdeil's Sweeting 


. 131 


Bead's Baker .... 


175 


Eed Belle-Fleur ..... 


. 177 


Eed Winter Calville . 


176 




. 176 


Eed Detroit 


130 




. 130 


Bed Gilliflower . . . . 


176 


Eed Pumpkin Sweet 


. 131 


Bed Streak 


177 


Eed Qiiarrenden .... 


. 155 


Eed Juneating .... 


76, 145 




. 103 


Bed Ingestrie .... 


176 


Eeinette blanche d'Espagne . 


. 162 


Eeinette Triomphante . 


179 


Eeinette d'Angleterre 


. 112 


Eeinette du Canada Blanche 


72 


Eeinette Grosse du Canada 


. 72 


Eeinette du Canada a Cortes 


72 


Eeinette d"Hollande 


. 138 


Bhode Island Greening . ^ . 


104 


Bibston Pippin .... 


. 155 


Eival Golden Pippin . 


. 128 


Bound Catshead . . » . 


. 168 


Boyale d'Angleterre 


85 


Baxbury Eusset .... 


. 106 


Eoyal Pearmain .... 


85 




. 155 


Eomanite ..... 


102, 134 


Boss Nonpareil 


. 155 


Eussian 


128 


Sweet Baldwin 


. 178 





PAGE 


Summer Eambo . 


178 






Scandiana Mala 


80 






Seever's Eed Streak 


156 






Stanard's Seedling 


158 


St. Lawrence . 


. 158 


Striped Bellfleur . 


177 


Shipperi's Busset 


. 17T 


Shipley Green 


. 17T 


Spring Grove Codlin 


. 178 


Spice Apple .... 


149 




. 178 


Sweet and Sour . 


178 


Sugar Loaf Greening 


. 178 


Spice Stoeeting 


178 






SchoonmaJcer 


156 




. 156 


Scollop Gilliflower 


156 




. . 15T 


Spring Pippin . 


158 


Springport Pippin 


. 158 


Spice Busset 


160 




. 177 


Sam Eawlings 


172 




. 134 


Sack Apple .... 


155 




. 157 


Sam's Crab .... 


173 


Sanguineus . 


. 76 


Scudamore's Crab . 


177 


Scarlet Perfume 


. 127 


Scarlet Pearmain 


157 




. 177 


Seek-no-further 


102, 115 


Seek-no-further of Coxe . 


. 107 


Sheep Nose • 


. 71, 173 


Siberian Bitter Sweet 


. 146 


Siberian Crab 


157 




. 121 


Shakers' Yellow 


131 


Summer Hagloe 


. 137 


Sassafras Sweet 


137 




. 139 


Sponge 


. . 157 


Striped Pearmain . 


. 158 


Snorter , . 


158 


Sweet Bellflower 


' 159 


Sweet Pippin 


159 




. 159 


Summer Belle Flear 


159 




. 127 


Summer Cheese 


170 






Steele's Eed "Winter 


66 




. 76 


Sutton 


85 




. 85 


Sweet Swaar .... 


121 


Sweet Winesap 


. 160 


Sparhawk .... 


161 


Striped E. I. Greening 


. 161 


Sweet Seek-no-farther . 


170 




. 159 


Spiced Oxeye .... 


118 






Striped June .... 


122 


Sweet Golden Pippin 


. 121 


Sweet Nonsuch 


112 


Sweet June 


. 139 



INDEX OF FKUITS. 



483 



Sweet Bough . 

Sweet Bomanite . . 

Springer's Seedling 

Striped Vandervere • 

Striped Ashmore . 

Smokehouse 

Sine-qua-non 

Sops of Wine . 

Sops in Wine 

Spencer Sweeting 

Sturmer Pippin . 

Styre 

Striped Juneating . 
Stroat .... 
Straat .... 
Stal Clubs .... 
Surprise .... 
Sugar Loaf Pippin 
Sum/mer Bose 
Summer Queen 
Summer Golden Pippin 
Summer Pearmain . 
Summer Pippin 
Summer Bambour . 
Summer Sweet Paradise 
Swaar .... 
Sweet Eusset . 
Sweet Pearmain 
Sweet Harvest 

Transparent de Zurich . 

Them's Bed Streak . 

Townsend .... 

Tallow Pippin 

Tallow Apple . 

Tompkins 

Tulpahocken 

Trenton Early 

Texoksbury Blush . 
Tom Woodward's Pippin 
Terry's Eed Streak . ■ . 

Talman's Sweeting 

Tallman's Sweeting . 

Trumbull Sweeting 

Tart Bough 

Tewksbury Winter Blush 

Tolman Sweeting 

Travers .... 

Twenty-ounce Pippin 

Tetofsky 

Transparent Pippin . 

Transparent de Moscovie 

Twenty Ounce . 

Twenty-ounce Apple . 

Vandervere of Cincinnati 

Vandervere Pippin 

Virginia Greening 

Vermont 

Virginia Sweet . 

Vandyne 

Victuals and Drink 

Vandevere . 

Victorious Beinette 

Vrai drap d'Or 

Watkins' Early . 

Watermelon . 

Watson's Vandervere 

Warren Pennock . 

WaddeVs Rail . 

Walworth 

Walpole . 

Western Spy ■ 

Whitewater Sweet . 



PAGE 

109 
. 112 

178 
. 113 

113 
. 113 

157 
. 157 

157 
. 137 

468 

145 

. 158 

158 
. 113 

178 
. 178 

107 
. 158 

178 
. 121 

138 
. 178 

158 
. 108 

152 
. 109 

109 
. 179 

179 
. 160 



75 
79 
81 
160 
95 
102 
110 
110 
160 
178 
160 
110 
155 
179 
111 
128 
179 
126 
126 
113 
113 
160 
161 
174 
95 
179 
113 
170 
73 



113 
131 
161 
161 
161 
162 
162 



White Seek-no-farther 
Wellington Apple 
Winter Cheese , 
Willis'' Sweet . 
Wagener 

Wells 

Well Apple . 

Wan-en Pippin . 

Waltz Apple . 

Washington 

Welcome 

West's Spitzenberg . 

Windower 

White Vandervere . 

White Sweeting . 

Wetherell's White Sweeting 

Winter Harvey . 

Winter Grixon . 

White Margil 

White Doctor . 

Watson's Dumpling 

Whare Eeinette 

Waxen Apple 

White Apple 

Week's Pippin 

Wells's Sweeting 

Westfteld Seek-no-further 

White Bell-Fleur . 

White Bellflower . 

White Detroit . 

White Winter Calville . 

White Calville . 

White Spanish Beinett* 

White Juneating 

White Astrachan . 

White Pippin . 

White Spice . 

Wine of Cole . 

Winter Sweet 

White Pearmain 

White Winter Pearmain 

White Bambo . 

Williams 

William's Eavorite Eed . 

William's Eed 

William's Early 

William's Early Eed . 

Willow .... 

Willow Twig 

Willow Leaf . 

Wood's Greening . 

William Penn . 

Winslow 

Wing Sweeting 

Winter Pearmain . 

Winter Wine . 

Winter Chandler . 

Woodward's Pippin . 

Wolman's Harvest 

Winter Gennetting . 

Willow Leaf Pippin . 

White Hawthornden 

Winter Pearmain . 

Winter Queen . 

Winter Queening . 

Wine Apple 

Wine Sap 

Wine Sop .... 

White Apple . . . 

Williams's Favorite . 

Wollaton Pippin . 

Woolman's Long . 



484 



INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Winter Sweet Paradise 
Wood's Huntingdon 
Woolman's Harvest 
Woodstock Pippin . 
Woodstock 

Wormsley Pippin 
Woodpecker . 
Wyker Pippin . 
Yankee Apple 
Yellow Juneating 
Yellow Janette 
Yellow Vandervere . 
York Busset . 
Yost .... 
Yacht 

York Imperial . 
Yellow Ingestric . 
Yorkshire Greening 
Yellow Newtown Pippin 
Yellow Pippin . 
Yellow German Eeinette 
Yellow Siberian Crab 
Yellow Harvest 
Yellow Belle-Fleur . 
Yellow Bellflower . 
Young's Long Keeping 
Zane .... 
Zane Greening . 
Zieber .... 



Allen's Sweet Montmorency 
American Amber 
Amber Gean . 
Ambrer Heart 
Amber a petit fruit . 
American Heart . 
Amber or Imperial . 
Ambree de Choisy 
Ambree a Gros Fruit 
Ansell's Fine Black 
Apple Cherry . 
Arden's Early White Heart 
Armstrong's Bigarreau . 
Arch Duke . 
Adams'' Grown 
Arme .... 
Arden's Heart . 
Belle de Sceaux 
Belle Audigeoise 
Belle de Bavay 
Belle de Petit Brie . 
Belle of Orleans . 
Belle de Orleans 
Bigarreau Gaubalis 
Bigarreau de Lyon . 
Bigarreau d'Esperin 
Bigarreau Noir Tardive . 
Baumann's May . 
Bigarreau Belle de Eocmont 
Belle de Choisy 
Benham*s Fine Early Duke 
Belle Magnifique 
Belle et Magnifique 
Bigarreau de Mai 
Bigarreau 
Bigarreau Eoyal 
Bigarreau Gros 
Bigarreau Tardif 
Bigarreau d' Hollande . 
Bigarreau Couleur de Chair 



128 
107 
167 

179 
66 
170 
152 
84 
100 
113 
152 
165 
166 
166 
180 
180 
118 
95, 149 
170 

84 
70 
70 
169 
180 
180 
180 



219 

214 
214 
216 
220 
203 
208 
189 
189 
215 
217 
216 
208 
203 
203 
204 
216 
214 
194 
196 
196 
204 
204 
199 
199 
204 
213 
214 
194 
184 
211 
191 
191 
214 
208 
208 
208 
208 
208 
134 



Bigarreau a Gros fruit Blanc 


PAGE 
194 


Bigarreau de Eocmont 


. 194 


Bigarreau Lauermann . 


212 


Bigarreau Gros Caaurat . 


. 199 


Bigarreau Gros Monstrueux 


199 


Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Eouge 


. 219 


Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim . 


196 


Bigarreau Marbree de Hildesheim . 


. 196 


Bigarreau Blanc Tardif de Hildesheim 


196 


- Bigarreau Noir Tardif 


. 196 


Bigarreau Gros Noir 


213 


Bigarreau Common ... * 


. 194 


Bigarreau Noir .... 


215 


Bloodgood's Amber .... 


. 214 


Bloodgood's Honey 


214 


Bloodgood's New Honey . . . 


. 214 




215 




. 215 




204 


Black Circassian .... 


. 189 


Black Tartarian .... 


189 






Black Mazzard .... 


215 


Black Honey 


. 21F 


Black Orleans .... 


215 


Bleeding Heart .... 


. 215 


Black Bigarreau 


215 


Black Bigarreau of Savoy 


. 199 


Bowyers Early Heart . 


216 


Bouquet Amarelle .... 


. 216 


Bristol Cherry .... 


215 




. 218 


Buttner's Yellow .... 


204 


Buttner's Wachs-Knorpel Kirsche . 


. 204 


Buttner's Gelbe-Knorpel Kirsche 


204 


Buchanan's Early Duke . 


. 211 


Buttner's October Morello . 


215 


Buttner's October Zucker Weichsel 


. 215 




189 








. 191 


Burr's Seedling .... 


. 204 


Buttner's Black Heart 


204 


Buttner's Herr Kirsche . 


. 204 


Brenneman's May .... 


205 


Black Spanish . m . 


. 208 


Brown's Seedling 


214 


Buttner's October .... 


. 215 




215 


Carmine Stripe .... 


. 206 




206 






Cerise Ambree .... 


208 


Cerise Doucette .... 


. 189 


Cerise de la Palembre . 


189 


Cerise a Noyeau Tendre . 


. 189 


Cerise Guigne 


211 


Cerise Nouvelle d'Angleterre . 


. 205 


Cerise de Portugal 


205 


Cerise a Bouquet .... 


. 216 


Cerise a Courte Queue . 


217 


Cerisier a fleurs Doubles . 


. 216 


Cerise Tardive 


220 


Cerisier Pleurant .... 


. 220 


Cerise de St Martin . . . . 


220 


China Bigarreau .... 


. 205 


Chinese Heart 


205 


Chevereuse 


. 216 


Chinese Double Flowering 


216 


Champagne . 


. 205 




206 


Cluster ... 


. 216 



■<* 



INDEX OF FRUITS. 



485 



Cluster 

Common English . 

Corone 

Couronne 

Coroun 

Cceur de Pigeon 

Coularde . 

Common Eed 

Commune . 

Common Eed . • . 

Common Sour Cherry 

Crown .... 

Circassian 

Cleveland 

Cleveland Bigarreau 

Civs Transparent 

Cumberland 

Cumberland Seedling . 

Con--stoga 

Clarke's Bigarreau 

Cnatenay . 

Girise de Xavier . 

(Joe's Late Carnation 

Gorwin .... 

Clarke's Superb 

Clarke's Bigarreau ? 

Cerise Indulle . 

Cream .... 

Davenport's Early . 

Davenport 

Davenport's Early Black 

De Hollande . 

D'Espagne . 

Djwnton 

Downer's Late . 

Downer .... 

Downer's Late Eed . 

Downing's Bed Cheek . 

Double Flowering Kentish 

Dredge's Early White Heart 

Dutch Morello 

Dwarf Double-Floweriny 

Double Heart . 

Doctor .... 

Delicate . 

De 16 a-la-livre 

D'Experin 

Donna Maria 

Duchess of Pallua . 

DuNord 

Du Nord KTouvelle . 

De Prusse 

DsSpa ... 

Early Black . 

Early White Heart . 

Early Purple G-uigne 

Early Purple G-riotte 

Early Duke . 

Early May 

Early Richmond . 

Elton. 

Elkhom .... 

English Morello . 

Eyer Flowering Cherry 

Early Prolific ■ 

Elizabeth 

Elliott's Favorite 

English Amber . 

Favorite . 

Flesh-Colored Bigarreau 

Florence . 

Famish. 



PAGE 

. 216 

215 
. 215 

215 
. 215 

194 
. 211 

194 
. 194 

21T 
. 217 

205 
. 189 

191 
. 191 

192 
. 205 

205 
. 206 

212 
. 214 

215 
. 216 

216 
. 216 

216 
. 217 

217 
. 216 

216 
. 216 

211 
. 211 

207 
. 192 

192 
. 192 

205 
. 216 

21£ 
. 218 

216 
. 189 

192 
. 193 

196 
. 204 

206 
. 207 

215 
. 215 

215 
. 218 

215 
. 216 

195 
. 195 

211 
. 217 

194 
. 194 

213 
. 218 

225 
. 193 

207 
. 207 

207 
. 207 

194 
. 208 

217 



Four to the Pound . 

Fraser's Black Tartarian 

Fraser's Black Heart 

Fraser's Black 
I Fraser's White Tartarian 
j Erasers White Transparent 
j Fellow's Seedling 
I G-ascoigne"s Heart . 

Cean Amber 

Graffion 
j Groote Princesse 
j Grosse Bigarreau Couleur de Chair 
| Gros Bigarreau Blanc 

G-ros Coenret . 

Gros Bigarreau Eouge 
j Gridley .... 

Grosse Schwarze Knoorpel 
! Griotte de Portugal 
! Grosse Cerise Eouge Pale 
; Griottier Eouge Pale 

Griotte de Villennes 
\ Gros Gobet 
| Guinier a Fruit Noir 
| Guigne Grosse Noir 
| Guigne Eouge Hative 

Guigne Noir Tardive 

Guigne Gros Blanc . 

German May Duke 

Governor Wood 

Grosse Guign'e Noir Lnisante 

Great Bigarreau ? 

Guigne. Noir Luisante 

Harrison Heart . 

Herefordshire Black 

Herefordshire Heart . 

Hildesheim Bigarreau . 

Honey 

Hollandische Grosse 

Holland Bigarreau 

Holman's Duke 

Hyde's Bed Heart . 

Hildesheim . 

Ho /-tense . 

Holland .... 

Hoadley 

Hovey .... 

Herefordshire White 

Hyde's Seedling 

Hyde's Late Black . 

Imperial 

Imperial Morello 

Italian Heart . 

Jeffrey's Duke . 

Joc-o-Sot 

Keokuk 

Kennicott 

Kentish 

Kentish .... 

Kentish 

Kentish Eed . 

Kentish Eed 

Knevett's Late Bigarreau 

Knight's Early Black 

Kit-Hand's Mary . 

Kirtland's Mammoth 

Kirtland's Large Morello 

Knight's Late Black 

Large Wild Black . 

Large Honey 

Large White Bigarreau 

Large Heart-Shaped Bigarreau 

Lauermann's Kirsche . 



486 



INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Large Heart-Shaped Bigarreau 

Large Eed Bigarreau 

Lady Southampton's Yelloto 

Lady Southampton's Duke, 

Lady Southampton's Golden 

Large Black Bigarreau . 

Late Arch Duke 

Late Duke 

Late Duke 

Large Mayduke 

Late Kentish 

Large Morello 

Late Morello 

Large Double-Flowering 

Lions Heart 

Lemercier of E. and B. . 

Late Bigarreau 

Large Heart-Shaped . 

Logan .... 

Large Morello 

Lemercier 

Lindley .... 

Leather Stocking 

Late Honey . 

Lundie Gean . 

Lords Phillip 

Madison .... 

Mary .... 

Manning's Early Black . 

Mazzard .... 

Manning's Mottled . 

Maccarty 

Madison Bigarreau . 

Manning's Late Black 

Mannings Late Black Heart 

May Duke 

May Cherry 

Merisier a fruit blanc . 

Millett's Late Heart Duke 

Mottled Bigarreau . 

Morris 1 Early Duke . 

Montmorency 

Montmorency a gros fruit 

Montmorency a longue queue 

Morello .... 

Muscat de Prague . 

Monstreuse de Bavay 

Monstrous May 

Merveille de September . 

Morris Duke . 

Monstreuse de Mezel 

Napoleon . . 

Napoleon Bigarreau . 

New Large Black Bigarreau 

Ox Heart . 

Osceola . 

Ohio Beauty 

Ostheim . 

Ostheimer Weichsel 

Ox Heart 

Pie Cherry 

Pie Cherry 

Plum-stone Morello 

Portugal Duke 

Portugal Duke . 

Prinzessin Kirsche 

Prince's Duke . 

Precoce . 

Purple Guigne 

Pontiaa . 

Powhattan 

Proudfoot 



Drop 



PAGE 

, 199 

219 

218 

218 

218 

213 
, 203 

203 
, 211 

211 

217 

218 
, 218 

218 
, 218 

196 
, 199 

199 
, 200 

210 
, 211 

211 
, 211 

21T 

218 

218 
. 211 

211 
. 218 

215 
. 211 

21T 
. 211 

218 
. 218 

211 
. 21T 

217 
. 211 

211 
. 211 

217 
. 217 

194 
. 218 

194 
. 196 

205 
. 210 

211 
. 199 

212 
. 212 

199 
. 218 

200 
. 212 

219 
. 219 

220 
. 194 

217 
. 219 

203 
. 211 

208 
. 219 

217 
. 195 

201 
. 201 

212 



Proudfoot's Seedling 

President 

Pink Heart 

Eed Heart 

Remington 

Eemington White Heart 

Eemington Heart 

Rivers' Early Heart . 

Livers' Early Amber 

Eonald's Large Black Heart 

Eonald's Heart . 

Robert's Red Heart 

Eoyal Hative 

Royal Duke . 

Eonald's Large Morello 

Rumsey's Late Morello 

Eonald's Black Heart ' . 

Eeine Hortense 

Rockport .... 

Eockport Bigarreau 

Red Jacket . _. 

Richardson . 

Red Bigarreau 

Schone von Choisy 

Serrulated leaved Cherry . 

Small May 

Spanish Black Heart . 

Sparkhawk's Honey 

Sparrowhawk's Honey 

Spotted Bigarreau 

Spanish Yellow 

Superb Circassian . 

Sussex .... 

Sweet Montmorency . 

Shannon .... 

Schwarze Neue Herr Kirsche 

Sterets May 

Sweedish 

Sweedish Eed Heart 

Sparhawk 

Tartarian .... 

Thompson's Duke . 

Tobacco Leaved 

Transparent Guigne . 

Transparent Gean . 

Transparent . 

Tradescant 

Tradescant's Black Heart 

Turkey Bigarreau 

Turkey Bigarreau . 

The Doctor 

Tardif-de-Hildesheim . 

Tecumseh . ■ . 

Triomphe of Cumberland 

Tardive de Mons 

Vail's August Duke 

Very Large Heart 

Virginian May 

Virginian Wild Cherry . 

Virginia May Duke . 

Wendell's Mottled . 

"Ward's Bigarreau . 

WendellVMottled Bigarreau 

Waterloo 

"Wax Cherry 

Werder's Early Black . 

"Werder's Early Black Heart 

Werdersche Frue Schwarze Herz 

West's White Heart . 

Weichsel mit gauzkurzen stiel 

Weeping or All Saint's . 

White Heart .... 



PAGE 

212 

212 
219 
215 
219 
219 
219 

216 
189 
189 
212 
211 
211 
"218 
219 
189 
196 
201 
201 
202 
212 
219 
189 
216 
217 
215 
217 
217 
208 
207 
189 
194 
219 
202 
204 
205 
216 
216 
207 
189 
211 
217 
219 
219 
219 



208, 



213 
,220 
208 
192 
196 
203 
205 
210 
213 
218 
194 
219 
219 
213 
199 
213 
213 
205 
213 
213 
Kirsche 213 
208 

220 
216 



INDEX OF FRUITS. 



487 



"White Transparent . 
White Tartarian . 
White Bigarreau 
White Bigarreau, . 
White Ox Heart 
Wilder' s Bigarreau de Mai 
Wild English Cherry 
Warren's Transparent 
Wilkinson 
Wellington . 
Yellow Honey . 
Yellow Spanish 
Yellow or Golden . 
Yung To 



PAGE 

. 216 

220 
. 208 

220 
. 220 

214 
. 215 

220 
. 220 

220 
. 217 

208 
. 217 

216 



GJ0"RRANT6. 

American Blade 
Black Grape . 
Black English . 
Black Naples 
Common Bed . 
Common White 
(Jherry . 

Champagne . . . 
Common Black ■ 
Fertile Currant of Palnau 
Qon&oitin .... 
Gondouin Eed 
Goliath . • . 
Houghton Castle . 
Jefferson .... 
Knight's Large Bed . 
Knight's Early Bed 
KnigMs Sweet Bed 
Large Eed Dutch 
Large Bunehed Bed 
Long Bunched Bed . 
Large White . 
Missouri Large-fruited . 

Missouri Eatable . 
May's Victoria . 

Missouri 

Morgan's Red . 

Morgan's White . 

Missouri Fragrant 

New Bed Dutch . 

New White Dutch . 

Palnau .... 

Baby Castle 

Pavers' White Grape . 

Bed Butch 

Eed Grape 

Eeeve's White . 

Bed Flowering Currant 

Striped Fruited 
Victoria 

White Dutch . 

White Crystal 

White Leghorn . 
White Pearl . 
White Grape . 



GOOSEBERRIES. 

Buerdsill's Duckwing 
Capper's Bunker's Hill . 
Champagne .... 
Collier's Jolly Angler . 
Crompton Shed a Queen 
Early Sulphur . . „ ■ 
Greek Walnut * 



Houghton' 1 8 Seedling 
Ironmonger . 
Keen's Seedling 
Massey's Heart of Oak 
Melting's Crown Bob 
Pale Bed 

Parkinson's Laurel 
Pitmaston Green Gage 
Boaring Lion . 
Bed Warrington . 

Taylor's Bright Venus . 

White Honey 

Woodward's Whitesmith 

GEAPES. 



Ada . 

Arkansas 

Allen's Seedling Hamburg 

Alicant .... 

Alexander's 

Amber Muscadine 

Amiens 

American Muscadine . 

August Traube . 

Black Cluster 

Black Morillon . 

Black Burgundy . 

Black Frontignan 

Black Erontignae . 

Black Hamburgh . 

Black Prince 

Black Spanish . 

Black Valentia 

Black Portugal . 

Black Lisbon . 

Brinckle 

Black Orleans * . 
Black St. Peter's . 

Bland 

Bland's Virginia 
Bland's Madeira . 
Bland's Pale Eed . 
Bourdales des Hautes Pyrenees 
Boston ..... 
Brown Hamburgh 
Bur guilder . 

Bull or Bullett 
Cambridge Botanie Garden 

Canon Hall Muscat 

Cape Grape .... 

Catawba .... 

Catawba Tokay 

Chasselas Dore 

Chasselas Blanc 

Chasselas de Eontainebleau . 

Clinton . - 

C'assady .... 

Clara 

Concord . 

Clermont 

Clifton's Constantia 

Clarence 

Delaware • 

Decimanner . 
226 D'Arbois ... * 
228 De St. dean ....'■■ 

228 Diana 

229 Dutch Hamburg 

230 Early Black .... 
229 Early Black July . 
229 Early White Teneriffe , 



225 

225 

225 

223 

225 

225 

225 

225 

225 

224 

223 

223 

224 

224 
225 
225 

225 
223 
224 
224 
224 
224 
225 
225 
224 
225 
2.24 
224 
225 
224 
224 
224 
224 
224 
224 
224 
224 
223 
225 
224 
224 
224 
, 224 
224 
. 224 



PAGE 

. 229 

229 
. 229 

229 
. 229 

230 
. 229 

229 
. 230 

;30 
. 228 

230 
. 230 



. 243 
244 
. 253 
253 
. 247 
254 
. 254 
248 
. 254 
253 
. 253 
253 
. 253 
253 
. 253 
253 
. 253 
253 
. 253 
253 
. 471 
253 
. 253 
244 
. 244 
244 
. 244 
253 
. 253 
253 
. 254 
248 
. 253 
255 
. 247 
244 
. 244 
254 
. 254 
254 
. 245 
471 
. 471 
471 
. 245 
247 
. 246 
255 
. 255 
254 
. 254 
245 
. 253 
253 
. 254 
254 



4:88 



INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Early White Muscadine 

Elsinburgh 

Elsenborough 

Emily 

Fromentin Eouge . 

Fox Grape 

Frankendale . 

Fromentean 

Frontiac of Alexandria 

Gris Eouge 

Graham, 

Gibraltar . 

Golden Chasselas . 

Grizzly Frontignan 

Grizzly Frontignac 

Herbemont 

Herbemont's Madeira 

Heath 

Hampton Court Vine 

Imitation Hamburg 

Isabella 

Jacob's Traube . 

Jerusalem Muscat . 

July Grapo 

Kleinbranner . 

Lebanon Seedling . 

Lenoir . 

Longworth's Ohio . 

Lunel 

Marzimmer 

Mammoth Catawba 

Minor's /Seedling . 

Madeleine 

Madeleine Noir . 

Madeira . 

Malaga 

Miller's Burgundy 

Missouri . 

Missouri Seedling . 

Morillon Hatif . 

Muscat of Alexandria 

Moschata Bianca 

Moscado Bianco . 

Moscatel Common . 

Muscat Noir Ordinaire 

Muscat Noir de Jura 

Muscat d'Alexandrie 

Muscat Blanc . 

Muscat Blanc de Jura 

Muscateller 

Muscat Eouge 

Muscat Gris 

Muscat Noir . 

Nepean's Constantia 

Norton's Virginia 

Norton's Seedling 

Ohio 

Passe longue Musque 

Passe Musque 

Pineau 

Pocock's Damascus 

Powell 

Pon'Vs Seedling . 

Purple Frontignan . 

Purple Constantia . 

Purple Hamburg 

Banfolak 

Eanfoliga . 

Eaabe 

Eaabe's No. 1 . 

Eaabe*s No. 4 

Eaabe's No. 2 . 



PAGE 

254 
245 
245 

472 

255 

24T 

258 

255 

255 

255 

472 

253 

254 

254 

254 

248 

246 

255 

253 

247 

246 

254 

255 

254 

255 

244 

246 

247 

255 

255 

245 

248 

254 

254 

247 

255 

254 

247 

247 

254 

255 

255 

255 

255 

253 

253 

255 

255 

255 

255 

254 

254 

253 

255 

247 

247 

247 

255 

255 

253 

253 

244 

245 

253 

353 

253 

255 

255 j 

472 ! 

471 

471 I 

472 '■ 



Eaabe's No. 3 . 

Eoanoke . 

Eed Traminer . 

Eother Traminer . 

Bother Klevner 

Eothclauser . 

Eothe Beifler . 

Eothedel 

Eothfranken 

Eaisin Precoce 

Baisin de Champagne 

Eaisin de Frontignan 

Eed Muncy 

Eed Hamburgh . 

Eed Constantia . 

Royal Muscadine 

St. Clauser . 

Salisbury Violet . 

Schuylkill Muscadell 

Schuylkill Muscadine 

Sj upper •nong . 

Segar-Box Grape . 

S vu-rtleft's Seedling . 

Sir William Bowley's Black 

Sir A. Pytche's Black 

Small Black Cluster 

Smart's Elsingburg . 

Spring Mill ,4Jonstantia . 

Steward's Black Prince . 

Sumpter 

Singleton .... 

Schuylkill 

Traminer .... 

Tokayer ... 

Tasker's Grape . 

Tottenham Park Muscat 

To Kalon .... 

True Burgundy 

Valentine s . . 

Victoria .... 

Warner's Black Hamburgh 

Writs Catawba . 

White Muscat of Alexandria 

White Muscat 

White Muscat of Lunel 

White Frontignan 

White Constantia 

White Frontniac . 

White Sweet Wader . 

Winne 

Wilmofs New Black BTambm 

Worthington . 

Zane 

HECTABISTES. 

Anderson's .... 
Anderson's (of some) 
Anderson's Bound . 
Aromatic . . . 
Barker .... 
Black .... 
Black Murry 
Bosto-n .... 
B''oomfieldj 
Brngnon Hatif 
Brugnon, Eed at the Stone 
Brugnon de Newington 
Brugnon Musque 
Brugnon Violette Musquee 
Claremont . 
Common EIruge . 



ffh 



PAGE 

472 

24S 
255 
255 
255 
255 
255 
255 
255 
254 
254 
255 
244 
253 
254 
254 
255 
258 
24T 
247 
248 
247 
248 
253 
253 
253 
245 
24T 
253 
243 
244 
24T 
255 
255 
247 
255 
245 
253 
253 
253 
253 
245 
255 
255 
255 
255 
255 
255 
255 
247 
253 
245 
245 



25T 



260 
257 
257 

259 
256 
259 
257 
257 

259 
259 

257 
251 



INDEX OF FRUITS. 



489 





PAGE 


Cowdray White .... 


. 25S 


Duke of Telliers 


25T 






Doionton 


25T 


Due du Telliers .... 


. 25T 


Due de Tilly 


257 




. 25T 


DuTilleys 


257 


Early Violet . . . . - . 


. 257 


Early Brugnon . . . 


257 


Early Newington . 


. 258 


Early Black Newington 


258 




. 258 


dlruge 


257 


Emerton's New White 


. 258 


French Yellow 


258 


Fairchild 


. 259 


Fairchild's Early 


259 


Fine Gold-Fleshed .... 


. 259 


Flanders 


258 


French Newington .... 


. 260 


Genoa 


260 






Hardwicke's Seedling . 


258 


Hardwicke 


. 258 


Hampton Court 


257 


Hunt's Tawny 


. 258 


Hunt's Large Tawny . , 


258 


Hunt's Early Tawny 


. 258 


Jaune Lisse 


260 


Large Early Violet 


. 258 


Late Yellow 


260 


Large White 


. 258 


Late Green 


260 




. 257 


Lewis ' 


256 


Lord Selsey's Elruge 


. 257 


Lucombe's Black .... 


258 


Lucorube's Seedling .... 


. 258 


Murrey . 


259 


Murry . ... 


. 259 


New White 


258 


Neat White 


. 258 


New Scarlet . 


257 


Newington 


. 260 


New Dark Newington . 




New Early Newington . 


. 258 


Oatlands 


257 


Orange . . . . 


. 259 


Old White 






. 260 


Old Koman . . - . 


259 




. 258 


Princess Golden .... 


260 


Perkins' Seedlinsr .... 


. 256 


Peterborough (of some) 






. 260 


Petite Violette Hative . . . 


257 


Pitmaston Orange . . . 


. 248 


Bed Roman 


259 




. 259 


Eough Eoman .... 


260 


Scarlet Newington .... 


. 260 


Scarlet 


260 




. 259 


Sweet Yellozo .... 


260 


SionHill 


. 260 


Smith's Newington 


260 




. 257 


Temple's 


257 


Vermash (of some) .... 


. 260 


Violette Hative .... 


257 



Violet .... 
Violette Angervillieres 
Violette Musquee 
Violet, red at the scone 
Violet Musk 
William's Orange . 
Williams' Seedling . 
Violet Grosse 



PEACHES. 



Alberge . 
Allen . 
Atwater . 
Anne 
Admirable 
Almond . 
Abricotee . 
Acton Scoit . 
Admirable Tardive 
Admirable Jaune 
Algiers Yellow . 
Algiers Winter . 
Apricot Peach . 
Astor 

Avant Eouge . 
Avant Blanche 
Bachelder ■ 
Baxter's Seedling, No. 
Barnard . 
Belle de Beaucaire 
Beauty of Beaucaire 
Bergen's Yellow . 
Brentford Mignonne . 
Briggs . 

Belzar's Early Rareripe 
Belle CJie'Oreuse . 
Bennett's Rareripe . 
Beauty of Salisbury 
Barring'ton 
Baltimore Beauty 
Bellegarde 
Belle de Vitry 
Bellis .... 
Belle Beaute . 
Belle de Vitry . 
Belle de Paris 
Bergen 

Blood Clingstone . 
Blood Cling 
Bourdine " . 
Boudin 
Brevoort 
Brevoort's Morris 
Brevoort's Seedling Melter 
Brown Nutmeg 
Buckingham Mignonne 
Biillard's Clingstone 
Bullard's Se-edling 
Burgess Beauty 
Carry's Mammoth Cling 
Cable's Late 
Cable's Late Melocoton 
Cambridge Belle 
Clarke . 
-Canary 
C/iillian 
Cable's Medium Melocoton 
Cable's Early 
Cable's Early Melocoton . 
Crawford's Late .- 
Crawford's Superb Melocoton 



257 
257 

258 
258 
258 



281 
281 
2S1 
290 
290 
290 
296 
290 

. 290 
281, 296 

. 293 
293 
296 
290 
294 
295 
281 
472 
281 
290 
290 
272 
281 
281 
291 
291 
291 
290 
290 
290 
281 
290 
290 
274 
290 
276 
272 
281 
281 
276 
276 
272 
272 
272 
294 
290 
282 
282 
288 
291 
282 
281 
282 
282 
291 
291 
291 
291 
291 
273 
273 



400 



INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Chinese Peach 

Charlotte . 

Catherine Cling . 

Cardinale . 

Catherine 

Chancellor 

Chancelliere • 

Clinton 

Claret Clingstone . 

Cole's Early Red . 

Cooledge's Favorite 

Cooledge's Early Bed Eareripe 

Colonel Ansley's . 

Congress .... 

Congress Cling 

Cole's White Malocoton . 

Columbia 

Crawford's Late Melocoton 

Crawford's Early 

Crawford's Early Melocoton . 

Crawford's Superb Malacatune 

Cut-Leaved .... 

Dozvn-Easter 

Doctor Cooper . 

Douglass 

Double Mordagne . 

Double Mountain . 

Dorsetshire 

Druid Rill . 

Eliza .... 

Ehnira .... 

Early York, of New Jersey 

Early Crawford 

Early Galande . 

Early Barnard . 

Early Maiden . 

Early Robinson Crusoe 

Eastburn's Choice . 

Eastburn 

Early Anne 

Early Tillotson . 

Early York 

Early Newington Freestone 

Early Newington . 

Early Sweet- Water 

Early Admirable 

Early Purple Avant 

Early May 

Early Vineyard . 

Early Eed Nutmeg . 

Early White Nutmeg . 

Early Purple . 

Early Eoyal George 

Early Eed Eareripe . 

Edgar's Late Melting . 

Emperor of Russia 

French Eareripe . 

FulJcerson 

Fulkerson's Early 

Favorite . 

Favorite Eed 

Flat Peach of China 

Fox's Seedling 

French Mignonne 

French Eoyal George . 

French Magdalen 

Freestone Heath . 

French Bourdine 

Fine Heath . 

Gorgas 

Golden Eareripe . 

Green Rareripe 



PAGE 

282 

. 291 

292 



292 
291 
291 
282 
281 
282 
273 
278 
290 
291 
291 
276 
278 
278 
272 
272 
273 
292 
283 
283 
283 
288 
283 
277 
272 
283 
283 
277 
272 
281 
281 
2S6 
292 
283 
283 
290 
279 
273 
274 

274, 295 
294 
290 
274 
274 
274 
294 
295 
. 274 

281, 294 
. 288 
291 
292 

280, 281 
. 283 
283 
292 
292 
282 
292 
274 
281 
294 
276 
276 
274 
472 
281 
284 



Gest's Superb . 

Grosse Persique Bouge 

Gest's Large Freestone . 

Galand .... 

George the Fourth . 

Gold Fleshed . . . •„ 

Golden Mignonne 

Green Nutmeg 

Grouse Mignonne . 

Grimwood's Eoyal George 

Grimwood's New Eoyal George 

Griffin's Mignonne 

Grimwood's Eoyal Charlotte 

Green Catherine . 

Gros Malecaton 

Golden Ball . 

Hatch 

Hale's Melocoton . 

Hale .... 



Hartshorn . 
Hastings .... 
Hall's Down-Easter 
Honest John 
Hardy Galande 
Hcvey's Cambridge Belle 
Heath's Freestone 
Hof'ner .... 
Hoffner's Seedling 
Henry Clay . ■ . 
Haine's Early Eed 
Heath Clingstone 
Heath .... 
Hoffman's Pound 
Hogg's Melocoton . 
Hyslop . 
Hyslop's Clingstone 
Hill's Madeira . 
Ispahan 
Incomparable . 
Italian . . . 

Jane 

Jagues .... 
Jaquish .... 
Jaques 1 Eareripe . 
Jose Sweet 
Jones' Early . 
Jones' Large Early 
Java .... 
Johnson's Early Purple . 
Judd's Melting 
Kenrick's Heath 
Kew Early Purple 
Eennedy's Carolina . . . 
Kennedy's Lemon Cling 
Lafayette Clingstone 
Lafayette 
Large Melting . 
Late Chancellor 
Large Early York . 
Large American Nutmeg 
LAdmirable 
Large French Mignonne 
La Eoyale .... 
Late Admirable . 
La Grange 
Large Bed Eareripe 
Large Eed Eareripe . 
Lady Ann Steward 
Late Bed Eareripe . 
Lady Gallatin 
Large Yellow Eareripe 
Late Admirable. Cling 



PAGE 

. 292 
285 

. 292 
284 

. 274 
281 

. 281 
290 

. 274 
274 

. 274 
294 

. 291 
283 

. 285 
292 

. 284 
284 

. 284 
2S4 

. 284 
283 

. 277 
281, 2S4 
282 
284 
292 
292 
284 
277 
274 
274 
293 
288 
275 
275 
285 
292 
285 
276 
272 
275 
275 
275 
285 
285 
285 
282 
274 
276 
284 
291 
277 
277 
293 
293 
293 
291 
277 
294 
290 
274 
276 
276 
293 
275 
288 
276 
277 
288 
280 
285 



INDEX OF FRUITS. 



7 arge White Clingstone . 

Lat>, Yellow Alberge 

Largest Lemon . 

Large Newington „ 

Lemon Clingstone . 

Lord Montague's Noblesse 

Lockyer's Mignonne". 

Lord Fauconberg s Mignonne 

Long Yellow Pine Apple . 

Luscious "White Eareripe 

Livingstone's N. Y Eareripe 

Lincoln „ . 

Magistrate 

Majestrate 

Madeira .... 

Madeira Freestone . 

Merriam .... 

Mrs. Poinsett 

Moore's Favorite 

Melting .... 

Morrisania 

Monstrous Freestone . 

Madeline of Courson 

Maiden .... 

Madeleine de Courson 

Madeline Eouge 

Malta ..... 

Malte de Normandie 

Malagatune 

Malacatune . 

Marie Antoinette 

Mellish's Favorite .. 

Mignonne .... 

Millet's Mignonne . 

Montague .... 

Montauban 

Motteux's 

Morris's Eed Eareripe . 

Morris Bed 

Morris White Eareripe . 

Morris White . 

Morris White Freestone 

Morrisania Pound . \ 

Morrison's Pound . 

Monstrous Pavie 

Monstrous Pompone 

Monstrous Clingstone . 

Newington Cling . 

New Eoyal George . 

Narbonne 

New Cut-leaved 

Neill's Early Purple 

New Eoyal Charlotte 

New York White Clingstone 

Newington 

Nivette 

Nivette Veloutee 

Noisette .... 

Noblesse . 

Noir de Montreuil . 

New York Rareripe 

Newman . . „ 

Nonpareil 

Oioen . . , , 

Owen's Lemon . 

Owen's Lemon Eareripe 

Oldmixon . 

October Yellow . 

Oldmixon Freestone 

Oldmixon Olearstone . 

Oldmixon Clingstone 

Qld Newington , 



PAGE 

. 289 
293 

. 2T7 
298 

. 277 
286 

. 294 



277 
276 
277 
286 
293 
293 
285 
285 
285 
285 
286 
293 
293 
294 
294 
286 
294 
294 
276 
276 
288 
2S8 
280 
286 
274 
294 
283 
288 
276 
275 
275 
276 
276 
276 
'293 
293 
285 
285 
2S5 
293 
294 
276 
292 
274 
291 
289 
274, 293 
277 
277 
291 
286 



277 
286 
293 
287 
287 
287 
278 
293 
278 
278 
278 
293 



Orange Clingstone 
Orange .... 

Orchard Queen . 
Old Eoyal Charlotte 
Philadelphia Freestone 
Paragon .... 

Pecher d 1 Ispahan 
Poinsett .... 

Poole's Yellow 
Phfleiger .... 

Pavie Admirable . 

Pavie de Pomponhe 

Pavie de Pomponne Crosse 

Pavie Eouge de Pompone 

Pavie Caum . 

Pavie Monstreux 

Peehe Eoyale 

Peehe Malte 

Peehe Jaune . 

Peen-To ...... 

Pine-Apple Clingstone . 
Pourpree de Normandie . 
Pourpree Hative . 
Pourpree Tardive 
Poole's Large Yellow . 
Poole's Late Yellow Freestone 
President .... 

Prince's Red RareHpe . 

Purple Avant 

Purple Alberge . 

Prince's Paragon . 

Reeve's Favorite 

Eonald's Mignonne 

Eed Eareripe 

Red Rareripe 

Eed Magdalen . 

Eeine des Vergers . 

Red Nutmeg 

Eed Avant . 

Red Cheek 

Eed Magdalen 

Eed Cheek Malocoton 

Eed Alberge . 

Eed Heath 

Eeid's Weeping 

Eoyal Kensington 

Eonald's Seedling Galande 

Eoyal Sovereign 

Eoyale .... 

Eouge Paysanne 
Royal George 

Eose 

Rosanna 

Rosebank .... 

Rodman's Red 

Shanghai .... 

Site's OldZack 

Skinner's Superb . 

Saint George 

Smock .... 

Smith's Favorite . 

Swalsh .... 

Swaize .... 

Smock Clingstone . 

Spring Grove 

Slocum's Early 

Smith's Newington 

Sanguinole a Chair Adherente 

Scott's' Early Red . 

Serrated 

Selby's Cling .... 
Smock Freestone . . ' . 



294 

292 
289 
288 



4.Q9 



INDEX- OF FJRUITS. 



Smith's Newington 

Smithes Early~Newington 

Smooth-leaved Eoyal George 

Snow .... 

Stewart's Late Galande 

Strawberry 

Superb Eoyal 

Superb 

Sweet Water . 

Swiss Mignonne 

Serrate Early York 

Scott's Nonpareil 

Sulhamstead . 

Siel/ott 

True Early York . 

Tillotson 



Tuffs Early . 

Tufts Rareripe 

Tarbell . 

Teton de Venus 

Tippecanoe . 

True Eed Magdalen 

Tice 

Tice's Bed and Yellow 

Unique . 

Vandermark . 

Yiolet Hative Grosse 

Vanguard . 

Van Zandts Superb 

Veloutee Tardive 

Violette Hative 

Vineuse 

Vineuse de Fromentin 

Ward's Freestone . 

Ward's Late Free . 

"Ward's Free 

Weld's Freestone. . 

Washington Eareripe 

Walburton . 

Walburton Admirable 

Waxen Eareripe . 

Washington 

Washington Eed Freestone 

Walter's Early 

Washington Clingstone 

Weeping . 

White Eareripe 

White Malacaton 

White Nutmeg 

White Avant . 

White Imperial . 

White Blossomed Incomparable 

White Blossom 

Willow Peach . 

Williamson's New York 

White Heath . 

White Clingstone . 

Yates" 1 Early . 

Yellow Admirable 

Yellow Malocoton 

Yellow Malagatune 

Yellow Alberge 

Yellow Eareripe . 

Yellow Rareripe 

Yellow Pine Apple 

Yellow Eed Eareripe 

Yellow Barnard 

Zoar Beauty . 



PEARS, 



PAGE 

274 
274, 295 
2S1 
2S7 
291 
294 
274 
294 
294 
274 
273 
293 
295 
295 
273 
279 
289 
2S9 
2S9 
276 
2SS 
294 
295 
295 
292 
295 
281 
286 
279 
287 
2S1 
274 
274 
280 
230 
280 
289 
289 
289 
289 
279 
2S9 
289 
279 
289 

. 296 
276. 277 

. 276 
295 
295 
279 
295 
295 
295 
289 
274 
289 
296 
296 
288 
288 
281 
281 
2S0 
277 
280 
281 
296 



Aolott . 



348 



Adele d' St. Denis 
Admiral 
Amiral 
Adam's . 

Angleterre Noisette 
Ambrette 
Ambre Gris 
Ambrette d'Hiver . 
Ah ! Mon Dieu . 
Alpha . 

Althorpe Crassaiine 
Amire Joannet 
Ambrosia . 
Am-ande Double . 
Amanda's Double 
Amoselle 
Andren.cs . 
Ananas . 
Ananas d'Ete . 
Ananas . 
Angleterre 
Angora . 
Archiduc d'Ete . 
Aston Town . 
Autumn Colmar 
Autumn Bergamot 
Autumn Paradise 
Baronne de Mello 
Bankerbine 
Beurre Suisse 
Beurre Beauli&u 
Beurre d -1 Rhine . 
Beurre Charron 
Beurre Noirchain . 
Beurre Kossuth 
Beurre Giffo-rd 
Beurre Gifrord . 
Beurre Moire 
Beurre Nantais 
Bsurre Superfine 
Beurre Bacheli&r 
Biurre Millet 
Beurre Brettouneau 
Beurre de Waterloo 
Beurre Audosson 
Beurre Sprin 
Beurre Steikman 
Beiorre Clairgeau 
Beurre Coloma . 
Beurre Chaptal 
Beurre Curtetof A. Leroy 
Beurre St. Nicholas 
Beurre Oudinot 
Beurre Scutin 
Beurre de Bollwiller 
Beurre Adam . 
Burlinghame . 
Burlingame . 
Bringewood 
Brielmont 
Borden<vte 
Boussock . , 
Brandywine . 
Belie Angevine 
Brown St. Germain 
Bonne des Zees 
Bonne d'Esee . 
Belle Epine Dumas 
Beurre Tanglier 
Beurre Easier 
Beurre Coit 
Belle Excellent 



PAGE 

. 349 



288 



SS9 
389 
3S9 
393 
34S 
349 
366 
3S8 
889 
3S9 
389 
348 



339 



866 

889 

389 

389 

349 

855 

849 

350 

850 

850 

351 

351 

351 

351 

351 

852 

353 

353 

358 

853 

853 

358 

353 

354 

354 

354 

357 

35S 

361 

364 

379 

390 

390 

891 

391 

391 

856 

357 

356 

338 

818 

834 

335 

356 

856 

344 

812 

317 

829 

849 



INDEX OF FRUITS. 



4DS 



Belle de Noel . 
Belle Apres Noel . 
Belle Julie 
Belle Canaise 
Belle de Thouars 
Belle Gabriel 
Beau Present d'Ariois 
Bergamot dlEsperin m , 
Bergamot Gaudry . 
Benouist Nouveau 
Bea-dnell . 
Beadnell's Seedling 
Bergamot Boussiere 
Bergamot Parthenay . 
Bergamot d'Alencon 
Bezi de Spoelbereh 
Bezi' Sanspareil 
Bezi d' Naples 
Bezi d'Fsperw, 
Bezi Blanc- * . 
Bon Chretien Spa/wish 
Bon Chretien Flemish 
Burgomaster . 
Bujaleuf . 
Bonne des Haies 
Barry . 
Bartlett . 
Badham's 

Belle de Bruxelles . 
Belle d'Aout . 
Beau Present . 
Bellissirne d'Ete . 
Bellissime Supreme . 
Bellissirne Jargonelle 
Belmont . 
Belle et Bonne 
Beurre Haggerston 
Beurre d'Angleterre 
Beurre Boucquia 
Beurre de Capiumont 
Beurre Gris 
Beurre Eouge . 
Beurre d'Or" 
Beurre Doree 
Beurre d'Ambois 
Beurre du Eoi 
Beurre 

Beurre WAnjou . 
Beurre Vert 
Beurre Bose . 
Beurre d?Amalis 
Beurre d'Amaulis . 
Beurre d'Amanlis 
Beurre Diet . 
Beurre Eoyale . 
Beurre Magnifique 
Beurre Incomparable 
Beurre Knox 
Beurre Kenrick 
Beurre Duval 
Beurre Preble 
Beurre Colmar 
Beurre Colmar d'Automne 
Beurre de Beaumont 
Beurre Van Mons . 
Beurre Romain . 
Beurre deRanz 
Beurre Eance 
Beurre Epine . 
Beurre de Flandre 
Beurre Bronzee , 
Beurre d'Alencon . 



PAGE 

. 349 

349 
. 350 

350 
. 350 

3S9 
. 354 

354 
. 354 

355 
. 35T 

357 
. 390 

390 
. 3S9 

385 
. 354 

355 
. 355 

391 
. 391 

391 
. 391 

400 
. 356 

4T3 
. 811 

350 
. 349 

349 
. 8T3 

395 
. 895 

395 
. 389 

889 
. 390 

3S8 
. 391 

857 
. 350 

350 
. 350 

350 
. 350 

350 
. 350 

316 
. 350 

315 
. 352 

352 
. 352 

313 
. 313 

313 
. 313 

390 
. 390 

390 
. 851 

390 
. 390 

351 
. 390 

390 

351 

851 
. 851 

351 
. 890 

389 



Beurre d'Hiver . 
Beurre Fortunee . 
Beurre d'Hardenpont 
Beurre d'Hiver Nouvelle 
Beurre dAremberg . 
Beurre d'Austrasie 
Beurre Colmar Gris, dit Preeel 
Beurre d'Argenson 
Beurre de Malines 
Beurre Van Marum . 
Beurre Spence . 
Beurre Crapaud . 
Eeurre Picquery 
Beurre Beauchamps 
Beurre Blanc de Jersey . 
Beurre Curte . 
Beurre Plat 
Bergaloo . 

Beurre Blanc 
Beurre or Bonne -Louise-d'Araudore 
Beurre Mell 
Beurre Sieulle 
Beurre d'Aremberg 
Beurre des Orpbelins . 
Beurre de la Pentecote . 
Beurre d'Hiver de Bruxelles 
Beurre Eoupe . 
•Beurre de Paques 
Beurre Gris d'Hiver Nouveau 
Belle de Brussels . 
Bezi Vatt .... 
Bezi dVIeri ... 
Bezi Eoyale 

Bergamotte de Paques . 
Bergamotte d'Hiver . 
Bergamotte de Bugi 
Bergamotte de Toulouse . 
Bergamotte d'Hollande 
Bergamotte de Fouegre . 
Bergamot d'Ete 
Bergamotte d'Angleterre . 
Bergamotte Suisse 
Bergamotte Cadette 
Bergamotte Crassane 
Bergamotte Sylvange 
Bergamotte de la Pentecote 
Bezi de Chaumontelle 
Bezi d'Echassey 
Bezi de Chasserie 
Belle de Jersey . 
Beaucbamps 
Bezi de Montigny 
Bezi de la Moite 
Bein Armudi 
Belle de Flanders . 
Belh. Lucrative . . , 
Bezi Chaumontelle tres gros 
Bishop's Thumb . 
Bloodgood 
BleeJcer's Meadow 
Black Worcester 
Black Pear of Worcester 
Bon Chretien d'Ete . 
Boxicquia .... 
Bosc's Flaschenbirne 
Bonne Eouge 
Bon CJiretien Fondants 
Boucbe Kbuvelle . 
Bosch .... 

Bosch Sire .... 
Boston Epargne 
Bon Chretien d'Espagne 



494 



Bujaleuf 
Bourgermester . 
Bonne de Malines . 
Broujham 
Brown Beurre 
Brocas Bergamot 
Braddock's Field Standard 
Broom, Parle . 
Bretagne le Cour . 
Brown St. Germain . 
Bra-ride's St. Germain 
Buffam .... 
Biiffum .... 
Burnett . . . . 
Butter Pear . 
Captif d 1 St. Helena . 
Calebasse Delvinge 
Chapin .... 
Chapman 
Citron of Bohemia 
Cailliot Eosat 
Calebasse d'Me 
Caen du France . 
Catinha 
Canandaigua 
Catherine .... 
Oelestln .... 
Chaptal .... 
Chancellor . 
Charles Van Mons . 
Charles Van Roogten . 
Christmas 
Cater .... 

Coit 

Conseiller Bamusz 

Countess of Lunay 

Oomtesse de Lunay 

Collins .... 

Coffin's Virgalieu 

Oaillot Eosat d'Ete . 

Capiumont . 

Calabasse Bose . 

Cabot .... 

Capsheaf .... 

Calebasse 

Calebasse Double Extra . 

Calebasse d'Hollande ' . 

Calebasse Grpsse . 

Capucin 

Claire .... 

Calhoun 

Canning .... 

Catillac 

Cadilloc .... 

Cellite .... 

Chelmsford 

Charles of Austria 

Charles d'Autriche . 

Chaumontel tres gros . 

Chawmontel 

Chapman's 

Chambers 1 Large 

Chambrette . 

Citron 

Citron des Carmes . 

Clara .... 

Clinton .... 

Clion 

Compte de Lamy 
Cpmprette .... 
Commodore . 
Copea . 



INDEX OF FEUITS. 



391 
846 
356 
350 
369 
377 
391 
334 



818 

318 

391 

322 

366 

392 

363 

392 

392 

899 

358 

357 

357 

357 

357 

343 

858 

3581 

358 

358 

358 

360 

319 

359 

359 

359 

360 

394 

899 

357 

815 

892 

357 

392 

392 

392 

392 

392 

392 

357 

317 

392 

392 

380 

393 

392 

892 

317 

359 

380 

834 

400 

360 

331 

392 

392 

344 

360 

393 

89? 

39i 



Colmar JS-pine 
Colmar Neill . 
Comtesse de Fresnol 
Compte de Michaux . 
Colmar Bosc . 
Colmar des Champs 
Columbia .... 
Columbian Virgalieu a . 
Columbian Virgalouse . 

Comstock 

Comstock Wilding 

Colmar 

Colmar Dore .... 
Colmar d'Hiver 
Colmar Jaminette 
Colmar G-ris .... 
Colmar Souveraine 
Colmar Van Mons . 
Colmar Charnay . 
Colmar d'Aremberg 
Colmar Neil .... 
Colmar Preule .... 
Colmar Doree , . . 
Craivford ..... 
Croft Castle 

Cross 

Crassane .... 

Cresane 

Cuisse Madame . 
Cuissc Madame .... 
Gushing .... 
Cumberland . . . 

Cyprus Pear .... 
Cuvelier ..... 

Dallas 

De Sorlus 

Des Nonnes .... 
Des Nones .... 
Despoelberg .... 
Delice d'Hardenpont of Angers 




360 
393 
394 
398 
860 
862 
361 
361 
885 
361 
Delices d) Rard'enpont du 2ford and Bel- 
gium 361 

Delices de Mons 362 

Delices Charles Van Mons . . 362 

Dillon 362 

Dearborn 394 

De deux foix Lane ..... 394 

Downing 473 

Doyenne Downing 473 

Doyenne Boussock Nouvelle . . 318 
Doyenne Gris d'Ri'ver Nouveau . . 821 
Doyenne dAlencon .... 321 

Doyenne Gray 322 

Doyenne White 322 

Doyenne Musque 355 

Doyenne Dillen 362 

Doyenne Bose 362 

Doyenne Robin 363 

Doyenne Sieulle ..... 363 
Doyenne Santelletie 

Doyenne Goubalt I 

Doyenne du Cornice . 

Doyenne de Fais 363 

Doyenne W River 394 

Downton 894 

Dorr 394 

DAmbre 897 

D Amour 894 

DAbondance 381 

DAremberg Parfait .... 814 

DAuch 393 

DAustrasie 872 



388 
389 
397 
3S0 
393 
393 
393 
860 
393 
393 



I^DEX OF FRUITS. 



495 



PAGE 

Dillen 362 

Dearborrts Seedling .... 320 

De Vallee 400 

De Keinzheim 400 

Des Trois Tours 313 

De Melon 313 

Dean's Summer 321 

Be Louvain 361 

Delices d 'LTardenpont . . . 361 

Delices d'Ardenpont .... 361 

De Vigne Pelone 367 

Deschamps 314 

De Maune 393 

De Tonneau 334 

Diel's Butterbirne 313 

Diel 313 

Diamant 369 

Dingier 360 

Dix 323 

Dorothee Boyale 313 

Doyenne d'Ete 321 

Doyenne 322 

Doyenne Blanc 322 

Doyenne Panache 323 

Doyenne Galeux 322 

Doyenne Boussouck .... 318 

Doyenne Gris 322 

Doyenne Eouge 322 

Doyenne Eoux 322 

Downham Seedling 370 

Doyenne d'Hiver 317 

Doyenne du Printemps .... 317 

Doyenne d'Automne .... 322 

Dumoriier 394 

Dunmore 365 

Duchesse of Angouleme .... 364 

Duchess of Mars 366 

Duchesse de Mars 366 

Duohesse of Orleans .... 364 

Dundas 366 

Due d'Aremberg 314 

DuPatre 317 

Dumas 344 

Due de Bordeaux 344 

Dicchess of Berri 366 

Duchess of Berry 366 

Dusnas 381 

Duquesne d'Ete 394 

Early Druzelona .... 394 

Early Butter of Cin .... 367 

Early St. Germain .... 358 
Elizabeth Van Mons . . . .866 

Excelleniissima 394 

Early Sugar 366 

Early Beurre 388 

Early Bergamot 394 

Early Queen 397 

Early Catherine 394 

Early Bousselet 394 

Easter Beurre 317 

Easter Bergamot 889 

Echassery 367 

Echasserie 367 

Edward's Elizabeth . . . .366 

Edward's Henrietta .... 870 

Edward's William 400 

Ellanrioch 896 

Emerald 894 

English Bed Cheek .... 895 

English Beurre 386 

English Bergamot 389 

English Autumn Bergamot . . . " 389 



Enfant Prodige . 

Epargne .... 

Epine Bose . 

Epine d'Ete Gouleur Eose 

Epine d'Ete . 

Etourneau .... 

Eyewood 

Epine Dumas . 

Eliza d'Heyst 

Episcopal 

Fondante Pariselle du Cornice Hortic 

Figue 

FigueVert 
Feaster 

Fondante de Ghameuse 
Fondante de Malines 
Frederika Bremer 
Famenga . 
Foster's St. Michael 
French Jargonelle 
Ferdinand de Meester . 
Fingal*s .... 
Figue of Naples . 
Fig Pear of Naples . 
Fin Or d'Hiver 
Fleur de Guignes 
Flemish Beauty . 
Flemish Bon Chretien 
Fondante 

Fondante Musquee . 
Fondante Van Mons . 
Fondante d'Automne 
Fondante du Bois 
Fondante de Panisel 
Fondante de Mons 
Forme de Delices . 
Forelle .... 
Forellen-birne . 
Forme de Marie Louise 
Fortunee .... 
Frederic de Wurtemburg 
Frederick of Wurtemburg 
Franc Real d River . 
Franc Eeal d'Ete 
Franc Eeal . ... 
Franklin .... 
Fine Gold, of Summer 
Fin Or d'Ete . . . 
Fulton .... 
Gansell's Late Bergamot 
Gideon Paridante 
General Taylor 
General Lamoriciere 
Green Catherine 
Green's Germantown . 
Grand Soliel . 
Green Mountain Boy . 
Gros Eomain 
Grise Bonne 
Gros Eoussellet 
Gansel's Bergamot 
Garde d Ecosse . 
Gendesheim . 
Germain Baker 
Gil-o-gile 

Gil-o-gil .... 
Glout Morceau , 
Gloux Morceaux 
Golden Beurre 
Golden Beurre of Bilbo-3 
Gore's Heathcot . 
Goulu Morceau 



496 



INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Green Cliisel .... 


PAGE 

898 


Green Sugar .... 


. 896 


Grosse Cuisse Madame . 




Gros Mieet d'Ete 


. ' . 884 


Gracieuse 


889 


Gray Beurre .... 


. 850 


Grosse Dorothee . 


813 


Gray Doyenne .... 


. 822 


Gray Butter Pear . 


822 




. 822 


Green Pear of Yair . 


396 






Great Citron of Bohemia 


392 


Green Sylvange 


. 400 


Grand Monarque .... 


392 






Groom's Princess Eoyal 


381 




. 369 


Guernsey 


338 






Henkel 


371 






Hag er man 


370 






Manners . . . . 


370 






Hovey . . . . 


473 






Harrison Fall .... 


396 


Harvest Pear .... 


. 866, 899 


Hampden's Bergamot . 


396 






Harvard 


370 


Hacons Incomparable . 


. 370 


Hardenpont d'Hiver 


825 


Hardenpont du Printemps 


. 351 


Hessel 


396 


Henry the Fourth . 


. 372 


Henri Quatre .... 


372 






Heathcot 


320 


Hooper's Bilboa 


. 326 


Holland Bergamot 


389 






Huguenot 


396 




, 372 


Howell 


872 


Inconnue Van Mons 


. 372 


Iron Pear 


318 


Imperatrice de France 


. 324 


Incomparable .... 


893 






Isambert le Bon .... 


350 


Ives' Bergamot 


. 369 


Jargonelle 


373 


Jargonelle, French 


. 395 


iTacquin 


872 






Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee . 


328 


Jack man's Melting . 


. 874 


Jagdbirne 


367 


Jaminette 


. 872 


Jilogil 


395 






Johonnot 


373 






John 


397 






Julienne 


373 


Jean de Witte .... 


. 373 


Jersey Gratiole . 


373 


Josephine de Malin^es 


. 373 



Jergil's .... 

Kingsessing 

Kirtland 

Kirtland's Seedling . 

Kirtland's Beurre . 

Knight's Seedling . 

Knight's K. I. Seedling 

Kattern .... 

King Edward's . 

Knevett's New Swan's Egg 

Knight's Monarch 

Konge .... 

Laherard 

Large Eoussellet 

Late Catherine 

Leech's Kingsessing 

Lee's Seedling 

Lamoriciere 

La Juive 

Las Canas 

Large Seckel . 

La Fortunee de Parmentier 

La Fortunee de Paris . 

Lawrence .... 

La Bonne Malinoise 

Leon le Clerc . 

Leon le Clerc de Laval 

Lewis .... 

Lent St. Germain . 

Le Cure .... 

Limon . . . 

Little Muscat . 

Little Musk . . 

Little Swan's Egg 

Linden d'Automne 

Lodge .... 

Long Green 

L'Orpheline 

Lord Cheney's 

Louise Bonne de Jersey . 

Louise Bonne of Jersey 

Louise Bonne d'Avranches 

Louise Bonne 

Louise Bonne Eeal . 

Locke .... 

Locke's New Beurre 

Louise of Orleans . 

Louise Bonne de Boulogne 

Marechal de la Cour . 

March Bergamot 

Martin Sec . 

Merriam . 

M'Latoghlin . 

Monstrous Calabash 

Mouille Bouche 

Moyamensing . 

Millot de Nancy 

Madotte . 

Marulis 

Marcellis . 

Madeleine, or Citron des Carrnes 

Madeleine . 

Magdalen 

Manning's Elizabeth 

Marianne Nouvelle 

Marie Louise Nova . 

Marie Louise the Second 

Marie Louise . 

Marie Chretienne . 

Marie Louise Nova 

Marotte Sucre Jaune 

Melon de Kops . 



INDEX OF FllUITS. 



497 



Medaille .... 

Messire Jean, . 

Messire Jean Gris . 

Messire Jean Blanc . 

Messire Jean Doree 

Michaux .... 

Milanaise Cuvelier 

Mon Dieu 

Moor-Fowl Egg . 

Moor-Fowl Egg 

Mouth "Water 

MolleWs Guernsey Beurre 

Moilett's Guernsey Chaumonteile 

Moccas . ,9. 

Monsieur Jean 

Monsieur le Cure 

Mr. John 

Muscat Petit 

Muscat Robert 

Muscat Fleure . 

Mask Bobine . 

Muscadine 

Musk Summer Good Christian 

Muskingum 

New Swan's Egg . 

Napoleon .... 

Jfaumkeag . 

New York Bed Cheek 

New Autumn 

Ne Plus Meuris 

New St. Germain . 

Nelis d'Hiver . 

Mell . . 

No. 8 of Van Mons . 

JVouveau Poiteau 

New Pear 

Noel .... 

No. 1599 of Van Mons . 

No. 1288 of Van Mons . 

Oakley Park . 

Oakley Park Bergamot . 

Oxford Chaumontel . 

Orpheline d'Enghein 

Onondaga 

Onondaga Seedling 

Orange Bergamot . 

Orange Pear . 

Oudinot .... 

Osbom .... 

Osband's Summer . 

Osband's Favorite 

Ott 

Oswego .... 

Oswego Beurre 

Oliver's Russet 

Owen .... 

Orange d'Hiver 

Pendleton .... 

Pendleton's Early York 

Pen r ■likely 

Parmentier 

Penneld .... 

Payeuchi de Perigord . 

Poire de Payency 

Poire de Perigord 

Poire St. Andre 

j oire de Boulogne 

Poire cVAlbret . 

Poire d'Abondance 

Pratt . 

Plymouth 

Providence 



PAGE 

377 
897 
397 
397 
397 
397 
346 
394 
397 

831 
851 
851 
377 
897 
344 
397 
397 
397 
331 
397 
377 
399 
397 
400 
378 
397 
335 
331 
316 
335 
344 
397 
899 
832 
332 
858 
890 
392 
378 
378 
359 
314 
382 
332 
378 
378 
379 
379 
379 
379 
379 
8S0 
880 
398 
398 
401 
381 
381 
330 
366 
383 
384 
384 
334 
335 
343 
381 
381 
831 
318 
318 



Plombgastel . 

Plumbgartel 

Plougastel 

Paxil Thielen . 

Payency 

Pater Noster 

Passans du Portugal 

Paquency . . . 

Pailleau . . 

Paradise d'Automne 

Parkinson's Warden 

Paddington . i . 

Passe Volmar 

Passe Colmar Epineaux . 

Passe Colmar Gris 

Perdreau .... 

Petit Muscat . 

Petit Eousselet . 

Petre .... 

Pennsylvania . 

Philippe de Paques 

Pitt's Prolific . 

Pitt's Surpa'sse Marie . 

Pickering Pear . 

Piper .... 

Poire Guillaume 

Poire des Tables des Princes 

Poire a la Beine 

Poire de Chypre . 

Poire Sans Peau 

Poire de Eose 

Poire Ananas 

Poire d'Amboise . 

Poire de Cadet . 

Poire de Louvain . 

Poire Truite 

Poire- Glace . 

Poire Niell 

Poire a Gobert 

Pope's Scarlet Major 

Pope's Quaker 

Pound .... 

Primitive 

Prince's Sugar . 

Prince's Sugar-Top 

Princesse de Parme 

Princess of Orange 

Princesse d'Orange . 

Princesse Conquete 

Precel 

Present de Malines 

Pitt's Marie Louise . 

Prince's St. Germain . 

Pulsifer .... 

Princess Royal . 

Queen Caroline 

Queen of Pears 

Queen's Pear 

Queen of the Low Countries 

Quilletette 

Raymond 

Beed's Seedling 

Regnier 

Eoussellet d'Hiver . 

Roussellet Double Esperin 

Rosabirne 

Eichard's Beurre . 

Rapalje .... 

Eapalje's Seedling . 

Rallay .... 

Bed Mascadel 

Eeal Jargonelle 



498 



INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Eed Cheek 

Eed Beurre . 

Eed Doyenne . 

Keine des Pays Bas 

Eeine Caroline 

Beine des Poires . 

Bed-cheeked Seckel . 

Eegintin 

Bousselet Hatif . 

Rousselet de liheims . 

Bousselet . 

Boi de Borne 

Boi de Wurtemberg . 

Housselet de Meester . 

JBostieier . 

Eobertson 

Boyal Tairling . 

Boberf s Keeping . 

Ropes 

Boss .... 

Rondolet . 

Bushmore Bon Chretien 

Roussellet . 

Souveraine d'Ete . 

Styer .... 

St. Jean Baptise . 

St. MesrnAn ' 

Sterling 

St. Michael Ar change 

S.'iurtleff 

ShurtletFs Seedling . 

Sagaret . . . . 

Schenck's August Watermelon 

Schenck's Pear 

Sentilet 

Serrurier 

Seigneur d'Esperin . 

Seedling Seckel 

Soldat d'Esperin 

Soldat Labourer d'Esperin 

Soldat Labourer, of some 

Smith's Moyamensing . 

Smith's BordenSve . 

Smith's Haddington 

Smokehouse 

St. Galen 

St Mara . 

St. Nicolas 

Sheldon 

Signoret 

Serrurier d'Autonine 

Summer Virgalien 

Summer Pine Apple 

Summer Calebasse . 

Su-.ette de Bavay . 

Suzette de Bavay Esperin 

Stone 

Swan's Orange 

Saint Sampson . 

Saint Lambert 

Sabine d'Ete 

Sanspeau or Skinless 

Satin Vert . 

Saint Germain de Martin 

Sabine 

Seckel 

Seckle 

Seigneur d'Hiver . 

Short's St. Germain . 

Sieulle . 

Skinless , 

Sickel . 



PAGE 

. 395 

, 322 

882 
. 398 

398 
, 385 

380 
. 394 

399 
, 399 

378 
, 325 

398 
. 335 

845 
. 389 

389 
, 382 

382 
, 882 

896 
, 899 

884 
, 884 



383 
384 
384 
3S4 
834 
383 
372 
872 
863 
883 
312 
329 
837 
337 
314 
332 
356 
871 
872 
336 
342 
864 
383 
383 

QQO 
. GOO 

321, 379 
. 339 

358 
385 
885 
393 
332 
373 
373 
895 
383 
399 
899 
372 
335 
335 
817 
399 
363 
883 
885 



Smith's Pennsylvania 

Snow Pear 

Spanisli Bon Chretien 

Spice or Musk Pear 

Spina .... 

St. Jean .... 

St. John's Pear 

St. Jean Musquee Gros 

St. Germain d'Ete 

St. Michael 

St. Michel Dore 

St. Ghislain . 

St. Andre 

St. Germain Blanc 

St. Germain 

St. Germain Gris . 

St. Germain Panachee 

Slyrian .... 

Stevens' 1 Genesee 

Stephen's Genesee 

Striped Germain . 

Striped Long Green 

Stannton . 

Sugar Pear 

Sugar Top 

Summer Bergamot 

Summer Doyenne 

Supreme 

Summer Beauty 

Summer Portugal 

Summer Franc Real 

Swmmer Rose 

Sucree de Royerswerda 

Sugar of Hoyersworda 

Summer Thorn 

Summer Bon Chretien 

Summer Good Christian 

Summer St. Germain 

Summer Bell 

Sullivan 

Surpasse Marie Louise 

Surpasse Virgalieu 

Surpasse Virgouleuse 

Swiss Bergamot . 

Sweet Summer 

Swans Egg . 

Sylvange . 

Syckle 

Theodore . 

Theodore Yan Mons 

Tarqmn . 

Tilton . 

Tea . 

Terling . 

Thorny Eose 

Thompsons . 

Trouve de Montigny . 

Trout Pear 

Tyson 

TriompJi de Jodoigne 

Trompe Valet . 

Upper Crust . 

Union .... 

Urbaniste 

Uvedale's St. Germain 

ITvedale's "Warden . 

Van Assehe 

Van Assene . 

Vanasse 

Van Ashe 

Ve^ouziere . . ■ 

Vallee Era-nchs , 



322 
391 
399 
391 
366 
366 
397 
399 
322 
322 
336 
838 
397 



399 
338 
338 



369 
366, 396 
. 399 
396 
321 
395 
395 
885 
8S4 



399 
399 
399 
399 
399 
899 
400 
400 



340 
340 
400 
373 
40 
40J 
335 
385 
385 
400 
389 
385 
389 
399 
342 
355 
86S 
341 
385 
3S9 
385 
834 
342 
834 
384 
345 
345 
345 
345 
886 
400 



INDEX OF FRUITS. 



499 



PAGE I 

Van Mons, No. 1218 893 , 

Van Mons, No. 154 .... »bb | 

Van Bur en *M ! 

Van Moris Leon le Clero . . . 343 | 

Van Mons, No. 1238 392 | 

Vermillion d'Ete 395 ; 

Verte Longue 331 

Verte Longue Panachee . . . 331 , 

Virgalieu 369, 322 ; 

Virgaloo . . . . . . . 322 | 

Vicar of Winkfield 844 j 

Virgouleuse 322,400 

Vioompte de Spoelberch ..... 385 I 
Vicompte de Spoelberg . . . . . 885 

Weslcott 8S6 ' 

"Wheeler's New St. Michael ... 320 

White Dean 322 

Winship - 386 

Winship's Seedling 386 

Williamson 386 

Wharton's Early 387 

Wredow 3S8 

Walker 386 

Watertown 360 

Warwick Bergamot 322 

Washington jb • 345 

White Doyenne 322 

White Beurre .... 322 

White Autumn Beurre . . . .322 
William's Bon Chretien ... 311 

Windsor 400 

William's Early 386 

William the Fourth 333 

Wilbur v 386 

Wilkinson . 388 

Winter Bergamot 3S9 

Winter Cross 360 

Winter Beurre 359 

Winter Bell 834 

Winter Nelis 344 

Yfilhelmine 387 

Wilhelmina 387 

Williams 311 

Wiedow 3SS 

William 400 

Whitfield 400 

Wurzur 401 

Wurzur d 1 Automne .... 401 
Winter Orange .... 401 

Yat 101 

York Bergamot 389 

Yutte 401 

Zepherine Gregoire 388 

Zoar Beauty 347 

Zoar Seedling . . . . . . .347 

Zoar Flat 401 



PLUMS. 

Askew's Purple Egg 
Askew's Golden Egg 
Admiral 

Abricotee de Tours . 
Abricotee 
Agen Datte 
Amber Primordian 
American Yellow Gage . 
American Wheat . 
Apricot . . . 
Apricot Plum of Tours . 
Atifoomn Gage . 
Azure Hative . 



Albany Beauty \ 
Blue Plum 
Battle Monument 
Beekman's Scarlet . 
Beach Plum 
Bingham 
Bleeclcer's Gage 
Blue Gage . 
Black Perdrigon 
Blue Perdrigon . 
Blue Imperatrice . 
Blue Holland . 
Bleecker's Scarlet 
Black Morocco 
Black Damask . 
Bolmar .... 
Bolmor's Washington 
Bruyn Gage . 
Bradford Gage . 
Brugnon Gage 
Brighole .... 
BrevoorPs Purple 
Brevoort's Purple Bolmar 
Brevoort's Purple Washington 
Brignole Violette 
BweVs Favorite . 
Bury Seedling . 
By field 

Chapman's Prince of Wales 
Cheston Matchless . 
Cooper's Bed 
Coe's Fine Late Eed 
Col. Young's Seedling 
Crofts Early 
r 



428 
424 
425 
424 
424 
422 
426 
414 
424 
424 
424 
415 
425 



Catalonian 

Caledonian 

Caledonian 

Cherry 

Cheston . . • • 

Chickasaw Phom . 

Coe's Golden Crop 

Coe's Imperial . 

Cooper's 

Cooper's Large Eed . 

Cooper's Large American 

Columbia . 

Columbian Gage . 

Corse's Admiral 

Corse's Field Marshal 

Corse's Nota Bene . 

Coe's Late Eed 

Common Damson 

Common Quetsche 

Cruger's Sc.rlet 

Crager's . 

Cruger's Seedling 

Cruger's Scarlet Gage 

Cloth of Gold . 

De Montfort . 

Dictator 

Duane's Purple . 

Dana's Yellow Gage 

D'Avoine 

Dame Aubert 

Dame Aubert Blanche 

Dame Aubert Jaune . 

D'Amerique Eouge 

Damson . 

Damas d'ltalie 

D'Agen 

Damas Violet . 



;oo 



INDEX OF FHUITS. 



Damask 

De Virginia . 

Denniston Bed 

Denniston's Albany Beauty 

Denniston's Superb 

Denyer's Victoria . 

Diamond - 

Diapree Eouge 

Die Violette Koniginn Olaudie 

Downton Imperatrice 

Domine Dull . 

Drap d'Or 

Dutch Prune 

Dutch Quetzen 

Duane's Purple French 

Early Favorite . 

Early Prolific , 

Early Forcing 

Early Purple . 

Early Yellow 

Early Scarlet 

Early Damson 

Early Orleans . 

Early Morocco 

Early Black Morocco 

Early Damask 

Early Tours 

Early Violet . 

Early Royal . 

Egg Plum 

E/frey 

Eifry's Prune . 

Emerald Drop 

English Pond's Seedling 

Fair's Golden Drop . 

Flushing Gage 

Florence 

Fotheringham 

Franklin 

Frost Gage . 

French Copper . 

Field Marshal 

Galbraith . 

Guthrie's Apricot 

Guthrie's Apricot Plum 

General Hand 

Gilford- s Lafayette , 

German Gage 

German Prune . 

German Prune . 

Ghiston's Early 

Golden Gage . 

Gonne's Green Gage 

Golden Cherry Plum 

Goliath 

Green Gcoge . 

Grosse Peine Claude 

Grosse Peine . 

Grosse Luisante 

Grove House Purple 

Grimwood's Early Orleans 

Gwalsh . 

Harvest Gage . 

Hampton Court 

Holland 

Holland Prune 

Horse Plum 

Hoiceirs Early . 

Howell's Large . 

Hudson Gage 

Hiding's Superb 

How's Amber 

Howard's Favorite 



PAGE. 

427 j 

416 ! 

417 I 
415 ! 
410 j 
424 

426 j 
423 ! 
413 
417 
418 
417 
418 
418 
418 
419 
419 
429 
41S 
426 
416 
426 
410 
421 
421 
421 
426 
426 
418 
424 
41S 
418 
41S 
418 
410 
411 
428 
426 
415 
419 
425 
426 
419 
426 
426 
426 
427 
409 
418 
427 
427 
410 
428 
416 

427 i 
410 ! 
410 
410 
424 
426 
410 
427 
414 
410 
427 
427 
427 
419 
423 
420 
419 
419 
420 



lola Green Gage . 

Imperial of Milan . 

Imperial de Milan . 

Imperial Diadem 

Imperial Eouge 

Isleworth Green Gage 

Isabella . 

Italian Damask . 

Italian Damask . 

Ickworth Imperatrice 

Imperial Ottoman . 

Imperial Gage 

Imperatrice Blanche 

Imperatrice 

Imperatrice Violette 

Irving's Bolmar 

Judson . 

Jaune Hative . 

Jaune de Catalogue 

Jefferson . 

Jenkin's Imperial . 

Kirke's 

Knight's Large Drying 

Knight's No. 6 . 

King of Plums 

Lawrence's Favorite 

Lawrence's Gage . 

Large Green Drying 

Large Early Damson 

Large Long Blue 

Late" Yellow Damson 

La Delicieuse 

La Eoyale 

Leipzic 

Little Queen Claude 

Little Blue Gage 

Lombard 

Long Scarlet 

Lucombe's Nonsuch 

Manning's Prune . 

McLaughlin . 

Madison . 

Mmnelonne . 

Marten's Seedling . 

Mediterranean 

Maitre Claude . 

Matchless 

Manning's Long Blue Prune 

Manning's Long Blue 

Mirabelle Double 

Mirabelle Grosse . 

Mirabelle . 

Mirabelle Petite 

Mirabelle Jaune 

Miser Plum . 

Mimms 

Miriam . 

Monsieur . 

Monsieur Ordinaire 

Monsieur Hatif . 

Monsieur Tardif 

Morocco 

MuV>erry 

Myrobolan . 

Muscle . 

New Washington 

New York Purple 

New Early Orleans 

New Orleans . 

Nectarine . 

Noire Hative . 

Nota Bene 

Old Orleans . 



INDEX OF FRUITS. 



501 



0/ leans 

Orange . 

Orange Gage 

Ottoman 

October Green Gage 

Parker's Mammoth 

Peter's Yellow Gags 

Picket's July . 

Prince of Wales 

Penobscot 

PnorieofAgen . 

Prune de St. Jean . 

Petite Peine Claude . 

Peach Plum . 

Peoly's Early Blue . 

Perdrigon Eouge . 

Perdrigon Blanc 

Perdrigon Violette 

Pigeon's Heart . 

Pond's Seedling . 

Pond's Purple . 

Prince's Imperial . 

Prune de St. Barnabe 

Prince's Yellow Gage 

Prune Peche 

Precoce de Tours . 

Prune de la St. Martin 

Prune d'Agen 

Prune d'Ast 

Prune d'Altesse 

Prune Suisse 

Purple Favorite . 

Purple Gage . 

Purple Egg 

Purple Magnum Bonum 

Quetsche . 

Quetsche Grosse . 

Queen Victoria . 

Queen Mother 

Queen Claude of Savory 

Bed Apricot . 

Pensselter Gage 

Peine Claude Tardive . 

Peine Claude d'Octobre 

Peine Claude d'Bavay . 

lied Saint Martin . 

Eed Diaper . 

Royal of Tours 

Red Egg 

Red Imperial . 

Peine Claude 

Peine Claude Violette 

Peine Claude Blanche . 

Ped Gage . 

Red Damask . 

Eed Magnum Bonum 

Eed Queen Mother 

Red Perdrigon 

Eed Magnum Bonum . 

Eed Imperial 

Eoe's Autumn Gage 

Eoche Corbon , % 

Roy ale .... 

Eoyale de Tours 

Eoyale Tours . 

Eoyal Hative 

Pavers' Early, No. 1 

Pivers 1 Early, No. 2 . 

Saint Martin? s 

Schenectady 

Schenectady Catherine . 

Sea .... 

St. John's 



PAGE 

. 428 

422 
. 422 ! 

413 
. 422 

415 
. 423 

426 
. 422 

428- 
. 422 

429 
. 428 

422 
. 428 

429 
. 430 

425 
. 428 

428 
. 428 

410 
. 426 

414 
. 422 

426 
. 423 

422 
. 422 

429 
. 429 

413 
. 413 
. 428 

423 
. 427 

427 
. 424 

428 
. 423 

424 
. 410 

422 
. 422 

423 
. 423 

423 
. 423 

428 
. 429 

410 
. 413 

428 
. 414 

428 
. 428 

428 
. 429 

428 
. 428 

415 
. 423 

423 

. 423 

423 

. 418 

419 

. 419 

414 

. 414 

414 

. 418 

429 



Stabeler's Seedling 
Saint Martin's Quetsche 
Saint Catherine . 
Saint Martin 
Saint Martin Pouge 
St. Maurin . 
Saint Cloud 
Schuyler's Gage . 
Scarlet Gage . 
S'emiana 

Shailer's White Damson 
Sheen .... 
Sharp's Emperor . 
Siamese 

Simiana .... 
Small Green Gage 
Smith's Orleans . 
Steer's Emperor . * 
Superior Green Gage . 
Suisse 

Sweet Damson 
Sweet Prune 
Swiss Plum . 
Thomas 

True Large German Prune 
Turkish Quetsche 
Veritable Imperatrice . 
Violet Perdrigon 
Violette .... 
Violet Diaper . 
Violette Hative 
Violet de Tours 
Violet Queen Claude 
Virginian Cherry 
Virgin .... 
Virginale . 

Waterloo .... 
Washington 
Wentworth 
White Gage 
White Primordian . 
White Imperatrice . 
White Empress 
White Magnum Bonum 
White Mogul . 
White Imperial . 
White Holland 
White Egg 
White Damson 
White Prune Damson 
White Damascene . 
White Perdrigon 
White Gage . 
Wilmot's Green Gage 
Wilmot's New Green Gage 
Wilmot's Late Green Gage 
Wilmot's Late Orleans . 
Wild .... 
Wilmot's Early Orleans . 
Yellow Apricot . 
Yellow Perdrigon . 
Yellow Magnum Bonum 
Yelloto Egg . 



QUINCES, 



Angers . 

Apple-shaped 

Chinese . 

Japan 

Oblong . 

Orange 

Pear 



PAGE 
429 

. 414 
429 

. 423 
423 

. 422 
427 

. 410 
420 

, 429 
430 

. 426 
423 

. 429 
429 

. 428 
424 

. 427 
411 

. 429 
427 

. 427 
429 

. 424 
427 

. 427 
416 

. 425 
416 

. 425 
426 

. 426 
413 

. 416 
429 

. 429 
410 

. 415 
424 
411, 414 
426 
430 
430 
424 
424 
424 
424 
424 
430 
430 
430 
430 
428 
410 
410 
410 
427 
430 
410 
424 
417 
424 
424 



434 
434 
434 
434 
435 
434 
435 



502 



INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Portugal . 
Pyriform 
Paris de Fontenay 
New Upright 

BAS3 

American Bed . 
American Black . 
American Wliite 
Barnel . 
Black Easpberry 
Brentford Cane 

Cope 

CusMng . 
Cornwall's Eed . 
Corf's Honey . 

Common Black-Cap 
Cornwall's Prolific 
Cornwall's Seedling 

Double-Bearing . 

Double-Bearing Tell 

Emily 

English Eed, of som< 

Ever-Bearing Ohio 

Fulton . 
Fastolff . 
Franconia 
Framboisier a Gros ] 
General Patterson 
Howland's Eed Antw 
Knevet's Antwerp . 

Large-Fruited Month 
Late-Bearing Antwei 
Large Eed 

Lord Exmouth's . 

Mrs. Wilder . 
New Eed Antwerp 
Nottingham Scarlet 
Orange 
Ohio Easpberry 
Perpetual Bearing 
Eivers' New Monthlj 
Eed Double-Bearing 
Bed Antwerp 

Thimble Berry 
True Eed Antwerp 
Yice-President Frenc 

Walker . 

White Thimbleberry 
White Antwerp 
Woodward's Bed Gl 
Wilmofs Early Bed 
Yellow Antwerp 

STEALS 

Aberdeen Bee-Hive 

Atkinson Scarlet 
Austrian Scarlet 


3W 

"Vu 
erp 

Jy 

p 

r ( 

h 

rBi 


EEIES. 
t. 

EEIES 




. 435 
435 

435 

. 444 
440 

. 444 
444 

. 440 
445 

440 
. 440 

441 
. 444 

445 
. 444 

440 
. 444 

444 
. 445 

445 
. 444 

441 
. 444 

445 
. 442 

442 
. 441 

442 
. 443 

432 
. 443 

443 
. 442 

443 

443 

444 
. 445 

444 
. 443 

443 
. 443 

445 
. 443 

445 
. 445 

443 
. 445 

443 
. 445 

440 
. 443 

442 
. 445 

444 
. 444 

444 
. 445 

445 
. . 444 

. 463 

459 
. 464 
^458 
. 456 



Ajax 

Bath Scarlet 

Boston Pine . 

Burr's Eival Hudson 

Bain's Extra Early 

Buisfs Prize . 

Bostock . 

Bishop's Orange 

Bishop's New 

Black Prince . 

Black Imperial 

Brewer's Emperor . 

Burr's New Pine . 

Burr's Seedling 

Burr's Staminate Seedling 

Burr's Old Seedling . 

Brilliant 

British Queen . 

Caleb Cope . 

Crimson Cone . 

Charlotte 

Climax 

Climax Scarlet 

Cole's Prolific . 

Cole's Late Scarlet 

Cox's Seedling . 

Columbus 

Caperon Eoyal . 

Cus7iing 

Cleveland . 

Crescent Seedling 

Cornucopia 

Crimson Pine 

Duke of Kent's Scarlet 

Him can's Seedling 

Deptford- Pine . 

Bownton 

Double Bearing . 

Dundee . 

Puke of Kent . 

Dutch Berry . 

Duchesse de Trevisse 

Elton Pine 

Early Prolific Scarlet 

Elton 

Elton Seedling . 

English Eed Wood 

Eb erl( in 's Seedling . 

Genesee ■ 

Globe Scarlet . 

Green Strawberry 

Green Alpine 

Green Pine 

Giant Alpine . 

Goliath . 

Grove End Scarlet . 

Globe Haufbcis . 

Green Wood 

Greenwell's New Giant 

Hovey's Seedling 

Hudson . 

Hudson's Bay . 

Hooper's Seedling 

Huntsman's 

Iowa Male 

Jenny Lind 

Jenney's Seedling . 

Keen's Seedling 

Knight's Seedling . 

Late Prolific 

Li~.zie Bandolvh . 

Large Early Scarlet 



INDEX OF FRUITS. 



503 



Late Scarlet . 
LongworWs Prolific 
Lafayette of some . 
La Grange of some 
La Liegoise . 
Marshall's Seedling 
Magnifique . 
McAvoy's Superior 
McAvoy's No. 12 . 
McAvoy's 2To. 1 
MjAvoy's Extra Bed 
Jfontevideo Pine 
Monroe Scarlet 
Moyamensing . 
Mottier's Seedling 
Myatfs Prince Alber 
Myatfs Prolific 
'Melon . * . 
Methven Scarlet 
Methven Castle . 
Mask Hautbois 
Myatfs British Queen 
Myatfs Pine . 
Myatfs Deptford Pine 
MyaWs Eliza 
Myatfs Eleanor 
Myatfs Globe 
Myatfs Mammoth 
Newland's Mammoth 
2Tecked Pine 
Old Scarlet . 
Old Pine . 
Orange Hudson's Bay 
Old Hudson 
Orange Prolific 
Ohio Mammoth 
Pennsylvania 
Profuse Scarlet 
Profusion 
Patagonian 
Pine Apple 



PAGE 

459 
. 454 

455 
. 455 

465 
. 462 

460 
. 454 

464 
. 460 

460 
. 460 

480 
. 460 

465 
. 465 

465 
. 465 

460 
. 460 

455 
. 463 

465 
. 464 

465 
. 465 

465 
. 465 

461 
. 460 

465 
. 465 

456 
. 459 

462 

. 465 

461 

. 463 

466 i 

. 466 | 

460,465 ' 



Prolific, or Conical Hautbois 

Princess Alice Maude 

Primordian 

Prolific Hudson . 

Prolific Swainstone 

Primate 

Prince of Orleans . 

Rostock 



Refulgent 
Med Alpine . 
Red Wood 
Roseberry 
Ross Phoenix . 
Ruby 

Rival Hudson . 
Richardson's Late 
Richardson 's Early 
Salter's Versaillaise 
Stafford's Alpine 
Southborough 
Southborough Seedling 
Scioto ... 
Scarlet Melting 
Schneicke Seedling 
Southampton Scarlet 
Swainstone Seedling 
True Chili 
Taylor's Seedling 
Unique Prairie 
Unique Scarlet . 
Victoria .... 
Wilmofs 2Tew Scarlet 
Willey .... 
Wiley .... 
William Henry Harrison 
Walker's Seedling 
Western Queen 
Wilmofs Superb . 
White Alpine . 
White Bush Alpine 
Yellow Chili . 



PAGE 

. 455 
456 

. 461 
461 

. 461 
461 

. 466 
463 

. 461 
461 

. 466 
466 

. 462 
461 

. 461 
461 

, 466 
462 

, 461 
462 

, 462 
466 

, 466 
454 
460 
462 

, 466 
466 
460 
463 
462 
466 
462 
462 
466 
463 
453 
426 
463 
468 
466 



APPENDIX. 



APPLES. 



Berry 

BueVs Favorite 

Cogswell 

Cogswell Pearmain 

Cranberry 

Camac's Sweet . 

Callasaga 

Dapper 

Gray Pippin 

Maiden's Blush . 

Mountain Sprout 

Mckejack 

Eitter 

Spotted Pippin 

Summerour . 

Stunner Pippin 



GRAPES. 



Brinckle 
Cassady 
Clara 



470 
470 
460 
469 
470 
470 
470 
470 
470 
469 
470 
470 
470 
470 
471 
471 



471 
471 
471 



Concord 471 

Emily 472 

Graham . k 472 

Eaabe 472 

Raabe's 2To. 1 . . . . . . 471 

Raabe's 2To. 2 472 

Raabe's 2To. 3 472 

Raabe's 2ToA 471 

PEACHES. 

Baxter's Seedling, 2To. 1 . ... 472 

Gorgas 472 

Jane 472 

PEAKS. 

Barry 473 

Downing 473 

Doyewie Downing .... 473 

General Taylor 473 

ITovey . . . . - . . 473 

Eegnior .... . 473 



GENERAL INDEX. 



fi°?J i ?^i stor3r ' P r ^ at *°? 1 ' soil > hardihood, cultivation and uses, page 45: varieties 46 

Trawber?yS' 58; ° f ^ ^^ ^ ° f tbe peadl ' ***'> of tie pekrl 800 ; oflno 
Appendix, 469. 

Apricot, its history, propagation, 47; soil and diseases, stocks, uses, varieties, 48. 
Apple-borer, 60; moth, 61. 

Apple its history profits of growing, annual planting west, 53; duration of, fruit, bearing age 
of, propagation by seed, 54; modes of grafting, budding, 55; by layers, cuttings, cuttiK 
JnltT' B A eCtl f\° { * rees . from ™™*7, influence of climate, location, 56; influence of 
57^ soiS 1 m flif^ ng in £ ea ?? d by budding or grafting, transplanting'and distance, 
57, son and manures, 58; cultivation, pruning, insects and diseases, 59; remedies for, 61 - 
terms used m description, 62 ; forms, 63 ; meaning of terms, uses, varieties, 64. 

Aphis, woolly, 62. 

Barry, P., 30, 63. 

Bark Louse, 61. 

Blackberry, its culture and varieties, 181. 

Sudding, shield, 22 ; annular, 23. 

Canker-worm, its habits, 60; to destroy, 61. 

Caterpillar, to destroy, 60. 

Cappe on pruning, 304. 

Cherry, its history, 182; for street planting, propagation by seed, 183; budding, time when. 
gratting, time when, modes, to grow from roots, transplanting, 184; distance apart, Stan' 
dard trees, dwarf trees, soil and situation, 185; cultivation in nursery, in orchard, prun- 
ing and training, 186; to protect, insects and diseases, uses, 187; gathering fruit, classifi- 
cation, engravings, 185 ; varieties, 189. . 

Curculio, its habits, description of, 405; preventive remedies for, 407. 
Curl, of leaf in peach trees, 267. 
Cross-breeding, to obtain new varieties, 21. 

Currant, its history, propagation, transplanting, soil and situation, 221; culture, pruning, in»ect». 

uses, 222; varieties, 223. 6 ^^" 

Cuttings, how to make, to plant, 26. 

Dwarf trees, of the cherry, 185; of the pear, 306. 

Duration of varieties, 88. 

Dubreil on pruning, 33. 

Fruitfulness promoted by root-pruning, 32* 

Fruit, history of, 15; west, 16; value as food, 19; varieties, origin of, 20; propagation of, bud- 
ding, 22; grafting, 24; degeneracy of, limited age of, influence of soils on, 88; influence 
of stocks, climate, 39 ; gathering, time when, how, 40* ; room for keeping, 41 ; cellars 
for, 44. 

Grafting, whip or tongue, splice, crown, saddle, side, 24; cleft, wax, 25. 

Grafts, to restore, to preserve, to send by mail, wrapping or tying, 25. 

Gooseberry, its history, book of, numbers of, where successful propagation by seed, 224; cut- 
tings, grafting, transplanting, soil and situation, culture, pruning, 227; mildew and reme- 
dies, uses, varieties, 228. 

Grape, American. Classes, history, immense vines of, vineyards, 231 ; movable frame for 
method of suspending, 43 ; among the ancients, 232 ; propagation of, 234; transplanting^ 
? o^of "vineyard per acre, position and soil for, 285; preparing ground, pruning and train- 
ing, 236; analyses of, insects, &c, 240; uses, 241; ripening, gathering, &c, 242; varie- 

tics, 2Ao * 

Grape, Foreign. History, success of, propagation, 249; cold-houses for, 250; vine hordere, 
planting and training, 251 ; routine of culture, insects, varieties, 252. 



'■' &> 

GENERAL INDEX, 

Hoadley, George, 17, 250. 

Hybridizing, 20. 

Introductory remarks, 15. 

Insects injurious to the apple, 60 ; to the cherry, 187 ; to the currant, 222 ; to the grape, 240 ; 
to the peach, 267; to the pear, 805; to the plum, 104; to the quince, 435. 

Kennicott on Fruits in Illinois, 18 ; on their uses, 19. 

Knots or warts on the plum, 404. 

Kirtland, J. P., 17, 20. * 

Layers of shrubs, of the grape, 26. 

Labels of wood, of zinc, 36; of tin, 37. 

Manures, for the apple, 58; for transplanting, 28; for the grape, 240; for the peach, 264; for 
the pear, 300 ; for the plum, 404 ; for the quince, 432 ; for the strawberry, 452. 

Mice, to deter from girdling trees, 23. 

Mildew, on the gooseberry, 22S ; on the grape, 240 ; on the peach, 268. 

Mulching newly-planted trees, 29. 

Nectarine, history of, varieties, 256. 

Packing trees, 29. 

Peach, history of, propagation, 261 ; transplanting, soil and situation, 263 ; analyses of, 264 ; prun- 
ing, 266; characters, 269; uses, 2T0; preserving fresh, 271 ; varieties, 272. 

Pear, history of, propagation, 297 ; hardihood, stocks for, 298 ; transplanting, selection of trees, 
299 ; soil and manures, analyses, 300 ; pruning, 301 ; insects and diseases, 806 ; selection 
of varieties on quince, gathering and uses, 806; varieties and forms, 807. 

Preface, iv. 

Planting, how to be done, 28. 

Plum, history of, propagation, 402; transplanting, soil and situation, pruning, 403; cultivation, 
manures^ diseases, 404; insects, 405; uses, 407; characters, varieties, 409. 

Prunes, how to dry, 408. 

Pruning, 30 ; to remove large branches at time of transplanting, 31 ; the roots, to induce fruit- 
ing, 32; its theory and principles, to form particular shapes, 33; the apple, 59; the cherry, 
186; the currant, 222; the gooseberry, 227; the grape, 236; the peach, 266. 

Quince, history of, propagation, 431; soil, situation, transplanting, pruning, 432; insects, uses, 
433 ; varieties, 434. 

Babbits, to prevent from girdling trees, 23. 

Easpberry, history of, propagation, soil for, 437 ; pruning and training, insects, 488 ; protection 
for, uses, profits of, autumn fruiting, 439 ; classification and varieties, 440. 

Elvers on pruning, 801. 

Eunners, when to remove, 26. 

Eust on the apple leaf, 62. 

Soil for trees, how to prepare, 27 ; influence of, 88. 

Stocks, influence of, 89 ; for grafting or budding on, 55. 

Step-ladders, 40. 

Strawberry, history of, propagation, 446 ; fertile and barren, 447 ; varieties, 448 ; soil and situation, 
449 ; season to transplant, 450 ; culture of, 451 ; manures for, 452 ; analysis of, 458. 

Suckers, 27. 

Seedlings, their tendency, 20. 

Sea spray, its effects on mildew in grape, 250. 

Thomas, J. J., 21. 

Training, varied forms of, 36. 

Trees girdled, 23 ; transplanting, soil for, 27 ; super-phosphate of lime for, 28 ; how to plant, 28 ; 
time when, 29; packing, care of when received, 29; pruning, 30; training, 35; labels for, 
36 ; protection of, against mice, rabbits, form most desirable, 37. 

Varieties, introduced to Ohio, 17; Illinois and "Wisconsin, 18; origin of, propagation, 20; to 
produce new, 21. 

Vinery, cheap mode of building, 250. 

Vineyards, cost of, per acre, 286. 



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Hoare on the Grape Vine. 

A Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Grape Vine on Open Walls, with a 
Descriptive Account of an improved method of Planting and Managing the Roots 
of Grape Vines. By Clement Hoare. With an Appendix on the Cultivation of the 
same in the United States. 50 cts. 

Stephens' Book of the Farm ; 

A Complete Guide to the Farmer, Steward, Plowman, Cattleman, Shepherd, Field 
Worker and Dairy Maid. By Henry Stephens. With Four Hundred and Fifty 
Illustrations ; to which are added Explanatory Notes, Remarks, &c, by J. S. 
Skinner. Really one of the best books for a Farmer to possess. Cloth, $4i 
leather, $4.50. 

The Diseases of Domestic Animals ; 

Being a History and Description of the Horse, Mule, Cattle, Sheep, Swine, Poultry 
and Farm Dogs, with Directions for their Management, Breeding, Crossing, Rear. 
ing, Feeding and Preparation for a profitable Market ; also, their Diseases and 
Remedies, together with full Directions for the Management of the Dairy, and the 
Comparative Economy and Advantages of Working Animals, the Horse, Mule, 
Oxen, &o. By R. L. Allen. Cloth, 76 cts ; paper, 50 cts. 



4 Books Puhlished by C. M. Saxton. 

American Bee-keeper's Manual ; 

Being a Practical Treatise on the History and Domestic Economy of the Honey 
Bee ; embracing a full illustration of the whole subject, with the most approved 
methods of managing this Insect, through every branch of its Culture, the result 
of many years : experience Illustrated with many engravings. By T. B. Miner. 
Cloth, $1. 

American Bird Fancier, 

Considered with reference to the Breeding, Rearing, Feeding, Management* &c. 
of Cage and House Birds. Illustrated with engravings. By D. J. Browne. 
Cloth, 50 cts. 

The American Farm Book. 

The American Farm Book : or, a Compend of American Agriculture, being a 
Practical Treatise on Soils, Manures, Draining, Irrigation, Grasses, Grain, Roots, 
Fruits, Cotton, Tobacco, Sugar Cane, Rice, and every Staple Product of the United 
States ; with the best methods of planting, cultivating and preparation for market. 
Illustrated by more than 100 engravings. By R. L. Allen. Cloth, $1 ; paper, 75 
cents. 

Southern Agriculture ; 

Comprising Essays on the Cultivation of Corn, Hemp, Tobacco, Wheat, &c. $1 

The Cottage and Farm Bee-keeper ; 

A Practical Work, by a Country Curate. 50 cts. 

A Book for Every Boy in the Country. ' 

Elements of Agriculture. Translated from the French, and adapted to general 
use, by F. G. Skinr^r. 25 cts. 

Allen's Eural Architecture ; 

Comprising Farm Houses, Cottages, Carriage Houses, Sheep and Dove Cotes, 
Piggeries, Barns, &c. &c. By Lewis F. Allen. $1.25. 

The Bose ; 

Being a Practical Treatise on the Propagation, Cultivation and Management of 
the Rose in all Seasons ; with a List of Choice and Approved Varieties, adapted to 
the Climate of the United States ; to which is added Full Directions for the Treat- 
ment of the Dahlia. Illustrated by engravings. Cloth, 50 cts. 

The American Agriculturist ; 

Being a Collection of Original Articles on the Various Subjects connected with 
the Farm, in ten vols. 8vo., containing nearly four thousand pages. $10. 

The Complete Farmer and American Gardener, 

Rural Economist, and New American Gardener, containing a Compendious 
Epitome of the most Important Branches of Agricultural and Rural Economy ; 
with Practical Directions on the Cultivation of Fruits and Vegetables ; ir. eluding 
Landscape and Ornamental Gardening. By Thomas G. Fessenden. 2 vols;, in one. 
$1.25. 

Experimental ^Researches on the Food of Animals, 

The Fattening of Cattle, and Remarks on the Food of Man. By Robert Dundas 
Thompson, 51. D. 75 cts. 

The American Florist's Guide ; 

Comprising the American Rose Culturist and Every Lady her own Flower 
Gardener. Half cloth, 76 cts. 

Saxton's Bural Hand Books, 

First and Socond Series. Bound in 2 vols. $3. Embracing Twelve Complete 
Treatises in the different departments of Agriculture, being one of the most valu- 
able Books yet published. 



Sancton? s Rural Hand Boohs, 5 



SAXTON'S 

HAND BOOKS OF RURAL AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY 

All Arranged and Adapted to ffie Use of American Farmers. 

Price 25 Cents each. 

Hogs ; 

Their Origin and Varieties ; Management, with a View to Profit, and Treatment 
under Disease ; also, Plain Directions relative to the most approved modes ot 
preserving their flesh. By H. D. Richardson, author of " The Hive and the Honey 
Bee," &c. &c. With illustrations— lc Jmo. 



The Hive and Honey Bee 



With plain directions for obtaining a considerable Annual Income from this 
branch of Rural Economy ; also an Account of the Diseases of Bees, and their 
Remedies, and Remarks as to their Enemies, and the best mode of protecting the 
Hives from their attacks. By H. D. Richardson. With Illustrations. 

Domestic Fowls ; 

Their Natural History, Breeding, Rearing and General Management. By H. D. 
Richardson, author of " The Natural History of the Fossil Deer," &c. With 
Illustrations. 

The Horse; 

Their Origin and Varieties ; with Plain Directions &s to the Breeding, Rearing 
and General Management, with Instructions as to the Treatment of Disease. 
Handsomely Illustrated — 12mo. By H. D. Richardson. 

The Kose ; 

The American Rose Culturist ; being a Practical Treatise on the Propagation, 
Cultivation and Management in all Seasons, &c. With full directions for the 
Treatment of the Dahlia. 

Thf Pests of the Farm ; 

With Instructions for their Extirpation ; being a Manual of Plain Directions for 
the certain Destruction of every description of Vermin. With numerous Illustra- 
tions on Wood. 

An Essay on Manures ; 

Submitted to the Trustees of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agricul- 
ture, for their Premium. By Samuel H. Dana. 

The American Bird Fancier ; 

Considered with reference to the Breeding, Rearing, Feeding, Management and 
Peculiarities of Cage and House Birds. Illustrated with Engravings. By D. Jay 
Browne. 

Chemistry Made Easy ; 

For the Use of Farmers. By J. Topham 



Saxon's Rural Hand Books. 



Elements of Agriculture ; 

Translated from the French, and Adapted to the use of American Farmers. By 
F. G-. Skinner. 

The American Kitchen Gardener ; 

Containing Directions for th8 Cultivation of Vegetables and Garden Fruits. By 
T. G. Fessenden. 

The Bee Keeper's Chart ; 

Being .a brief practical Treatise on the Instinct, Habits and Management of the 
Honey Bae, in all its various Branches, the result of many years' practical experi- 
ence, whereby the author bas been enabled to divest the subject of much that has 
bsen considered mysterious and difficult to overcome, and render it more sure, profit- 
able and interesting to every one than it has heretofore been. By E. W. Phelps. 

Every Lady her own Flower Gardener ; 

Addressed to the Industrious and Economical only; containing Simple and Prac- 
tical Directions for Cultivating Plants and Flowers; also, Hints for the Manage- 
ment of Flowers in Rooms, with brief Botanical Descriptions of Plants and Flowers. 
The whole in plain and simple language. By Louisa Johnson. 

The Cow ; Dairy Husbandry and Cattle Breeding. 

By M, M. Milburn, and revised by H. D. Richardson and Ambrose Stevens. Witb 
Illustrations. 



History of Wool, Cotton, Linen, Silk, 

And other Fibrous Substances ; including Observations on Spinning, Dyeing and 
Weaving. Also, an Account of the Pastoral Life of the Ancients, their Social 
State, and Attainments in the Domestic Arts. With Appendices on Pliney's Natural 
History ; on the Origin and Manufacture of Linen and Cotton Paper ; on Belting) 
Wetting, &c, deducted from copious and authentic sources. Illustrated by steel 
engravings. Price $2 50. 

Culture of Flax ; 

Its treatment, Agricultural and Technical, delivered before the New York State 
Agricultural Society, at the Annual Fair, held at Saratoga, in September last, by 
John Wilson, late President of the Royal Agricultural College at Cirencester, England. 

The American Fruit Grower's Guide in Orchard & Garden ; 

Being a Compend of the History, Modes of Propagation, Culture, Ac, of Fruit, 
Trees and Shrubs, with Descriptions of nearly all the varieties of Fruits cultivated 
in this country ; and notes of their adaptation to localities, soils, and a complete lisl 
»f Fruits worthy cf mltivation. By F. R. Elliott, Pomologist. Price $1 25. 



Boohs for Sale by 0. M. Saxton. 



The Amer. Poulterer's Com- 
panion, With Illustrations. By C. H. 
Bement. $1. 

American Poultry Book. 

By Micajah Cock 38 cts. 

History, Treatment & Diseases 

of the Horse, with a Treatise on 
Draught, and Copious Index. $2. 

A Practical Treatise on Honey 

Bees ; their Management, &c. By Ed- 
ward Townley. 50 cts 

The American Fruit Book. 

By S. W. Cole. 50 cts. 

The American Veterinarian. 

By S. W. Cole. 50 cts. 

The Gardener's Text Book. 

By Peter Adam Schenck. 50 cts. 

The American Gardener. 

By William Cobbett. 50 cts. 

The Farmer's Land Measurer. 

By James Pcdder. 50 cts. 

New England Fruit Book. 

By John M. Ives. 56 cts. 

Practical Treatise on Fruits, 

Adapted to New England Culture. By 
George Jaques. 50 cts. 

Farmer and Emigrant's Hand 

Book : a Guide to Clearing the Forest 
and Prairie Land. By Josiah T Mar- 
shall. 75 cts. 

Farmer's Barn Book. 

By Youatt, Clater, Skinner and Mills. 

$1.25. 

Hind's Farriery & Stud Book. 

Edited by J. S. Skinner. $1. 

Mason's Farrier & Stud Bo< y h 

Edited by J S. Skinnei $1.25 



Stewart's Stable Economy. 

A Treatise on the Management of 
Horses. Edited by A. B. Allen. $1 . 

Sugar Planter's Manual. 

By W. S. Evans, M. D. $1.25. 

Treatise on Hothouses and 

By R. B. Leuchars 



Ventilation. 
$1.25. 

Ornamental and Domestic 

Poultry. By Rev. Edmund Saul Dix- 
on, A. M. With Large Additions, by 
J J. Kerr, M.D. With illustrations 
$1. 

The Farmer's Treasure ; 

A Treatise on the Nature and Value of 
Manures, and Productive Farming. By 
F. Faulkner and Joseph A. Smith. 75 

cents. 

The Practical Farrier. 

By Richard Mason, 75 cts. 

The American Farrier 

By Barnum, 75 cts. 

Spooner on the Grape. 

The Cultivation of American Grape 
Vines, and Making of Wine. By Alden 
Spooner. 33 cts. 

The Young Gardener's Assist- 
ant By Thomas Bridgeman. $1.60. 

The Florist's Guide. 

By Thos. Bridgeman. 50 cts. 

The Kitchen Gardener's In- 

structor. By Bridgeman. 50 cts, 

The Fruit Cultivator's Manual. 

By Bridgeman. 50 cts. * 

The Horse : 

Its Habits, Diseases and Management, 
in the Stable and on the Road, &c. 25 
cents. 

Nsflin's Method of Increasing 

the Yield of the Milch Cow. Cloth, V 
cts. ; paper, 38 cts. 



8 



Books for Sale by C. M. Saxton. 



Chorlton's Cold Grapery. 

50 cents. 

The Fruit, Flower & Kitchen 

Garden. By Patrick Mill, LL.D., F. 
R. S., adapted to the United States. 
$1.25. 

Ladies' Compan. to the Flower 

Garden. By Mrs. Loudon. Edited by 
A. J. Downing. $1.25. 

The Fruits and Fruit Trees 

of America. By A. J Downing. $1.50; 
colored, $15. 

Dictionary of Modern Garden- 
ing. By Geo. W. Johnston. Edited 
by David Landreth. $1.50. 

The Hose Fancier's Manual. 

By Mrs. Gore. $1.50. 

Parsons on the Rose. 

The Rose : its History, Poetry, Culture 
and Classification. By S. B. Parsons. 
$1.50. 

Hovey's Fruits of America ; 

Containing richly-colored Figures and 
full Descriptions of all the Choicest 
Varieties cultivated in the United 
States $13. 

Rural Economy, 

In its relations with Chemistry, Phy- 
sics and Meteorology. By J. B. Bous- 
singault Translated, &«5., by George 
Law. $1. 

Liebig's Agricul. Chemistry. 

Edited by Lyon Playfair, Ph D., F. G. 
S., and "William Gregory, M. D., F. R. 
S. E. $1. 

TJie Modern System of Far- 
riery, as Practised at the Present Time 
at the Royai Veterinary College, and 
from Twenty Year/' Practice of the 
Author, George Skevington, M. R. V. 
C $5 

The Horse's Foot, 

And How to Keep it Sound, By Wne, 
Miles. 2-5 cts. 



EwbarJc's Hydraulics: 

A Descriptive and Historical Account 
of Hydraulic and other Machines for 
Raising Water. $2.50. 

The Fruit Garden. 

By P. Barry. $1.25. 

The Amern. Fruit Culturist; 

Containing Directions for the Culture 
of Fruit Trees in the Nursery, Orchard 
and Garden By John J. Thomas. $1. 

The Rose Manual. 

By Robert Buist. 75 cts. 

The Plants of Boston and 

Vicinity. By Jacob Bigelow, M. D. 
$1.50. 

Blake's Farmer's Every Day 

Book. $2.50. 

Catechism of Agr. Chemistry 

and Geology. By J. F. "W. Johnston, 

25 cts. 

The Trees of America. 

By D. J. Brown. $4.50. 

American Flower Garden 

Directory By Robert Buist. $1.25. 

Loudon's Encyclopedia of Ar- 

chitecture. $10. 

London's Arboretum. 

Eight Vols. $25. 

Loudon on Gardening. 

Loudon's Encyclopedia of Gardening. 

$8. 

Loudon on Agriculture. 

Loud»n's Encyclopedia of Agriculture 

$8. 

Loudon on Trees, &c. 

Loudon's Encyclopedia of Tree* 
Shrubs, &c. $8, 

Loudon on Plants, &c. 

Loudon's Enfeyclopedia of Hants, &c. 



Boohs for Sale by C. M. Saxton. 



9 



The Farmer's Library. 

Two vols. 8vo. English. $5. 

The Farmer's Dictionary. 

By D P. Gardner. $1.75. 

Practical Treatise on the Grape 

Vine. By J. Fisk Allen. $1. 

Agricultural Chemistry. 

By Justus Liebig. Cloth, $1 ; cheap 
edition, 25 cents. 

Animal Chemistry. 

By J. Liebig. Cloth, 50 cents , cheap 
edition, paper, 25 cts. 

Liebig's Complete Works, 

In one vol. 8vo. $1.50. 

American Cotton Spinner. 

$i. 

Cottage and Farm Houses. 

By A. J. Downing. $2. 

Country Houses. 

By A. J. Downing. $4 

Sportsman's Library. 

By T.B.Johnson. English edition. $5. 

Landscape Gardening. 

By A. J. Downing. $3.50. 

Cottage Residences. 

By A. J. Downing. $2. 

ChaptaVs Agricul. Chemistry, 

With Notes. $1. 

American Husbandry. 

By Gay lord and Tucker. $1. 

Gardener's Dictionary. 

By Geo. Don, F. L. S. 4 vols, quarto. 
$10. 

Journal of Agriculture. 

Edited by John S. Skinner, 3 vols $6. 

Downing 's Horticulturist. 

Half morocco. Per Vol. Yearly Vols. 
$3.75. • half-yearly Vols., $2. 



The Complete Produce Beck- 

oner ; showing the Value by Pound or 
Bushel. By It. Robbins. 75 cts. 

The American Shepherd. 

By L. A. Morrill. $1. 

The Principles of Agriculture. 

By Albert D. Thaer. $2.50. 

Lectures to Farmers on Agri- 

cultural Chemistry. By Alexander 
Petzholdts. 75 cts. 

The Complete Farrier. 

By John C. Knowlson. 25 cts. 

The Complete Cow Doctor. 

By J. C. Knowlson. 25 cts. 

Milch Cows. 

By Guenon. 38 cts. 

A Home for All, 

Or, a New, Cheap and Superior Mod 
of Building. By O. S. Fowler. 75 ct« 

The Gardener's Calendar. 

By M. McMahon. $3. 

The Poultry Breeder. 

By George P. Burnham. 25 cts. 

The American Fowl Breeder 

25 cts. 

The Farmer's Companion. 

By Judge Buel. 75 cts. 

The Farmer's Instructor. 

By Judge Buel. $1. 

European Agriculture ; 

From Personal Observation. By Henry 
Coleman. 2 vols. $5. In one vol. 
$4.50. 

The Gardener and Florist. 

25 cts. 

The Honey Bee. 

By Bevan. 31 cts. 

Elements o/Pract. Agriculture* 

By John 1 N. -ton. 50 cts 



10 



Books for Sale by CM. Saxton. 



Rogers 1 Scientific ^Agriculture. 

75 cts. 

Mills' Sportsman's Library. 

$1. 

Stable Talk and Table Talk. 
$i. 

Hawker & Porter on Shooting. 

$2.75. 

Field Sports. 

By Frank Forrester. 2 vols. $4. 

Fish and Fishing. 

By Frank Forrester. $2.50. 

The American Angler's Guide. 

By J. J. Brown. $1.50. 

Johnson's Farmer's Encyclo- 

pedia. Edited by G. Emerson. M. D. 

$4. 

Scientific and Practical Agri- 

culture. By Alonzo Gray. 75 cts. 

Armstrong on Agriculture. 

50 cts. 

Wilson's Rural Encyclopedia. 

4 vols. Illustrated. $18. 

Longstrath on the Honey Bee. 

$1.25. 

Smith's Universal Hand Book. 

$2.50. 

Hovey's Magazine of Horticul- 
ture. Published monthly. Per annum, 
$2. 

Barry's Horticulturist. 

Published monthly. Per annum, $2. 

Gilpin's Landscape Garden- 
ing. English edition. $2.50 

Book of Flowers ; 

In which are described the various 
Hardy Herbaceous Perennials, Annu- 
als, Shrubby Plants and Evergreen 
Trees desirable for Ornamental Pur- 
poses. By Jos. Breck. ~Z eta 



Agriculture for Schools. 

By Rev. J. L. Blake, D. D. $1 

Text Book of Agriculture. 

By Davis. 50 cts. 

Cottages and Cottage Life,, 

By Elliott. $2.25. 

Applied Chemistry. 

By A. Parnell. $1. 

The Vegetable Kingdom ; 

Or Handbook of Plants. By L. D 
Chapin. $1.25. 

The Muck Manual. 

A new edition. By Samuel L. r&na 

$1. 

Youatt on the Horse. 

Edited by J. S. Skinner. $1.50. 

Clater's Farrier. 

50 cents. 

The American Herd Book. 

By Lewis F. Allen. $3. 

Browne's Trees of America. 

Vol 1, 8vo. $4.50. 

Downing' s Rurcd Essays. 

$3. 

American Flower Garden D\* 

rectory. By Robert Buist. $1.23. 

The American Flora. 

4 vols., colored plates. $20. 

Miner's Domestic Poultry 

Book. Paper, 50 cts. ; cloth, 75 cts. 

Stockhardt^s Chemical Field 

Lectures. $1. 

Christy's Chemistry of Agri- 
culture. 50 cts. 

B'ichannanon Grape Culture^ 

md Longworth on Strawberry. 50 cts 



